ICT Reviewer

4th Quarter Periodical Exam

Caloocan City Science High School | Sr. Toshio Capintog | QRTR 4

I. Data and Information

● DATA: Facts concerning people,

○ Attributes - An attribute
objects, or other entities. (RAW
defines the information about
VALUES)
the entity that needs to be
● INFORMATION: Data presented in a
stored
form suitable for interpretation.
- The characteristic/s of an
(PROCESSED DATA)
entity
*[Data is converted into information
- simple and composite, single
by programs and queries. Data may be
and multivalued, stored and
stored in files or in databases.]
derived, complex.
● KNOWLEDGE: Insights into
appropriate actions based on
interpreted data. (INTERPRETATION)

I.A. Database
● *[Manual Filing - stored in the form of
● Collection of related information and different tangible files, it is also hard
organized in a useful manner. copy ]
● It is based on the components, entity,
attributes, and relationship.
I.A. Attributes - Categories
○ Entity - An entity is an object
that exists. It doesn't have to do
1.)
anything, it just has to exist. An
entity can be a single thing,
person, place, or object. Data
can be stored about such
entities

2.)
3.)
● *[IF THE ATTRIBUTE HAPPENS TO BE
ONE OF THE ATTRIBUTE
CATEGORIES IT DOESN’T MEAN IT
CANNOT BE THE OTHER ONE.]
● *[Name is a composite attribute but it
is also a single valued attribute
because a person can only have one
name.]
● *[Age is a single valued attribute but it
can also be a derived attribute.]
● *[Address is a single valued attribute
but it can also be a multivalued
attribute. Address is also a composite
attribute]
II. Database Management System
● A collection of programs to create and
maintain a database.
○ (DEFINE, CONSTRUCT,
MANIPULATE)
II.A. Objectives
● Objectives:
○ DATA INTEGRATION -
Maintained links between data
and data centralization in order
to meet objectives; access data
records using variety of search
keys (query)
○ DATA INTEGRITY -
Inconsistency in file duplication
when changes are made to data
could be solved by storing in
 one place, and allowing each
application to be accessed.
○ DATA INDEPENDENCE -
changes an organized data
without the need to reprogram
and can be modified without
reorganization of data
○ MULTIPLE VIEWS/USERS
II.B. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Database Processing
● Advantages:
○ More information from same
data
○ Shared data
○ Balancing conflicts among users
○ Controlled redundancy
○ Consistency
○ Integrity
○ Security
○ Increased productivity
○ Data independence
● Disadvantages:
○ Increased size
○ Increased complexity (More
expensive personnel)
○ Increased impact of failure
○ Difficulty of recovery
○ Cost (especially server and
mainframe systems)
II.C. Ways to Retrieve Information
● WRITING - process of transferring
records from main memory to
secondary storage (creating new
record)
● INSERTION - process of adding a new
record to an existing file
● RETRIEVAL - act of transferring a
record from secondary storage to
main memory to access data within
the field.
● UPDATING - makes changes to the
contents of a record maintained on a
file to reflect its new status
● MERGING - combination of two or
more files into a single output
● SORTING - act of rearranging the
records in a file to produce ordered
reports
● SEARCHING - satisfy specific criteria
that involves looking for records with
a certain key value
● MATCHING - compare two or more
records against each other records in
order to ensure that there is a
complete set of records for each key.
Mismatch records are highlighted for
subsequent action.
II.D. Steps in Planning a Database III.Database Models

1.) Determine the purpose of your II.A. Entity Relationship Model

database - know the information you
want for your database and determine
● Introduced by Peter Chen in 1976
what subjects you need to store facts
● Yields a graphical representation of
about (tables) and what facts you need
entities and their relationships in
to store about each subject (fields in
database structure
the tables).
● Is usually represented by an entity
2.) Determine the fields that you need
relationship diagram
- the information stated in each table
should contain the same subject and
each field in a table should contain II.B. 3 Types of Relationships
individual information about the
table’s subject. ● One-to-one (1:1) relationship
- Store information starting from ● One-to-many (1:*) relationship
smallest rational parts (Instead of ● Many-to-many (*:*) relationship
FULL NAME; Surname, First Name,
Middle Name)
3.) Determine the tables and fields you
need in the database -information IV.MS Access
gathered should be analyzed.
- Name of Table? - be sure that the ● Is a database management system
table does not duplicate any produced by Microsoft and is part of
information the Microsoft 365 office suite.
Microsoft Access combines Microsoft’s
relational Jet Database Engine with
software development tools and a
graphic user interface (GUI). It was
first released in November 1992.
 III.A. Calculated Fields

● Any data that can be calculated

shouldn't be stored

FieldName: [Field1] operator [Field2]

STEPS:
1.) In an unused column at the top (in
the field row), enter an equal sign
2.) Enter a formula, using field names
as they are spelt in the database
3.) Press enter, then replace the text
before the colon (:) with your
calculated field name

This lucky minion

III.B. Access Database Basics - will help you pass
Relationships & Tables your test.

This was made by: Alex