OXFORD READINGS IN CLASSICAL STUDIES The Roman Historical Tradition sana cae Regal and Republican Rome oa nS sano cua gn ie ated by iat JAMES H. RICHARDSON avo soonest ite FEDERICO SANTANGELO ~ymmartinee aii OXFORD‘The Myth of Romulus and the Origins of Rome Andrea Carandins 1 sems wo be prof our elu inhetance ta want to now the truth bout the founéatons of Rome, wrote Arrlde Momigan! I tre were fo restate «myth feign, inorder to contin obeve Ucialyin te grandoneinbertance of the Romany it woud he beter foe up sucha foolsh undertaking Tha, we wl not be tered by the aaspere that envelop ny origins, and epeilly os of Rome, wich have so deeply influenced the Wess agin ation however we wil nt gve yp oman one telat! poston, ‘which brings ust lnvesigate wether these origin hey ave ben ‘mos handed down by the ancients are only nice ten ‘noemally thought tobe the case by modern sche, or whether & ‘ewe fragments of histor laut are cone song ats Sls watch today appear disconesrting The Roman people ike the prime ciatins, found tee memory and entity a fundatio try, and th ory Bapens represent the ony great myth agerept lt to bythe Romans ‘The mst consis f precios meagre, seas. Tis foundation voy, handed down oe te through complex tral satin, my ‘be considered nts most athens ler erate kernel nae fo rays ethertisvery ance ite ater th tet which tls, (rt is more or let nein compan to thon ey way develop ‘mens Ifthe acount were very ancient, in my opinion, no git Problems avs, but i took tape in a later ped, pb " Meni 19619 Mogi 184Andres Candin roe lc alti sx et fe ey {Erte iment cairo eta ut Mech ht sun soa and fae nd oer ect ech en pe age etc n= Sch ces dp enced mt Fo at et ol ‘ate couany oe ae aby wenger Stelter i hs nS ea 1 he cr mer of te Roan fen ual ety ee ly ‘Smug te uae fhe te eed tod pe ‘onsen! Tat test gy Scot ect ay ta spe pot Mots we tnt! Usp Sa {mga bereoen i npn of ol nt A SESE Stace one ae cen tous fee. amd oi tn op ig Sus iar tn yeti rear oe apr cpr sol esas af ay a compen by cee eae pes wn ie We ‘uty tty combo a nd conor nd Eine natal rca a gw te tn hat Gripe hoop meron oe he Sicay tr alpen echgs ne techie a sme ecg ey wich "ce ce usp sem ted Ne sc ‘Seb http teen ad te wana iScrmlgog vil tn oe of ong prc We Ith Sod eed fay fe per cme ng {etme aly and he tne len eh we re gn cof esr eg fh Fr os Ta ‘Sano me wich te ole dope [Nar grt dr ce fg Cae mar fe wi see int) The mp ete rigs of Rane Bet Toc mmo eek grey nop png ea, Mae del Cte a of ‘Sh mys fo eta he si trop Screen ancl Te ears age 1 Rua gi tn mn ‘The Myth of Romulus andthe Orgs ofome 19, mean complete salvation of ot ating things wrong suspending Jide. Bt scholars ate increasing antes th theres Chosen by thas who do not dae to provide econsrutons, and the "empaton to ow the tut’ resuraces each time Tha the sti es of ery Rome have gone all the way bck tothe cant eden for Ancus Marci, Tull Hort and even Nom, but otf the "ih saga of Roma, because here they would encroach opon the boundary of pre fay "Yet even iit were pare fn and pebaps even avery ancient fantasy, shold Wt not Interest the ‘setts of ansgity’? Have the fantasies of mea-—amongs which athe number God ine not brought about enormous historia consequees, formidable coat ‘tons of fore, and Bloody wars? Ido nt belie, However, he abelian imapnary putty ofthe my of Rome's ong, berate ‘vente most impose deans nonetheless ster fom some king of ‘ely: why, then, should we nt ender themes and sbl ith the same level of sterest with which we would ty to nderstand hori fees? Why shoud we aot be intereted in the meta rendering ofan eect ely? “Abeautful woman who runs ava is ateactve case se som ‘unusal and unreachable. The fst kings of Rome ees to be too fa ‘vay intime Milena separate these lenders fom he indo European ‘mypnation and centuries separate them fom Dionysian Ly. Some Durnin scholars prefer to cross milena rather thn entries, because they balve that fantasies sive tne ely than facts, even when thor facts ae fundamental. “Tradonaistic ‘elas, onthe other hang, prefer o plough through the cemuis ‘reooking the milena, besa they tink ha ome core of tro ‘memory may have survived: but (tls noteworthy never beyond ‘Numa (eidentll: Numa sere to ea much more atl end stereotyped gue than Roms, who isa last cote ins more tuthentic and rch mythical fantasy, but! Koow tht fam ane Ia aiding this view). Howeverit maybe, the protohistryof Rome ad the cary regal period, meshed together by varou trian info a single sage of primis which as ben crplety isproved by the archaelogla record stl remaing surounded by «shroud of tick boxes, whch are unlnow portions of iy at dl once exit ‘Andy bth thefllwers of Dunéal andthe histori continuo teyto think the impose ty to vey the avert, Pepe he anos ae igh?0 Andre Caran Brepbodyaceps tat the Romalean saga was compote from 2 collection of parative sections and lies of information, which ae ‘ot always imposible to dientange The speciaits on Homer alo isting beeen unitary versions ofthe sath centy, en wei ten versions of he eight, and before thos, the verse ol raton ‘of performance, whichis ost in the dark age. In tempting to ‘Gsentangle the layers ofthe Romulean saga ant dent its mos, ancient cores. th mos ase scholrs have one bck to dierent ‘ras Recent is his Rema a book which ane cant ei ut red fom cover to cover, T.P- Wisemaa hat looked for evcece ithe mile Republi shorty belore Fabio Plctor" But even = Gabbs, ‘tho understands the Romelea sgh ant the bacground of ate historical erie, ssatsled with ths excelent atempt and oer scholars share his dsattction (myst incuded) I Wiseman has ‘ot suceeded again n persuading af the ater invention ofthis su doub hat others will manage to dos, given the scien of ‘hat chla. Tn the meantime, the number of scholars who, ke, Cornel, tale thatthe sap was constuted in the sith centr that the second rep petod—the pecad fom Tarquin Pract to “Tarquin Superbus—is increasing Here the contadctons.n my ‘opinion, are les serious and the cial appresch appears mote cepa The version ofthe saga tat has Aeneas a acestor ‘of Romulus seers is itt go bck thi tne. However, Corel ‘himself recognizes Aeneas as «Secondary interpolation. So where does of tseee ust Even this ation presents te on eens Indeed, Aeneas takes us act Lavinia, and itis the achacology ‘of Lvinum itself which alos ws to date this ero athe founder ofthe Latins inthe fist half of he sth entry (ate the vstaton eth Maton in the rea tomb dating tote st hal ofthe se. eth century later atte to Aeneas, at Dionpis se), bu the Romulean sia was aa stat avn to place Alba Theres ro need to beleve& the detrction ofthis Lain snetopais by Talus Hotlins,for which there alo sigieantarcacologc! idence, to acept that Albs was the hegemonic reljglou cere ‘mong the Lat before Lain, and tha the passage fom on ‘Supremacy othe other tok place around th first hal ofthe seventh The Myth of Romulus ond the Grigio Rome 21 century This suggest that he older core of the sas without Aeneas {8 the founder and withthe regal demons, Pus and Faun, the woodpecker andthe wel atthe fretront, maybe alr than the Torgin. ‘as the ientty of the Romans thus founded on the dant archipelago of eal, ot was tan invention of the cosmopetan ome ofthe Targus! The guetion ie not ft, ts Carnal ha ght understood. He connects the fist concious entity ofthe Romans, represented bythe Romulan sage, to the foundation of ther ty Te follows tha, the ede ore ofthe myth dates bak he sith orto the beginning ofthe seventh cet, then the city ‘must also have been rete at that tne, which earrenty the revaing view. But the sagas alder than the end of the sven entry, hen the foundation formation of Rome wl nest to be tackdatt fo the age of is ngs. And yet and ye. te ra 1paphc reasoning that prvaces the saga sige the cra! profile arnal above, But ins way the isnot sfiely prec to be ‘only convincing since that which we arable to teconrct ‘Sse a relative chronology ofthe various ayers of he sagh. To ‘ite these in an absolute fashion would reuire some spt ‘of material evidence, but he Romslean sgn dos not have them, or tent doesnot have enough of them. The eding lady sees t9 Be ‘moving aay aun and deleting us once mor, ‘ere oar search intervenes (hat Is not tpl bt an allusonf the work of eam that has bas together for some fen Jes 1n 197, La msc cd Rone wt publihes” Atte sae tie. ‘he alton ofthe exentons at the foot of te Platine was als submited to the Palaco deo Sit: Palit e Sc via 2 I nuda Ache, the government whe ore athe ein of ‘he excsaon came out two voles ofthe ltd Arcelat oni 2000, ie before the naugaraton of he exhibon eed oma Romol Rem ele fosdasone dla cit the Rahs of Dio ‘an? Inthe ctslogae of te exibition I pblsed my Verizon sal tema Romolo, whic represent the contin of my esearch fet {mao Only now st tus posible to begin fo ae ene of our discovers and our rections. There hat been ack of2 “Andres Cardin imprudent reviewers who, ignoring all ofthese wrtngs on ther co amin, have rsd tose 2 neguive elution of them. “Amongst thse the austere. Pouce an enthusiast ofthe suspension of Judgement, stands ox According toh, Ihave found very nporant ‘sige (te th! the tem delbately vague, ei dating 0 thecighth cent, which have interpreted as Roman wall around ‘he Pasig infuocd in ths by the vlgte waon, whch T have ‘hen stout conf throug the sue vei ths ling nto = cclar and fawed argument. Other more igen and pradest ‘Scholis hae not poten of vestige, beleving in ou wal around the Paaine, bt ot fan interpretation that connec them withthe foundation ofthe ty of Rome (Roman or no a tay be) dating to tound the mide of the eh centr, Tl ey here 10 explain the emence of our findings andthe Interpretation that wep for tem, a Thave ley done on Several occasions. bal yt avon archenogeal chasis. First of all we e-entmined the olf excaations relating o the oda plas of ealy ame. Oa the basis ofthese ld excavations alone, elas had dated thecrestion ofthe ct of Roe othe end ofthe seventh century, and they wee not in a postion at hat ine to do otherwise. But in recent, move thorough and more systematic ‘tude, thee contents Rave reveled that the oldet phases atthe ‘nodal points ofthe ity—the fst Caplin cu te fst Comitur, ‘he fst Forum, the st sanctuary of Vest, ete—do ot date a al tothe end af the seventh century, a vas once Bought ut toa ‘cer period, between the mide ofthe eth and the me of the seventh cer, and therefore to thee rp period, This would be ought ing ithere were any loge a is wold that a recon ‘Sdration of previous reconsroton i regu. And thi i what Cornel has begun to do, anfrmig his terminus past rom round (20 mn his Begonings of Rome, into aterm ante” This seems 10 neo bea fst important consequence of out tie, ‘But thi reson of theo exeaaton (in the cate of the Com thu we ate lolg at relist eation by Palo Carat) wa juste premise of our work! Important new information hae srficed from farther recent esearch inthe rounds ofthe cy. Ths the ‘The Myth of Roads and he Orgs of Rome 23 wal ofthe Palatine, accompanied by a moat an ate witha witch ‘ht atable to jst ater the mil ofthe eighth ery. Th ate, ith sections of the wall om ether se, which we have inerpetd ‘the Porta Mogonia, was reconstructed atthe exbion atthe Bath of Diocletian ints orginal dimensions, ast enable bath he pube ‘nd those students ofthe ancient wold who are not achologats o anders the magnitude ofthis ist ple work ofthe cy. In thee tral, Cornet has sen concious poll ac” and har water "Whoever ogaised this native wa ented to be consiered the feunde of Rome’ Corel as lost that The urbanstion of the Ite seventh century, sticiy peaking just termina ante ‘quem for socal and istaonal Innovations that ay have been the product ofa more ancient at (ro a eri fat) of ound ‘ton! The dalogue is thar fall moving inthe detion tht we doped, Noetheles there stl remains contrvery oer wheter ‘or not our dscoery ‘cone’ he prevalngannalitc an ani ‘urn teadtons oo the subject—not secondary axpect of the estore “here was no need, in my opinion, to discover the wal of the Palatine i the fll material fom, ice the Romans already knew line late Republican and ety meri periods of at at ite ‘othe Palatine the Romanula andthe Magonin, Tey knew of then inter term, but ln vl ons, What sense could there eer have been in having gts around the main il ofthe setlement they were not connected at les oxignaly, othe wal? The Rem rulan and Mgoniam gates canbe topographical recontraced at ‘heft ofthe il he research of Corel was confirm by out ‘caatons) anda predominantly antiqarian taiton sted fo this lice the rote ofthe extent pomerum (Tacs, Sina) ‘Therefore, there were already ifent cement of toh topo tpapical and an antiquarian nature and unrented fo the antic Trdton which converged wth the rected wisdom about the omen Toundaton, and thus enabled wt to decode the mystery on this single, bat nonetheless ena point. But this scat Tengety of the Palatine gues, one of which was tll sen by Ord before his enle, made some scholars rapiciousepe Silly tho who considered the snnalietaon fo bea wily commit, coma a0mb conea Andrea Carin ‘ational and thus fils acount (Qt the persecutory ss of the nemperste cit) ‘We discovered one of the gaes—proaby, a8 1 have asthe Mogonia—and thre setons of wal fom around the mid of ‘theseventh century onthe slopes ofthe Pte in nt of heBsce. of Mant Bforeits constuction th wal had ee he adi ‘nd sodden desrcion ofan entire eighboutood of huts in aly rosa by » dtc te huts forme past of tat 'Rome before Rone lide known to historians, which the archesogt ll he poss ‘wan centre an which theangurian Varo termed Septinonn ‘banc Roma, Spimontom where Rome now [het ws the ‘Sepinoniu x piece of nrmation taken frm te repstry of Roman memory and at szeptd bythe annals who to ge moe reli to Romulus, wanted Rome to bea iy appearing om Ronee) ‘This. italy peaking the iBrao ofthe ares whee the wal ere posed tobe but and ofthe ret behind them wich, maior, rettons, bad obec of consrctions, Two generation ler, these ml thebody of which ad been ult ‘clay, ween very bad sate and twa died to bl hem ba ‘ep along siiar path, which we can dt to around 700 8c Tse second walls were alowed bya refustishment around the balan ‘ofthe sith century (the isin opus quaratu and then tind from the mide ofthe ath, when the dich nthe valley was in ‘We are ts looking at a series of wal that ted for fo centri, after which ange par oftheir root wa obliterated making oor forthe great atcratic houses dale to $30 aod equip! ith re ati and enormous tabla (there wee fala, We con also imagine that tabi, "weing tablet, wer there tn them, hich say date the emerpence of weten records bk othe scons eg pering at eas). This continu over the cour two centri, eine’ by two historia watershade—the destruction af the neigh bouthood of hats, lowed bythe cnsracton of the st wal ‘hen he biterton ole sections ofthe rae wile sehen and seriing,becase it converges with what we know fom the anna tadiion about the Remlean defences in the mile of {he eighth century and the new more extensive defences of Sesivs ‘alas in the mide ofthe sith century. But lt us immediatly forget about his invasion fom the arcaesogel ep nt that of ‘he ammalatic tadtion and let a turn tothe world of materi cule, which sults us beter, The Myth of Roms and he Orgs of Rome 25 Asi these amasing dicovere were not enough, andthe subs wate thou as nto even peter dsr, the archive beneath oe fat sages that even when s large part of the Pastie wals as shandone rom around 530, there wat monuentl restoration ofthe most sigeant symbol sca, nd anton! plats sch ‘the gts andthe corners ofthe Palatine. Tete ate eval tac sive soctures that can alo be died to 520 2c and fom then Throughout the te Republic The defi and probably tt it ration ofthese fsslzd and yet eontantiy evolving ees began With Augustus and ended wth Nevo inal, we come to understand why Tacs dard to reconstruct therout ofthe Roman goer, since ews stl ae yon rece topguaphicl and monsmentl ese that ware sil exon ‘sng his ate’ ete ands wn youth “The location where the sequence of walls appears to be mot specacalar isnt, However tobe found in our exces bul at CGementna Panel's dg atthe Meta Sadan, whee fourth lange suech ofthese wall, bat and later rebu, ebeen evened the rontieast core of the Palatine atest 3 last since the sre entry ne and destroyed only by Neto nord t il the central sector ofthe Domus Aurea, an eaormous mansion facing te re ngulsboy of ater which preceded the Cooweun {shoud ie {o real bere a igifcant fete fom te phase the eefenes, hich sas relevant o ou excavations A section ofthe gte walls Abable Yo around 200 ne nat constricted sig the innovative techngue ofthe day namely ops cement and was ied wit thin ects of tapelccl! tal in ode og tothe state an ancient archalang appearance, We ae ow in Fabius Pico’ tine ‘An impressive and even longterm continuity of this kind may be ‘dete amongst the Romulan hus ad the dch wth thea (or ‘Roma quadata) onthe Camalus andthe clay bling onthe Capito these were preserved unt te ansguty 3 sacred memoris, wich I can only mention in pasing here (bt which wee ls seated the exhibit). et snow ome tothe interpretation of thls pul work, which ‘vas ball and then reba over the corse of eight entree Ihave already experimented with recontraction ofthis dla in pusey2s Andres Caran archaeological and anthoplagleal ems in my Varicon asf we ew nthing ce abot Rome 1d at wish to bore ny ees with this ronal earaest experiment of min o reconstruct he orins ‘of Rome wthoat resorting to the annals tation. But this has owed met te myself fom the tap of crear argumentation. {Tecefoe shall nove on lpia nv To compare ths econ struction, which i independent ofthe Utrary sures, wlth the Iierary interpretation that mat most commonly accepted. amongst the Romans, and thi mmecitly rings to my mung the flowing thought who i tht inept te wal in ema ofthe foundation fof fst King, whether called Romuls or nt? Was it Andrea andi or tre than twenty genesis of Romans without ‘break of comin ia thee meme? There ls no quetion hereof lated or dubious data, bat of 2 iacronie tres of comple and wnequvoc content, which fate back oat monsment, aed in ore form by 2 serie of ‘epous of fundtion and olteraion. which do ot hae ime to treat hee This was 4 moment Bound in ence oa isting ‘ent of smbeli talegl and anton natre, which epre= Sented inthe history of the tctement not jst any event, but 2 ‘rural fundtion event The necessity. s the Romans perceived ito vember thi ble wook incessany and continaouly, by reconstructing it both ely an tral, could aly hve deed from it extardnary ad faunéitonlnatre Therefore, we bave efoe us for te ery fet ime at lest fo set of eta, which each form congraou symbole and teil yes and which whe bang Completely independent of ae soother, stil pertain to the same ‘lin. We are inte pretence, 8 You canst, of urustal circum Stance in wih the ‘ard eet whom ke oer athe Holy Office of Apostasy abe o permit he onttion of {fact drm fom the annals tadilon by using external evidence ‘All the condone imposed by those eis are lll in this ease. fs alo argued io my Vaio At this pla he prblem sno longer mine The Romans preserved these memories becuse they were Connect tthe foundation ital nt the fest pub wa of what they considered, with reson, to have been the Bint cy of Rome od whch they atte to nt ng eld Romulus (2 mame on ich tite emacs have olen een repent by many, anda st | | | | ‘The Myth of Remus and he Origins of Rome 27 rated by Caro DeSimone inthe eatalogu ofthe ebtion men tae above” “The one who wins nthe end i the war ofove sno longer the beaut lady who fs, but the lovee who never gets tres. The pssbity Ut the memary of structural event may pee el er numero etre, even jas ray, may now be goed nt ast nthe ethnoantvoploia level, but can be documented in preie ‘nel frm nthe el of Roman istry al nthe acon wich sre drown fom the very sol of Rome this unfortunate aot thecase ith te analisic andthe ennguaian wadtions. Never before had Heatly touched up he reat conte ont dcatinty ofthe formation and completion of the ciy. Never before had ‘creda in decoding the anal trdon on point so determi samen and data in time namely Rome before Rome ‘the Rome ofthe strep ped the Rome of he second egal peso, ‘au Repalcan Rome ling memory fs remote Pst "To the question of whether Reme was ben from noting a he sna aon woud ave (bt not he atu tan, ‘echucslogy answers no, Rome was bors fom a rs. preexisting ‘otoarban cent. I folly that the en of «Rome founded From nothing is a purely fatasl ncieus, one of those narrative aces whee symbole condensing has succeed ia sucking away and ‘ample destroying the Mitral cor i i short. ane of he rman mythemes’ of he Romulan saga To the question of whether Rome lenge proton centre we founded av acon he ‘Paatine around the middle ofthe ehh century withthe ans: ‘tom ofthe fist wal, archacology responds ye, and sacha complex ft pable work aio soem to imp «ft poli conecioxnes atte evel ofthe urban state and a fist ng who may oF may not ave ben called Romuls, capable of wasfoming nto a reat ‘onumentl wall The Set plurible nace ofthe we story of ome ae therefore: the Sepimontum the fundatin ofthe ety in the ey regal perio: the ty ts completed and by then mons etal in thee ofthe Targus cerinly not he Rome osnated by the Bracan rom the end ofthe seventh cet ad fongured by Tuquinus Pscus, which Pouce ha sketched in 2 rcet recosrctive dream (Les ris de Rome) tha snot even2 Andrea Caran | ‘essa with originality." How easy itso preach when one doesnot ‘2tond's and in! And how ety Ks to make mistakes when one | ties o recon thing cone even when one meilsly | ‘nfl and appli the whole aay historique “The Romalean ga thos contador no al fantasy, orl ‘eat bua mistate f the toting a an happen ia my Pouce and hsfolloverslbegin to sabjetour covers Thope | afer having read about then) to a sere of extremely subetive prover concerming the contribtion that they mkt or dono mak tothe de odieation ofthe annalstietradion Thee provisos ‘ange, scoring tothe test fashionable methodooges, fom ‘ow Itching, to "matching, to ‘eonverging and finaly “onfinsing For example, for Pouce no ‘confirmation ofthe anal tradiion | lstobe found forthe ete regal perio” The proem stat making | Judgements about such diferent levee of conection betwen the Innate tradition andthe othe ours Inthe end aye down | {o.rabjece inteepretation ultimately that of Pose ims For} me all this just defensive nominate stategy rounded athe ‘ely peor argument that Rome could no ave taken shape from around the mie ofthe eighth entry, andi the Bl hat thecity was created ony fom thee ofthe event etry, possby by foreigner (he Latins wer to backer), nae the irene, ‘What forme, mote important and shoal be more npr, that the snalsie radon at well athe oer ons both the atigeren andthe monsmental, tran ubtantalyomorpie _mesagesregtding the Paitin wall thus sbstantiay providing is rth a unied plete ofthe fandamental agi of he fst Rome That unless we belive naling Roman cass tha, having boo schizophrenic or centuries, had believed and done the same hing. but intended it 5 two diferent things, whereby those who wer reconsvucing the walls ignored the tadions ofthe Romcleay ‘oanation and those who, an the other hand, belived in those ‘eations nord the wasn their material form. That esau In oder to refit the rita perspective one herein which the archeclogy decodes the anal ation on fundamest ont elig tothe formation of Rome one pot disprovng i (asin the eof the birt ofthe city om aig) and at another ‘The Myth af omalas and he Orgs of Rome 29 3 197). Then hee were Senate: that to Diana onthe Aveatine commune Ltianum (he sommon propery ofthe Latin Ling 543), although thee sin fc no efrence to Servis bere and te fonum of Fors Fortuna esethe Tbe (617) In connection withthe temple of Dina, Varo tod the famous sy of the ‘Sabine cow (eps Plt. QR), The Sabine’s servant rele the prophecy to Serviay who told Cores the ples ‘on tn the temple eeper(neaoe) trick the Sabine, thes slowing Servis to waciice the cow. A variant, eater verson on ‘cio shows the Pstami Albi ying cin tote sciice The dat ofthe wie story, howere, an be more preety deter ‘ind the scrcer ofthe cow was promised control fl ay. Tis eon cannot have been thought of unt tlt the time of the Second Smite War. Rather, teuonay, Serva ough eadersip eth Latins, the one f the cov should bare been 2 Latin (indi he isin the version of Deut. 710. The pri Iso be compared with that of eput Ol and Tarquin 2 en st (an on.9 RovaldT. Ridley OF Seva insttutins, Varo diced the tides, sparen stnly flowing Fabia’ count tol of thi (ap. Now 2), aod the enue orizaton (Fe. 2901) Om anther mi te, the tation varie. none place Varo ist to heated the mundina to Seva (Macrb 11320), aothr to hve ong "hey were fist inte ater tal the monarchy bt in one of Seis (id. 1.1633). Thealgeance ofthese are daye ba steady been discuss. ser tha cng to Varo thes or Some conection wih Servis but rac nau has bre coi Finally ot tobe outdone by Tinie tation of essa Seva, Van refered tos ve un they sy oe eel potig ches without approval) tht he was apolar et Ste ebnage ln Rome (nn. P) (On toporapiy, Varo knew of he us elas where Tl ra vet her father’ body (ing 8159, Menton mt to be mde Vare'eferenrtoaneathwal murs tre) nthe Caria sn between the Calan and Eapaline Hil (ng) bef snp but it may have ben repaded a ft othe Sean ope Weting atthe en ofthe Repub waste Grek Dior ie Save on one Getto hs scout of Serv flee ofthe kings death, The younger Targus has wstpel poe inthe Senaehouse Ther isa exchange of words aot Taga custo tht Svs slave on as ave The move sng ‘ein es andthe asian ofthe gon his way home, ‘Taesigucace ofthis acount obo fit eine om an ey noali—but we have surely now sen too many gute conta temps to identify Diode en Roman histor sos Thee nde, tothe conta one element inthe acount wih er late: tat Seis was contemporary of Pyiagyes. "The Roms slits inthe ana topes the Grek ded the ppg ‘othe reign of Numata only te Repblananiguvan eats hich soe the mater oc we have ust sen, {Ly peste suring deed acount ofthe ing His it ‘ook may be dated between Gxt taking hls name Agus soSarU arm hee tees Semi? ee tity era ess ay ot "Ty ae i pp fexrenang my gta the ea SES Sopeureses ‘The ig of Sora Pie 98 (27 nc) and the second closing of ana, 25 ne (1.193). Ly totaly "ect the tradition of Servius lave ith Rather, he was the son of ‘evs Talus, 2 princes of Comiclum who wat Hild when his ys captured, and his mother (uname) bore him in the lace ‘Rome Li explains th eer tradition from he mater bing ‘spared by the Romans. et hereof ls account depends onthe Kings it ss lve! Th the story ofthe kings Sr, Livy, like Cle, keeps to the onion vesion. He tl that when be wat «boy tee, Seas ‘nad Nazed with Gre, and only Queen Tanegull undertod the portent He was thus raed henceforth a Targus om and arid fohis daughter. Liv als no moe of is ace before hi acceson. Theassssiation of Tarun shows Livy in dificuly, Ac sons Ind ofcourse, been frist be dplaced by Tarquin not only + ‘ee-Roman, bt evens mon Tal, which is bviony a post Sol War comment. They were now hored the en ofthe throne Aescendng toa save So they mrdred—Tagul! The clumsiness rea the pot aglast he Pedra Ly gh thee ame reasons hy they thought it beter to do evay wit the king rather tha bs In. There may be parals wih the death of Jason of Phe in 370 (Gen. Hell 6431) and Klearchos of Heras 353 (asin 1615 Dio, 16363.” The story aso a paradigm ofthe ing’ ure th, Serva accession sda envy to thecal and eon of hit ‘ether-inaw Tanagu, and then te support of theSente (0). Tnatons of Ptolemaic and Seles intrigue, though, seem far fetched The ltr ination by Tests at Tbeioe cession mach more cmpeling (413) Dramatic elements are steed bythe fet of Servis pres ios guns fr meets the neces ff) andthe prem on of ini and infest (eachery and ggreson) even iti then’ fay (1422. PEiihe tere Sivas oriran ance ef ey we en ee “iro bet ampes Snot Pe cae yan Sob, ut tn 92 ay oly a eat Arn olan ‘sci ho aaa ciara96 Ronald Riley [Ate abi sccount af the war with Vel there lows the acrut ofthe ensue and centre ornzaion The main probs sig tre dcused bow, Bu ne most important pint hs rece bah ‘eae by Olive the toa number of entries gien by Ly see 131 or 194, acodg to whether one nce the cen comin nd udicins (atendantsnor-bower and te payers of th fh clr mong the thy centuries o adds them. "The Servi bal organs curs 48.13. One can sy tt Livy does at ste that the King instited aly wan bes, Du ernie a ne far mentioning the fil tal of iy five, why sould Ly then veer oly to the urban tribes when he ‘att expnntheetymaagy ote word fas? This impression Ferner seenghened by Lay notorious slence about the fake Nisoy ofthe ries ent the went the Cau, 04 (2.16). ‘lng Fal cena ttl of 0, Ly then states hatte oy vs not large enough for such a population, so Servius add te ‘uel and Viminal nd enlarged the Eagle. Lin tour at surviving source to mention the fous ‘Serva ssl Variant raitons knoe of such wal bulb Aneus Mares" tnx Turgula 1 The tadon on Anca ntresing because i found in late works generally thou to follow the Livin waditon, hile the eter dtrate the continually attested connection Ute Seri an the Targins To connection withthe expansion and forieation of the foreigner without cy’ (fv Bd al droho). Ths sezorde skins with the version of Clu, that Servis was an Eton in ‘ran. Dionsioe interest chronology allows him a sappor: is ‘gins Fabius inthe mater ofthe relat ofthe wo Tague (Gn Rom. 45-7) He say that Servius eplced the cal te ‘ees wth our lal ones (Ant Rom. 4.14), ont four urban tbs as Lry implies bu then oe oni the ext cape to cus the kings rr tes, ‘The mary levy i salto bey gemma tubes (Amt Rom, 4142, 418.3) then by the centres (Am, Rom as. (Obvily many elements in thes vrious stata ofthe tion canbe dated ad Gabba has many interetng soggetion or ding "hk. No one col fl tobe strck bythe credible anachronism of ‘Art. Kom 48-12, where Servs is depict proposing = programme whch Would do ced tothe mos: ntorinst late Repoblan ders eee na speech ‘shaped onthe example ofthe most atioes | odes oftribuniclan eloquence Theres more: dint eho of Grscchan polis where Servis bemoans these ofthe ladles, ‘alae in thionn erty deprived of gn” Tate sin nt. Rom 41148 4 Cesarian echo detected by Momsen” when Secs as he as ved ong enough or ite and glory oo. me perp wal pis eS), ealing Caesar's amour sts i uel trae wa wl lrae CT have ved lng enough to satis ether reo dry’ Cle Mar 25). There may ned be ome Thy. dan favour in the comments on Rome's wall (Ant. Ror {A-5) reaing Thuy comparison of Athens and Sparta (Tae 1101-2), although Dionysos eomptring two wale ees td ir more interred in the trnaton eam rt raz (eyo ountysie). Oa the question ofthe ley, Rome change fromthe centred calls oa tial one. The forme was the vious ‘pte under he Sera egaizaton the later ma in operation by Palys tine (Pb 619-20. Many soures tral baka the tel eyo the early Repu (eg iy 4461) ever a8 one of Dinysi soures to Seo The change may mos naar have taken place drng the exhausting Fist Pune War The fmows taplanton ofthe centurate organization Ant Rom, 4193-213) bears der pos-Salan infuence Fs the poit tht the propria alone had something 0 Sight fr, while fe poor should ot be Iinsined lke merenaies Here is suey relrence to Mas tiny reforms, when e lowed the property to ena. As Gabba % ca: 9 (= Gata 208 10, mga a pide od “SOAS Gn, OUP 1 ap. Pa TE Gash 94418 (ap A. BC10s Ronald Ridley onto only inthe est Cid Wa di the fal impleatons of it ‘efor become manifest. Secon, the conta ofthe oma ent {ate bythe ich ecal S's reform of 84, ad expt tobe imitation of Servis (App. BCA 153). Tn the dacosion of freien (Ant Rom, 422-4), one can dete ‘soe theory whlch made cer tha lives were sch by ft m8 are. The queton of fcedmen ala mest something la the Repub they had been amis to the army dring he crs fhe Soil War (Ly Epi 7, App. BC. 149). Tis was ot the times however they hd serve in eres before (Ly 22.11.8217) ‘nd iy have contd the Dulko the marines the nay Os the dsubuton of feedmen into the four urban tribes Days teas that thi uation has continued downto his own day. The ‘geton hed been sense one througout the hatary of te Repub, Claas (censor 312 no hd enrl them in al he (Cy 948), ut hey were retuned fo the urban mts in 08. Ty ‘sere gun evretd to the ban eres by Grae the He i 16 (iy 45.15). The bil ofthe tlbunes Slpcos Rafi #8 (At, SC) and Mans in 66 to revere this were both annulled” Dionysos ses onthe problem of estamenary manumison ow ver certily dos real the fans lex Fi Canina (290) and te lee ae Sema (aD 4). Thee chapters presumably derive frm Dionysos’ own experince before these laws were pase The ‘portance of the eedmen In poles in Graccan and Salat ‘mes wae considerable Seip Acmianar eens to have been plese tobe supported by them as wells by leben nhs pit cre (Ga. om. 38) ba afer TL Grachus death jer at them a Penner eaptred by him and is ancestors in Various wars (VL Max 623) And Salwar atende by hit 16000 Cornel (Age Cu 1100, ‘One should nt of course ovedook the obvieus Grek inoence on Dionysos. it wl be remembered he meatons « comparsen beeween Rome and Atbens (Ant Ram 4133). Servis popu programme ower much tothe heroes ofthe liter ly. Whe the trian bean ploting agai i, he decided old the Knap ‘wih popula suppor. One recalthe Allmalonida ready to resets the demos when ter opponents were beterng them (HAL 58 ate p00 (tb 19-19. | Trap © Sega 25 AE andy pd Pr ‘he Bg of Servius Tlie 10s ‘Ass Ath Pol. 201-721) Solon alo had cance debe and po bid ay Farther een secu for ther Put So 5) aswel paling the eizes Umocratealy (Plt SL 18). The ease of eq asc (onoa) was deseo the hers ofthe Athenians (Ht 340) Peru even the Intestin the Fur ura tes ress rom Slo sin odes (ne ineresting clement in Dionyso’ accounts the famous ret rece o documentary evidence: the tety withthe Laie i the ‘uaple af Dan (Ant Rom. 4265). This ha ben sized upon By ‘hoe who suppor the waiona account and hes ben a stung. ck to thse who are suspicious of For example is been cb tat ocument af th sth centr survived Rome ae ‘tay tse at what ner period and ofr wht reat would Sve ren in Roman nee to vent an grcmest wth he Latins sn ft on Servic "Tass eraily an atypia nave version ofthe former view but ‘hesltion simple. Dionysia certainly aw an oi tet relating 0 ‘he Lain or was tll that wae wht ws bt date i another rit One may remember the problems of another Grek histor In eng wth the Roman archives (ol. 322). snow widely ndentoo tha Rems's ery relations wit the Lie have Beet throughly dstoed: From he postion of camplte dominance ater Site the was every mative for Reman historians o ogg tat hs was ot simply newly on poston but the reserton oft ‘ronal ne An who more natural as autor tans Lata ing ‘nth yy ofthe monarchy! (One of he traditionalist by Dionsioe wae taken upby the leing Beusclogst of antguty, the enpeor Caudus 1 a his fanot spech supporting the adasion of proviso the Sete lads {ILS 212 Tac Ane 1123-5, who edits thespesch to omit dels about Servis), Claudius mentioned frelghers who had fen tained th kingship a! Rome. Serviss according to Roman touts was the so of the pruoner-ofwar Osi, according to asa sources he was heft fend of Case Vien ad cong t0 Rome withthe Calan army which setled onthe hill ‘ne tit he changed his name rom Mastin o Servis Tals todbecame King106 Ronald. Riley Various attempts have been made to deve this cach os cation hasbeen med that tilly» pes by Cla” ‘he claimed explicit that he was iting Ets sour, Een fa guton were hls ow, we should have to take it nest serotype Cladias expertise and our own il understanding of te emining serps of Eirscan And, at we shal se deat, ee se Esc sources which may lasrete Cla view A carfl reading of Cauda’ tenet spgess much mor Mic stan was tefl end of Vienna inal vitae ict ‘hath not aay go wel Viens for Macsarn det ‘ringing the remnants ofthe Cachan amy to Rome andthe Cai ‘ilwas named in memory, 50 sea ofthe previous command ‘The most important question sem howsre unanoete, hr ctl id Maestro become kg of Rome? The tenor othe wd ‘ees s sur hep ere. The secret of Roms rests hs ‘he amislon of oeignes to the ees the masa | "he Seat, bt nots loregner: thot subdued by Ram sei ar sme to parineship. OF cours, the Gauls one captured Ros ut that was more than four center ago, Tt would seen at Macsarma should have been a psc emigé and ewig cst of the Romans tou ovr them bathe wa sr Eirscn ont 38 Caudis wel knew, and he occupied (acupout) the Calan Hl (Our sspcions are aroused, evn mores by Clauses oH bent ule. The simples solution thatthe leaned enero understood the patriot fiction which lied over Massa ‘gest of Rome The purl wth Portenn s obvious Segre are as tthe ln os eneatons Merch 138 8nd Cate SS pembetog ita caeag 2e i e Sean ‘pee Casto say by Catan wean ei Setimatiae erareariaes {stack ofs priate made ached oameiee sha roca nu fen hr nara as IS oe ‘Urgalai “ * ‘The Big of Sri Tins 7 ‘What, ofcourse, gave Clas’ statement sac significance for soem cholas was the discovery of the Fangos tomb t Vall n 1857 The famous resoes were tached in 1882 a ranted to ‘he Torona Museum at Vile Alani, Many dts mast be observed we ae to hope to undestand the Rsrial wor of thes pugs ‘Theacompunying Fue, tom Meserchmi reproduces he pan fhe tomb wth the varous pied wal numbered, ‘The interpretation ofthe pinings has bon the sj of cons nl polemic. There are indeed many important esas fo be snveed I wl be wef to attempt a summary of what hs een ‘iow, ascribing euclinterpretons. corey T hope to tet coer” (From Mesersehmit, Ntapln von Vii 180.11) ‘TEA Pe son Gan (evn 9 La Marae to Bagg 2a ee ey ne cin 924 ge MENG Dc Poe is Brie wr tdbace here tes i tbe eee Snes ape ia sal ST ee en yw wt ce amhenae Scans, The Unga ear hr leap