2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC)
Col/ege ofEngineering Pune, India. May28-30,2015
Seismic Control System for Elevated Liquid Storage
Tanks Using Roll-N-Cage Isolator
�ayur. S. lChandve
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
A.I.S.S.M.S's College of Engineering.
Pune, India.
mayur.khandve l ldec@gmail.com
Abstract- Liquid containing elevated tanks
are critical and strategic structures.
earthquakes has shown that the damage occurs
in form of buckling of tank wall due
development of excessive compressive stresses,
failure of piping system and uplift of anchorage
system. In such cases seismic base isolation
plays a vital role in safeguarding the structure.
Base isolation is one of the most widely accepted
seismic protection systems used for
structures in earthquake prone areas.
isolation may be done by introducing different
types of bearings in the foundation & base soil.
This can be achieved by providing rollers and
lor spring in between foundation & base soil. In
this paper, the response of the structure is
obtained by modeling and analyzing the RCC
elevated liquid storage tank in SAP2000. Two
types of elevated liquid storage tanks mainly
3
slender and broad tanks with capacities 350m
3
and 500m respectively, isolated by the roll-n­
cage bearing isolator are investigated under real
earthquake ground motion. Two types of base
condition for slender and broad tanks viz fixed
base tank and base isolated tanks in which the
bearing is placed at the base of the column at
the foundation level are considered. Non-linear
time history analysis for 1940 Imperial Valley
(Elcentro) earthquake has been carried out for
various conditions of tank viz tank full, tank
75% filled, tank 50% filled, tank 25% filled and
tank empty. Parametric study has been carried
out to study the response of tank with and
without isolator. Various parameters like time
period, base shear and displacement at top and
bottom of the tank are studied.
Keywords-base isolation, Roll-N-Cage isolator,
time history analysis.
978-1-4799-7165-7/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
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�s. �anisha. V. Waghmare
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
A.I.S.S.M.S's College of Engineering.
Pune, India.
manivw@gmail.com
Past
I. INTRODUCTION
Base isolation is a passive control technique that serves to
to decouple a structure from the strong ground motions caused
by earthquakes by introducing isolation devices at the base of
the structure. This decoupling of the structure typically occurs
at the ground level, between the super-structure and the
foundation. .Base isolation is to prevent the superstructure
from absorbing the earthquake energy. The fundamental
the
principle of base isolation is to modify the response of the
structure so that the ground can move below the structure
Base
without transmitting these motions into it. A structure that is
perfectly rigid will have a zero period. When the ground
moves the acceleration induced in the structure will be equal
to the ground acceleration and there will be zero relative
displacement between the structure and the ground. The
structure and ground move the same amount. A structure that
is perfectly flexible will have an infinite period. For this type
of structure, when the ground beneath the structure moves
there will be zero acceleration induced in the structure and the
relative displacement between the structure and ground will be
equal to the ground displacement. The structure will not move,
the ground will move.
Since tanks been the important component of lifeline due
to the purpose it serves, plenty of work has been carried out on
both ground supported and elevated liquid storage tanks.
Praveen Malhotra [I] showed that the seismic base isolation of
ground supported cylindrical liquid-storage tanks is proposed
by disconnecting the wall of the tank from the base plate and
supporting it on a ring of horizontally flexible bearings. It is
shown that isolation can reduce dramatically the
hydrodynamic base shears, overturning moments, and axial
compressive stresses in the tank wall without significantly
increasing the vertical displacements of the liquid surface due
to sloshing. Response of base-isolated liquid storage tanks
under near-fault earthquakes was investigated by S. K. Saha,
V. A. Matsagar and A. K. Jain [2] studied the effectiveness of
using the equivalent acceleration pulse for earthquake
response analysis of base-isolated liquid storage tanks. The
equivalent acceleration pulses, considered in the study, predict
peak base shear and peak base displacement with reasonable
accuracy for base-isolated liquid storage tanks. M.K.Shrimali
and R.S.Jangid [3] showed that, earthquake response of
isolated liquid storage tanks investigated under real earthquake
1190
ground motion. It has been �hown t�at the response of the tank
. . .
is significantly reduced usmg the Isolator. R. GIanmnm, F.
Paolacci, M. DeAngelis, M. Cuicci [5] in "Shaking table test
upon a base isolated steel liquid storage tanks", showed the
effectiveness of the base isolation on steel storage tanks has
by investigating through numerical models and then checked
by shaking table tests on a reduced scale (1:14) model of a real
steel tank. The results show the effectiveness of both isolator
typologies in reducing the total pressure generated by the
earthquake on the tank wall. And the compari:,on between the
.
shaking table test results and the response of simple numencal
models shows the suitability of the latter to simulate the
behavior of the fluid-structure system. Kim and Lee [6] and
Michel S. Chalhoub and James M. Kelly [7] experimentally
investigated the seismic performance of liquid storage tanks
isolated by laminated rubber bearing and showed that the
isolation was effective in reducing the dynamic response.
II. TYPES OF BASE ISOLATORS
A. LaminatediElastomeric Rubber Bearing
The most important class of base isolation systems which
has been extensively studied and implemented in a number of
buildings around the world is the laminated rubber bearing
base isolators. Laminated rubber bearing isolator is made of
alternating layers of rubber and steel with the rubber being
vulcanized to the steel plates. The bearing is flexible in the
horizontal direction but stiff in the vertical direction. The
horizontal stiffness of the bearing is also designed in such a
way that is can resist the horizontal forces with little or no
deformation. The main advantages of the laminated rubber
bearing are stable character of isolators over a long working
life and the recovery of the displacement after earthquakes.
M.K.Shrimali and R.S.Jangid [4] studied the earthquake
response of elevated liquid storage steel tanks isolated by the
linear elastomeric bearings by investigating it under real
earthquake ground motion. From the results it was observed
that the base shear of elevated liquid storage tank was
significantly reduced due to isolation. The drift of steel tower
was also significantly reduced due to isolation.
C. Friction Pendulum System
Early sliding systems had the undesirable characteristic of
pennanent displacement of the structure due to the lack of a
restoring force needed to realign the isolation system to its
pre-earthquake position. This is a significant problem,
particularly for utility connections that enter the structure
below ground level. The Friction Pendulum System was
developed to overcome this problem. The friction pendulum
system has a concave sliding surface, which introduces a
gravity related restoring force to re-centering the bearings.
Due to the concave sliding surface of the bearing, the lateral
ground motion lifts the structure introducing a restoring force
that returns the structure to its original position. Another
advantageous property of a friction pendulum system is th?t
the design is rather simple and analogous to a pendulum m
that the period of the isolated structure is dependent only upon
the radius of curvature of the bearing. M.K.Shrimali and
R.S.Jangid [8], studied the response of liquid storage tanks
isolated by the sliding systems by investigating it under two
horizontal components of real earthquake ground motion. The
system was found to be quite effective in reducing the base
shear and impulsive displacement of the liquid storage tanks.
D. Roll-N-Cage (RNC) Isolator Bearing
RolI-N-Cage isolation system has been an innovative
technique in seismic isolation. The roll-n-cage RNC isolation
bearing (Fig. 1) is mainly made up of a stiff rolling body
placed between two stiff circular plates fixed to the structure
and its base, respectively. The contact between these three
parts takes place through two less stiff plates. M�tallic yield
dampers are designed and arranged around the rollmg body to
provide stiffness and damping. Stiffeners are used to enhance
the behavior of the metallic yield dampers.

B. Lead Rubber Bearing

This type of elastomeric bearing consist of thin layers of

low-damping natural rubber sandwiched between steel plates,
and a lead cylinder plug finnly fitted in a hole at its centre to
deform in pure shear. The inner steel plates confine the lead
core. Low damping rubber is usually, used in lead rubber
Fig 1: The RNC isolator: a) neutral position, b) vertical cross­
bearing. Horizontal flexibility is achieved by the very low
section at neutral position, c) to-the-left maximum deformed
shear modulus of the rubber, which exhibits a linear behavior
position, d) vertical cross-section at to-the-Ieft maximum
for strains up to 100-200%. Lead is crystalline material, which
deformed position, e) metallic yield dampers and their holders,
change its structure temporarily under defonnation beyond i�s
t) rolling core on the bottom rubber plate and the lower
yield point, and regain its original structure and elastic
metallic bearing plate.
properties as soon as deformation is removed by re:,toring
force in rubber. M.K.Shrimali and R.S.Jangid [9] studied the
Mohammad Ismail and Joan R Casas [ lO]showed that
response of liquid storage tanks isolated by lead rubber
the RNC isolator has an efficient built-in linear gravity-based
bearings by investigating it under two horizontal components
re-centering mechanism that prevents permanent isolator
of real earthquake ground motion. The system was found to be
displacements after earthquakes with the help of the hysteretic
quite effective in reducing the base shear and impUlsive
damping mechanism. The re-centering mechanism has nearly
displacement of the liquid storage tanks.
no negative influence on the efficiency of isolation in terms of

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reducing peak structural accelerations. M. Ismail, J. Rodeller, 1 1
FbRi =-Jr 8r +-mr( Xr+ Xg)
•• •• ••

F. Ikhouane [11] proposed a new rolling type of isolation (4)

device named RolI-N-Cage isolator and its effectiveness was 2p 2p
investigated numerically for a wide range of structural, Where mr and Jr are the mass and the moment of inertia of the
isolator and ground motion characteristics and concluded that rolling body and is the ground acceleration.
the proposed RNC isolator is a very efficient tool for The gravitational component is given as,
equipment seismic protection via isolation of the entire
1 (-+c)+-W
Xb 1
housing structure. Mohammad Ismail and Jose Rodeller [12]
carried out extensive series of simulation tests on RolI-N-Cage FbRw =-W
2p 2 2p
rC
s
(5)
isolator to identify its mechanical characteristics and
D. 3 Buffer Component of RNC Isolator
concluded that the integrated buffer mechanism of the RNC
The third component of the RNC isolator caused by
isolator helps avoiding excessive bearing displacement under
buffer FbB, is expressed mathematically by considering two
the low-probability strong earthquake. They also showed that
the effective stiffness and damping ratio of the RNC isolator cases: (1) if the isolator or the isolated base, displacement Xb
are independent to the loading frequency. M.S. Khandve and due to ground motion excitation is less than the design
M.V. Waghmare "in press" [13] studied the seismic response displacement Xdes' In this case, the buffer force component FbB
of elevated liquid storage tanks using RNC isolator. The is set to zero and (2) if the isolator displacement exceeds the
isolator was found effective in reducing the base shear and previously set design displacement Xdes, the buffer restoring
accelerations of the structure. force FbB becomes nonzero and proportional to the buffer
The restoring force of the RNC isolator Fb has stiffness kB. Such nonlinear force-displacement relationship of
three main components: the buffer force component FbB is expressed mathematically
l. Hysteretic component, FbH. as:
2. Re-centering component, FbR. �f IXc l < Xd eB (3.8)
3. Buffer component, FbB. If IXb, I > x d e. s
D.l Hysteretic Component of RNC Isolator
The hysteretic component FbH, is related to the metallic A schematic plot of the hysteretic force-displacement
yield dampers, which represent the main source of energy relationship of RNC isolator is shown in Fig 2.
dissipation. It is defined as the sum of the horizontal
components of the damper force Fd, where nd is the number of
dampers. This hysteretic component FbH, is adequately
simulated mathematically by the standard form of the Bouc­
Wen model of smooth hysteresis as:
FbH =akx + (1 - a) D kz, y (1)

�H
; =D / (A �- Izln-I z - Y�lzln) (2)

D.2 Re-centering Component of RNC Isolator

The re-centering component of RNC isolator FbR, is
due to the quasi-ellipsoidal configuration of the rolling body
(core) that provides the RNC isolator with a linear built-in
gravity-based re-centering mechanism as shown in Fig 3. The
intention beyond the integration of such mechanism is to
prevent having displacements after the earthquake and also to
help reducing the peak isolator's displacement. The
eccentricity provided by the quasi-ellipsoidal configuration Fig 2: Force-Displacement relationship of RNC Isolator.
together with the downward structural weight Ws and the
The parameters of RNC isolator used in this
upward reaction R form a restoring couple Mres opposite to the
dissertation work are as follows
rotating couple.
i. Yield Strength Fy= 24.13
The total re-centering force of the RNC isolator FbR,
ii. Post-yield stiffness kp = 102.55 kN/m
may be described as if composed of two components: (1)
iii. Pre-yield stiffness k e = 1704.2 kN/m
inertial component FbRi, which is the force transmitted to the
iv. Post-yield stiffness ratio = 0.06
base mass due to the inertia forces of the isolator core and (2)
v. Yielding exponent = 2
gravitational component FbRw.
FbR =FbRi + FbRw
vi. Design displacement Xdes = 0.53 m
(3)
Where FbRi is given as, III. INVESTIGATED ELEVATED WATER TANKS

In the present study two types of elevated liquid storage tanks

mainly slender tank and broad tank are considered. The grades

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considered are M25 for concrete and Fe415 for steel. The Earthquake Magnitude Record! PGA
density of concrete used is 25 KN/m3 and density of water Component
used is 1000 kg/m3• Freeboard of O.2m is considered for both
Imperial 6.9 Imperial 0.35 g
the tanks. The other structural data considered is shown in
Valley Valley, 1940,
table 3. The tank is modeled in SAP2000 software to carry out (1940) Elcentro
the fmite element analysis. Two tank models are considered,
one with the fixed base and other with isolated base. The rolI­
n-cage isolator is used as an isolation device. The roll-n-cage
isolator is modeled by using the combination of multiple link
IV.
VALIDATION WORK
elements in SAP2000. Five conditions of tank mainly tank
3
An intz tank of 250 m capacity opted from lIT Kanpur -
empty, tank 25% filled, tank 50% filled, tank 75% filled and
tank full are considered for both the tank models. Details of GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage
the tank are shown in Table 1. Tanks is modeled and analyzed in SAP2000. The earthquake
The numbers of columns considered in the study are six analysis of the tank is carried out in SAP2000 for seismic
and eight for slender and broad tank respectively coefficient method and the parameters like time period, base
symmetrically disposed on a circle. Here straight bracing shear and base moment are compared with the ones given is
IITK-GSDMA. The results are tabulated in table 3.
provided at five levels, thus dividing the staging in six column
panels. Top ends of the columns are connected by a ring beam
Table 3: Tank Empty ConditIOn
and the bottom ends of the columns are assumed to be fixed
Results Time Period Base Shear Base
for the analysis in case of fixed base tank whereas in isolated
(s) (kN) Moment
case the roll-n-cage isolator is placed at the base. The (kNm)
inclination of columns to the vertical is 0 degree.
The RNC isolator is modeled in SAP2000 using a
combination of n-link elements such as Wen n-link element to IITK 0.66 211 4053
represent the hysteresis and vertical load carrying capacity +
Gap n-link element to represent the buffer mechanism and the SAP2000 0.66 211 4067
design displacement + a linear spring n-link element to
represent the self-recentering mechanism of the RNC isolator.
Table 4· Tank Full Condition
Table 1: Properties of Tank Results Time Period Base Shear Base
(s) (kN) Moment
Type of Tank Slender Tank Broad Tank (kNm)
Capacity 350 mJ 500 mJ
IITK 3.14 280 5448
Diameter 8m 13.3 m SAP2000 3.15 286 5240.2
Height of the 7.4 m 4m
container
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aspect Ratio (S) 1.85 0.6
The results of non-linear time history analysis for the tank
Braces 0.23XO.6 m 0.3XO.6 with capacities of 350m3 and 500m3, for the conditions such
Floor Beams 0.23X0.45 m 0.3X0.45 m as tank empty, tank 25% filled, tank 50% filled, tank 75%
filled and tank empty condition are tabulated in Table 5 to
Column Size O.4XO.4 m 0.5XO.5 m Table 8. The real earthquake ground motion data of 1940
Imperial Valley is considered for time history analysis.
Number of coin 6 8
Thickness of 0.2 m 0.2 m Table 5: Values of time period (s)
Tank wall Tank Slender Tank Broad Tank
Floor Slab 0.25 m 0.3 m Condition
Fixed Isolated Fixed Isolated
Roof Slab 0.12 m 0.12 m base base base base
Tank 2.49 3.03 2.485 3.45
The non-linear time history analysis is carried out by using the Empty
real earthquake ground motion data of 1940 Imperial Valley
Tank 25% 2.70 3.28 2.69 3.71
(Elcentro) as shown in Table 2.
filled
Tank 50% 2.91 3.53 2.93 3.95
Table 2: Properties of Earthquake Ground Motion

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 filled filled

Tank 75% 3.09 3.74 3.11 4.17 Tank 75% 0 0.010 0 0.006
filled filled

Tank Full 3.26 3.93 3.23 4.39 Tank Full 0 0.017 0 0.007

For slender isolated tank, base shear is reduced by about

Table 6: Values of Base Shear(kN)
30% for tank empty, tank 25%, tank 50% filled and tank full
condition whereas, the base shear is reduced by 48% in tank
Tank Slender Tank Broad Tank
75% filled condition. For broad isolated tank, for tank empty
Condition
case base shear is reduced by 25% while in other remaining
Fixed Isolated Fixed Isolated
cases base shear is reduced by 55% to 60%.
base base base base
For broad isolated tank the slight increase in
Tank 75.31 48.81 258.50 19 l.31 displacement is observed for tank empty, tank 25%, 50% and
Empty 100% filled condition, however displacement is found to be
reduced in tank 75% filled condition.
Tank 25% 8 l.50 54.75 267.62 12 l.26
filled
Tank 50%
filled
129.2 77.20 279.17 122.28 Z
6

��
15
10
5
� --
Fixed Base
Isolated Base

-5
Tank 75% 159.3 78.86 288.43 120.61
filled
Tank Full 188.3 134.2 292.95 118.85 o
ti:S��� .
:§: O.O
05
&
0.0

0.0
� Time(s)

g. -0.0
Table 7: Displacement at the roof of the tank (m). a
����'--''--''--'�-'Lr­
Time(s)

Tank Slender Tank Broad Tank

Condition
Fixed Isolated Fixed Isolated
base base base base
Tank 0.040 0.029 0.041 0.044
Empty
Fig 3: Time variation of response quantities for slender tank
Tank 25% 0.049 0.036 0.039 0.042 (a) Base shear, (b) Displacement at roof of the tank and (c)
filled Displacement at support for tank full condition.
Tank 50% 0.049 0.0367 0.040 0.040
Isolated Base
filled - Fixed Base

Tank 75% 0.053 0.037 0.041 0.035

filled
Tank Full 0.081 0.057 0.054 0.055

EO OO l
Table 8: Displacement at the support (m).

Tank
Condition
Slender Tank
Fixed Isolated Fixed
Broad Tank
Isolated
!��r�i:::
�
�:
g
o.o

0.0
Time (s)

base base base base

c:: 0.0

Tank 0 0.009 0 0.010 � -0.0

B -0.0
Empty �-'--'--=-�-�-�2�
Time (s)

Tank 25% 0 0.013 0 0.008

filled
Fig 4: Time variation of response quantities for broad tank (a)
Tank 50% 0 0.015 0 0.007 Base shear, (b) Displacement at roof of the tank and (c)
Displacement at support for tank full condition.

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The peak values of base shear, displacement at the roof of the
tank and displacement at the support for all the tank conditions REFERENCES

is represented in the graphical format shown below.

[I] P. Malhotra, "New Method for Seismic Isolation of Liquid Storage
Tanks", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vo1.26, 839-
� 847 (1997).
i! 2'0500 �
ez; 1S0
_f.I<cd 8a5C'(Slcndcr) [2] S. K. Saha, VA Matsagar and A.K. Jain, " Response of base-isolated
liquid storage tanks under near-fault earthquakes", Indian Society of
.3
�1�o;>l .. l<:,d8.a1oo(!CSIc:ndc::·1
.
>00 _F.)(cd8aseiBrO<ld)

-Isolated 8a5.Ci8roadl Earthquake Technology, Department of Earthquake Engineering

Building, lIT Roorke, Roorke, Oct 20-2112012.
[3] M. K. Shrimali, R. S. Jangid, "Earthquake response of isolated elevated
liquid storage steel tanks" Engineering Structures 24 (2002) 907-919.
Fig 5: Peak Values of Base Shear
[4] M. K. Shrimali, R. S. Jangid, "Earthquake response of base-isolated
liquid storage tanks." Proceedings of the National Symposium on
Advances in Structural Dynamics and Design, Vetomac-I, Chennai,
2001:459-66.
-Isolilled 6"s.c18rO<ld)
_l'i><c:dB<>sc:(Bre><>dl
[5] R. Gianninni, F. Paolacci, M. DeAngelis, M. Cuicci in "Shaking table
_Isolated B;>SctS1cndcr) test upon a base isolated steel liquid storage tanks", The 14'h World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing,
_ Fixed Basel5lend_1

China.
[6] Kim N.S, Lee D.G. "Pseudo-dynamic test for evaluation of seismic
Fig 6: Peak Values of Displacement at Roof performance of base-isolated liquid storage tanks". Eng Struct 1995;
17(3):198-208.
[7] M. S. Chalhoub and 1. M. Kelly," Shake Table Test of Cylindrical Water
Tanks in Base Isolated Structures", Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
Vol.I16, No. 7, July, 1990.
_FixcO Bilii':lISlcndcrj

_1�1 ... 1t.'d Q;)�SlcndCf) [8] M. K. Shrimali, R. S. Jangid, "Seismic response of liquid storage tanks
_FlllcdBilsc(BrO<ld)
isolated by sliding bearings" Engineering Structures 24 (2002) 907-919.
_Isolated B.ase(Broad)

[9] M. K. Shrimali, R. S. Jangid, "The Seismic Response of Elevated Liquid

Fig 7: Peak Values of Displacement at Support
VIII. CONCLUSION
Comparative performance of elevated liquid storage tank
isolated by RNC isolator is investigated using real earthquake
ground motion data of 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake. The
response of two types of tanks mainly slender and broad tanks
for isolated base is compared with fixed base tanks for all tank
Storage Tanks Isolated by Lead Rubber Bearings", Bulletin of the New
Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vo1.36, No.3, September
2003.
[10] M. Ismail and 1. R. Casas "Novel Isolation Device for Protection of
Cable Stayed Bridges against Near Fault Earthquakes", Journal Bridge
Engineering, ISSN 1084-0702/A4013002 (12).
[II] M. Ismail, 1. Rodellar, F. Ikhouane "Performance of Structure­
Equipment Systems with a Novel RolI-N-Cage Isolation Bearing",
Computers and Structures 87 (2009) 1631-1646.
[12] M. Ismail and 1. Rodeller, "Numerical characterization and
mathematical modeling of RNC isolator", Experimental Vibration
Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures, EVACES 20II.

conditions to measure the effectiveness of the isolation. From [13] M.S. Khandve, M.V. Waghmare, "Seismic Response of Base isolated
Liquid Storage Tank by using RolI-N-Cage Isolator", "in press" 15th
the results following conclusions are drawn:
SEE, liT Roorkee, 11-13 December 2014.
[14] IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Seismic Design of Liquid Storage Tanks
1) For slender isolated water tank the reduction in base Provisions with Commentary and explanatory examples, 2003.
shear is less as compared to broad isolated water tank.
2) As the volume of water in the tank is increased the
recuction in base shear is increased.
3) Displacement at the support of the fixed base tank for
both type of tank is zero however slight displacement is
observed in isolated base tank due to rolling mechanism of
RNC isolator.
4) For slender isolated tank reduction in displacement at
the roof is observed for all the cases.
5) For broad isolated tank the slight increase in
displacement at the roof is observed.
6) The time period of the tanks is increased due to base
isolation.
7) The RolI-N-Cage isolator is effective in reducing the
seismic response for slender as well as broad elevated water
tanks.

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