Republic of the Philippines

Caraga State University – Cabadbaran Campus

College of Engineering

and Information Technology

T. Curato St., Poblacion 12, Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte 8605

ACDMM HYBRID

POWER PLANT

(WIND AND SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY)

GROUP MEMBERS:

ALDREN T. AGUELO
MANELYN M. DELIMA
REMY C. CUBERO, JR.
JAYSON S. MANGITNGIT
LOWEEN GWEEDEE BOY MONTON

2022
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background

Solar and wind renewable energy were first manufactured around the year 1800. Solar

energy dates back to 1839. When 19-year-old French physicist Edmond Becquerel saw that putting

light on an electrode submerged in a conductive fluid caused an electric current, he discovered the

photovoltaic effect. However, it wasn't until 1883 that the US inventor Charles Fritts made a

significant claim to power. To compete with Thomas Edison's coal-powered plants, he invented the

first known solar panel, which used the element selenium. However, because these early panels

were only about 1% efficient, they were never used on a large scale. Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson,

and Daryl Chapin of Bell Labs switched from selenium to silicon in 1953, ushering in the modern

solar panel, which is six times more efficient than Fritts' original. This is still a long way from the

most advanced models, which can convert more than 40% of the sun's light into electricity.

On the other hand, the inventor Charles Brush's Ohio house was powered by the first

electricity-generating windmill. His 144-bladed 60-foot (18.3-meter) wooden tower provided

roughly 12 kW of electricity to the residence. The turbine, which was built in 1888, provided power

to the house for two decades. Brush was also an early proponent of energy storage, connecting his

turbine to 12 rechargeable batteries in the basement. Despite Brush's initial success, it required

Danish engineer Poul la Cour to scale it up. Developing a regulator to maintain a consistent supply

of power was one of la Cour's numerous innovations, as was recognizing that a turbine rotating
 quickly with fewer blades generated electricity more effectively than one spinning slowly with

multiple blades.

As time gradually gone by, these renewable resources were introduced in the market, and

to address the issue of energy sustainability and maximize their efficiency, the future of hybrid

power plants will eventually emerge.

1.2 Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Plants

Due to dwindling supplies of cheap oil and suggestions to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,

the world may face a global energy crisis. This has sparked a surge of interest in alternative

energy/fuel research, such as fuel cell technology, tidal energy, and wind power. Solar and wind

energy already outnumber fossil fuels by a large margin, posing substantial environmental

concerns.

Wind-solar hybrid power plant uses a combination of renewable energy sources, such as

wind and solar, to generate electricity. Solar panels and wind turbine generators are used to generate

electricity in this setup.

Wind energy is another renewable resource that may be used to generate electricity using

wind turbines and generators. A wind turbine is a fan with two or three blades that revolve due to

wind, with the rotation axis aligned with the direction of the wind. A gear box is a high-precision

mechanical system that converts energy from one device to another using mechanical methods.

There are various types of wind turbines, but horizontal axis and vertical axis turbines are the most

commonly employed.
 Solar panels, solar photovoltaic cells, and energy-storage batteries are the three basic

components of a solar power system. Solar panels can create electrical energy (DC power) that can

be stored in batteries, utilized to serve DC loads, or used to feed AC loads using an inverter. Solar

energy is only available during the day, whereas wind energy is available all day, depending on the

weather.

Because wind and sun energy complement each other, the system can create electricity

virtually all year round. Wind aero generator and tower, solar photovoltaic panels, batteries, cables,

charge controller, and inverter are the major components of the Wind Solar Hybrid System. The

Wind-Solar Hybrid System creates electricity that may be used to charge batteries and run AC

appliances via an inverter. The wind aero-generator is mounted on a tower that is at least 18 meters

tall. starting at the ground level Because of its height, the aero-generator receives more wind at a

faster speed, generating more power.

1.3 Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Plants in the Philippines

In the Philippines, the province of Ilocos Norte is known for its huge wind and solar power

plants. Though currently there is no such hybrid power plan in the country, giant investors are

eyeing for more construction of wind and solar power plants respectively in the province of Ilocos

Norte. Plan such as the Ilocos Norte Solar Power Project is likely to commence in 2022 and is

expected to enter into commercial operation in 2023. As for the wind farms, Burgos is one of three

wind farms now operating in the province.The other two wind farms are Bangui Wind Farm (33

MW), and Caparispisan Wind Farm (81 MW).

If taken into consideration, hybrid power plants can be possibly constructed in this province

someday due to its geographical location that suits for the harnessing of both wind and solar energy.
 1.4 Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Plant Project Overview

Electric energy usage and demand in the Philippines are increasing due to the country's

growing population and rapid technological improvements. With an increase in electricity demand

of 8.94 percent per year in Luzon in 2015-2016, some progress in the generation of renewable

energy is projected. The project will use 20 wind turbines with a capacity of 2-3 MW each and 20

solar panels with a capacity of 3-5 MW each, for a total capacity of 120 MW. A 38-kilometer-long

115kV transmission line will be built to transport energy from the project site to the nearest National

Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) substation in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte. 120 lattice-

type transmission towers and 20 steel poles will support the transmission line. A substation was

built in the municipality of Burgos, and interconnection facilities were built at the NGCP substation

in Laoag City to connect the transmission line to the national grid.

1.4.2 Geographical Location

The proposed Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Plant shall be located at Burgos, Ilocos Norte.

The plant shall be an onshore type with 20 wind turbines and 20 solar panels with a total generation capacity

of 120 MW and an approximately 38 km long transmission line, access roads and a substation within the

project development block. Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 shows the location of the project. Figure 1.3 shows

the planned 38 km transmission line.

Figure 1.1 Shows the Site Location of the Project.

Figure 1.2 Shows the Boundary of the Project.

 Figure 1.3. Shows the proposed 38 km transmission line.

1.3 Duty Type

While the contribution to energy supply is predictable, the energy produced by a hybrid wind-

solar power plant must be used as it becomes available on a daily or hourly basis because generation

cannot be delayed. As an intermediate load unit, the proposed hybrid power plant will be used. Each wind

turbine has a 20-year estimated average operating life, whereas solar panels have a 25-year expected

operating life and a 25-year design life.

1.3.1 Load Survey

Figure 1.3. Shows the peak load demand of the three main regions of the Philippines.

From figure 1.3 Luzon reached new all-time high system peak demand at 9,726 MW which

occurred on 03 May 2016, 1:52 PM with a corresponding 11,137 MW available capacity. This is 9%

higher than the 2015 peak demand of 8,928 MW.

 CHAPTER II
SITE AND CIVIL DESIGN

2.1 Proposed Site

This Site

Fig. 2.1 Proposed Site of the ACDMM Power Plant

2.2 Location of the Plant

After evaluating several aspects in selecting the ideal location for our 120 MW ACDMM Wind and

Solar Hybrid Power Plant project. We are certain that an area of roughly 600 hectares of undeveloped land

located in the Municipality of Burgos, Ilocos Norte, Philippines is the finest location. The following criteria

were taken into account:

1. Wind Speed – According to the Philippines Wind Energy Resource Atlas Development by the US

Department of Energy - National Renewable Energy Laboratory shown in Fig. 2.2, the
Municipality of Burgos has the highest average wind speed compared to other parts of Ilocos Norte

annually.

Fig. 2.2 Wind Speed of Different Portion of Ilocos Norte

2. Photovoltaic Power Potential – Based on the Solar Resource Map of the Philippines by

SOLARGIS shown in Fig. 2.3, Ilocos Norte is among the highest photovoltaic power potential in

the Philippines.

Fig. 2.3 Solar Resource Map of the Philippines

 3. Stability of Foundation - The locations of the various turbines and solar panels are verified to be

sustainable. When exposed to both normal and extraordinary circumstances, such as during

earthquakes, stability is achieved. This is accomplished by ensuring that the turbine and solar

panel foundations meet standards and are also reliant on ground conditions.

4. Economic Displacement - Because the property still comprises agricultural areas that provide a

supply of a living for the community, the project assures that these lands are not harmed during

construction.

5. Extension Capability - The project site can accommodate at least 40 turbines and solar panels,

with optimum turbine and solar panel placement ensuring that the area is used efficiently. Because

our proposal has 20 turbines and 20 solar panels, there is still room to expand the plant's capacity.

6. Surroundings Restrictions - The location is largely made up of forest, which is an unpopulated

and underdeveloped agricultural area, thus there are no restrictions when it comes to placing

equipment. Furthermore, the project poses no harm to the several tourist attractions located along

the border and within the property.

2.3 Physical Arrangements and Location of Equipment

Fig. 2.4 Placement of Solar Panel and Wind Turbines

 Chapter III

A hybrid power plant is made up of two renewable energy power plants: solar and wind.

3.1 Solar Power Plant

The sun's energy comes in two forms: heat and light. Solar thermal methods harness the

sun's heat to generate electricity, whereas solar PV technologies harness the sun's light

(photons) to generate electricity. In this project, we will design a 10MW solar power plant to

supply the energy demand in Ilocos Norte.

Samsung PV-MBA1BG250 (250W) monocrystalline silicon solar panel is proposed for

the construction of 10MW PV power plant because of its advantages among other solar

panels. Figure 1.1 below shows the data sheet specifications of Samsung PV-MBA1BG250.

Figure 3.1 Specification of Samsung PV-MBA1BG250.

 Nominal operating cell temperature of this solar panel is 450C, made of 60 cells, area

is 1644mm (length) x 992mm (width), weight is 20.2kg and efficiency is 15.33% with 5

years guaranty and 90% and 80% efficiency guaranty for 10 and 20 years respectively.

3.2 Computation

 PV Panels

Energy required from the PV panels;

Pdc, STC= Pac
Conversion efficiency

Where;
Conversion efficiency: 75 % estimate the impacts of temperature, inverter
efficiency, module mismatch, and dirt to come up with conversion efficiency from dc to
ac.
Pdc(STC): is the dc power of the array obtained by simply adding the individual
module ratings under standard test conditions.
Pac: AC power

Pdc, STC= (10MW/0.75) = 13.33MW

Capacity of PV panel total WP = P (MW) / (h/day of “peak sun”)

Capacity of PV panel total WP =13.33MWh /5(h/day)= 2.66MWp

The number of PV modules needed =

The number of PV panels needed = 13.33MW / 250W=53,333 modules

Energy (kWh/year) = Pac (kW) * (h/day of “peak sun”) * 365 days

Energy (kWh/year) =13.33MW * 5 h/day * 365days
Energy (kWh/year) = 24.333GW/year

 Inverter

Sunny tripower 15000TL inverter is what we selected for our design. Sunny tripower

15000TL is manufactured by System Mess Anlagentechnik, SMA Solar Technology AG

(Germany).
 Input (DC)
Max. DC power (@ cos φ = 1) 15340 W
Max. input voltage 1000 V
MPP voltage range / rated input voltage 360 V – 800 V / 600 V
Min. input voltage / initial input voltage 150 V / 188 V
Max. input current input A / input B 33 A / 11 A
Max. input current per string input A² / input B² 40 A / 12.5 A
Number of independent MPP inputs / strings per MPP input 2 / A:5, B:1

Output (AC)
Rated power (@ 230 V, 50 Hz) 15000 W
Max. apparent AC power 15000 VA
Nominal AC voltage 3 / N / PE; 220 / 380 V, 3 / N / PE;
230 / 400 V, 3 / N / PE; 240 / 415
V
Nominal AC voltage range 160 V – 280 V
AC power frequency / range 50 Hz, 60 Hz / -6 Hz ... +5 Hz
Rated power frequency / rated grid voltage 50 Hz / 230 V
Max. output current 24 A
Power factor at rated power 1
Adjustable displacement power factor 0.8 overexcited ... 0.8
underexcited
Feed-in phases / connection phases 3/3
Efficiency
Max. efficiency / European weighted efficiency 98.2 % / 97.8 %

Figure 3.2 Specification of Sunny Tripower 15000TL Inverter

Inverter size = 10MW*130 = 13MW

100
Number of inverter = Inverter size
Rated power of inverter
= 13MW
15000
= 867 modules

Size of an array is 15 Modules which are in series 4 of such array are connected in

parallel to produce one string of inverter.

 In the design of our solar power plant, we used a total of 53,333 panels/modules.

Because each module is 1644mm x 992mm which is equivalent to 1.631m2, the total

generating area of the plant is 86,986 m2, whereas the entire area of the plant will be more

than the generating area. The plant's generating area is crucial in estimating the amount of

energy to be produced as well as monitoring the plant's performance.

3.3 Mean Wind Speed and Mean Wind Power in Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Figure 3.3 Mean Wind Speed and Mean Wind Power in Ilocos Norte, Philippines
 CHAPTER IV

OPERATION AND COORDINATION

With 20 wind turbines and 20 solar panels spread throughout the project site, coordination,

monitoring, and control is done through a SCADA system or Distributed Control System inside the

control and operations building. Maintenance personnel are also available for on-site inspection and

regular routine maintenance works for the equipment, turbines, and solar panels.

The proposed plant is expected to run 24 hours a day, but is mainly dependent on the daily wind

speed and photovoltaic potential which depends on the sunlight. Operations personnel are to work in

shifts with as follows:

Shift 1 --- 6:00 AM – 2:00 PM

Shift 2 --- 2:00 PM – 10:00 PM

Shift 3 --- 10:00PM – 6:00 AM

Typically, modern wind turbines are designed to work for 120,000 hours throughout their

estimated design life span of 20 years and solar panels for 25 years.
 CHAPTER V

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 Economics

Wind power has low fuel costs, but high capital expenses, which include, but are not limited to:

turbine/turbine construction costs, installation of solar panels, transmission line and facility costs,

borrowed funds, land building and facility costs, engineering fees, material costs, installation costs, and so

on.

5.2 Capital Costs

The cost for a utility scale commercial wind turbine range from about $1.3 million to

$2.2million per MW of nameplate rating installed. The cost for purchasing 1 x Vestas 3.0MW V90 is

assumed to be $4.14 million. The cost for a utility scale solar panel ranges from about $1.3 million to

$2million per MW.

Balance of station cost includes but are not limited to: transport, assembly, and installation of

turbine. Soft cost includes but are not limited to: insurance, miscellaneous electrical installations,

engineering fees, permits and legal works and construction finance.

a. Vestas 3.0MW V90 x 20 Php 8,224,284,000.00

b. Monocrystalline Solar Panel 3.0 MW x 20 Php 3,967, 468,523.25

c. Balance of Station Cost Php 30,000,000.00

d. Land Area Cost (600 hectares, 150/sq.m) Php 900,000,000.00

e. Soft Cost Php 30,000,000.00

 f. Construction Cost (building, roads, etc..) Php 21,000,000.00

g. Equipment Php 67,000,000.00

h. Transmission Line Cost Php 15,000,000.00

______________________________________________________________________________

Total Capital Cost Php 1,325,475,252,000.25

Assuming an interest rate of 8% per annum.

Interest on capital = Php 1,060,380,202.00

5.3 Investor Profit

Assuming that the annual profit on capitalization over and above interest is to be 25% then, annual profit

is:

Profit = 0.25 x Php 1,325,475,252,000.25= Php 3,313,688,131.00

5.4 Operation and Maintenance Cost

Maintenance cost of a new turbine will be very low but as the turbine ages these cost will

increase primarily due to wear and tear. For modern turbines the estimated maintenance cost are

in the range of 1.5% to 2% of the original cost of the turbine per annum. Most maintenance cost

of a wind turbine will be a fixed amount each year for regular servicing, but it is better to base the

maintenance cost on a per kWh rate during operation since wear and tear of a turbine increases

with increased production.

Turbine Maintenance = 0.02 x (8,224,284,000.00/20) = 8,224,284.00

a. Turbine Maintenance Php 8,224,284.00

b. Other Maintenance Cost Php 10,000,000.00

c. Labor Cost (staff, contractors, employees) Php 10,000,000.00

Total Operation and Maintenance Cost Php 28,224,284.00

5.5 Capacity Factor

Since wind speed and photovoltaic potential is not constant, the annual energy produced by the hybrid

power plant is never equal to is generator nameplate rating (plant rating designed) multiplied by the total

hours in a year. However, the capacity factor of a hybrid wind and solar power plant is typically within

20%-40% with values in the upper range in favorable project sites. Hence a capacity factor of 35% will be

used for considering the economic aspects of the proposed wind power plant. That is the assumed annual

energy produced by the wind power plant is;

Annual Energy Produced = 120 MW x 24 hrs x 365 days x 1 year x 0.35 = 367,920 MWh

5.6 Energy Rate

Total Annual Cost = Capital cost/plant life span + Interest + Operation and Maintenance Cost +

Profit/plant life span

Total Annual Cost = (Php 1,325,475,252,000.25/20) + Php 1,060,380,202.00

+28,224,284.00 + (Php 3,313,688,131.00/20)

Total Annual Cost = Php 1,917,026,519.00

References

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https://medium.com/drax/who-invented-renewable-energy-9442a4624a1a

2. Wankar, U. (2015). Hybrid Power Generation by Solar and Wind. Retrieved on June 12, 2022 from

https://www.slideshare.net/udaywankar/hybrid-power-generation-by-and-solar-wind

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Energy Development Agency (Govt. of Maharashtra Institution), India (mahaurja.com)

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