MODELS OF FUNCTIONS

Formulas

Linear Function Rational Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑄(𝑥)

Quadratic Function Radical Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥

Cubic Function Exponential Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥

Piece-Wise Function Logarithmic Function

−𝑥, 𝑥<0 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Formulas

Sum Quotient

(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑓/𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥)

Difference Composite function

(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑓°𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)

Product

(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)

RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES

Formulas

Rational Function

𝑃(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑄(𝑥)
Rational Equation

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥)
=
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)
Rational Inequalities

𝑝(𝑥)
>0
𝑞(𝑥)

INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Formula

𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND
INEQUALITIES
Formula

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 Exponent

Base

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND

INEQUALITIES
Formulas

Logarithmic Function

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥)

Logarithmic Law

 Product Rule
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐵

 Quotient Rule
𝐴
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐴 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐵
𝐵

 Power Rule

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝐴𝑘 = 𝐾(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑚 𝐴) where K = ℝ

SIMPLE AND COMPUND INTEREST
Formulas

Simple Interest

𝐼 = 𝑝∗𝑟∗𝑡
I
I = Interest
T
P = Principal
R = Rate P T
T = Time (in years) T R T

Ordinary and Exact Interest 𝐼 =𝑝∗𝑟∗𝑡

 Ordinary Interest
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 I
𝐼𝑜 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑟 ∗
360 T

P T
 Exact Interest R
T T
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐼𝑒 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝐼
365 𝑃=
𝑅𝑇
Daily Interest Factor
𝑟 I
𝑫𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝑃 ∗
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 T
Manipulating The Simple Interest
P T
Formula
T R T
𝐼
𝑅=
𝑃𝑇
I
T I
P T T
T R T
P T
I = Interest T R T
P = Principal
𝐼
R = Rate 𝑇=
T = Time (in years) 𝑃𝑅
 Maturity Value Calculating the Present Value in a
Compound Interest
𝑀𝑉 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 or 𝑀𝑉 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑡)
Present Value Formula:
MV = Maturity Value
𝐹𝑉
P = Principal Invested 𝑃𝑉 =
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
(1 + )
R = Rate of Interest 𝑚
T = Time of Investment Future Value Formula:
I = Interest
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉 (1 + )
𝑚
Compound Interest and
Compound amount PRESENT AND FUTURE
Compound Amount Formula: VALUE ANNUITIES
𝑟 𝑚𝑡 Formulas
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑚 A. Ordinary Annuity
A = Amount
𝑟
P = Principal Invested (1 + )𝑚𝑡 − 1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅 ( 𝑟 𝑚 )
R = Rate of Interest
𝑟
(1 + )𝑚𝑡
Periodic
𝑚 𝑚
T = Time (Years)
Payment
m = Number of times interest is compounded
per year 𝑟 𝑚𝑡
(1 + ) −1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑅 ( 𝑚 )
Rate per period Formula: 𝑟
𝑚
𝑟
𝑖=
𝑚
B. Annuity Due
Compound Interest Rate Formula:
𝑟 −(𝑚𝑡−1)
1 1 − (1 + )
𝐴 𝑚𝑡 𝑃𝑉𝑑𝑢𝑒 = 𝑅 (1 + 𝑚 )
𝑟 = 𝑚( ) −1 𝑟
𝑃 𝑚

Total Number of Compounding Periods

Formula: 𝑟 (𝑚𝑡+1)
(1 + ) −1
𝐹𝑉𝑑𝑢𝑒 = 𝑅 ( 𝑚 − 1)
𝐴 𝑟
log 𝑚
𝑛= 𝑃
𝑟
log (1 + )
𝑚
LOANS AND AMORTIZATION
Formulas

Annual Percentage Rate

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐴𝑃𝑅 =
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙

Installment Base

2𝑥 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐴𝑃𝑅 =
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑑 ∗ (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 1)

Finance Charge

12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠) ( )
𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠

Amortization

𝑖(1+𝑖)𝑛 Interest per period Formula:

𝑅 = 𝑃𝑉 (1 + (1+𝑖)𝑛 −1) 𝑟
𝑖=
12

i = Interest per period

n = No. of installment or payments
PV = Original amount borrowed

Amortization Schedule

Payment Periodic Interest Paid Principal Repaid Outstanding

number Payment Balance
(n) (R) (𝑖 ∗ 𝑂𝐵) (𝑅 − (𝑖 ∗ 𝑂𝐵)) (𝑂𝐵 − 𝑃𝑅)
CONIC SECTIONS
Formulas

Circle Parabola

 Standard Form Standard Equation of a Parabola:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
 Horizontal Parabola
Equation of a circle of radius r with
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)2
center at the origin (0,0):
Opens to the right

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)2
 Distance Formula Opens to the left

√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 = 𝑟
Vertex: (0,0)
 Midpoint Formula
𝑦 2 = 4𝑝𝑥 Opens to the right
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
( , ) 𝑦 2 = −4𝑝𝑥 Opens to the left
2 2

 General Form
 Vertical Parabola
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
 Radius Formula Opens Upward
𝐷2 𝐸 2
𝑟2 = + −𝐹
4 4 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘)2
Opens Downward
𝐷2 𝐸2
a. if + − 𝐹 > 0, then the graph of
4 4
the equation is a Circle.
𝐷 𝐸
b. if + − 𝐹 = 0, then the graph of Vertex: (0,0)
4 4
the equation is a Point circle.
𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦 Opens Upward
𝐷2 𝐸2
c. if + − 𝐹 < 0, then the graph of
4 4
the equation of a circle has No graph. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑝𝑦 Opens Downward
 Ellipse Hyperbola

Standard Equation of an Ellipse: Standard Equation of a Hyperbola:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
Major axis is horizontal − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 Horizontal Hyperbola
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (ℎ − 𝑘)2
Major axis is vertical − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Vertical Hyperbola

Equation of an Ellipse: Center at (0,0)

A hyperbola with x - intercepts (a,0)
An equation of the ellipse with center and (-a,0) has an equation of the
at (0,0), foci at (-c, 0) and (c,0), and form
vertices at (-a,0) and (a,0) is:
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥2 𝑦2 − =1
+ =1 𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Major axis is horizontal Horizontal Hyperbola

A hyperbola with y - intercepts (a,0)

An equation of the ellipse with center and (-a,0) has an equation of the
at (0,0), foci at (0, -c) and (0, c), and form
vertices at (0, -a) and (0, a) is:
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑥 2
𝑦 2 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
+ =1
𝑏 2 𝑎2 Vertical Hyperbola
Major axis is vertical

Foci of an Hyperbola:
Foci of an Ellipse: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
SEQUENCES AND SERIES AND SIGMA NOTATION
Formulas

Sequences Series

 Arithmetic Sequence  Arithmetic Series

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2 1
an = nth term
a1 = 1st term
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = [2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
n = number of terms 2 𝑎1
d = common difference
 Geometric Series

Common difference formula: 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )

𝑠𝑛 =
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 1−𝑟

Sigma Notation
 Geometric Sequence
𝑛 Upper limit
Recursive Formula: ∑ 𝑋𝑖 Subscript
𝑖=1
𝑎𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛−1 )𝑟 Variable
Lower limit
Explicit Formula:

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛−1 ) ANGLES & ANGLE

MEASUREMENT
an = nth term
Formulas
a1 = 1st term
n = number of terms Degree to Radian
r = common ratio
𝜋
𝐷∗
180
Common ratio formula: Radian to Degree
𝑎2
𝑟= 180
𝑎1 𝑅∗
𝜋
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Formulas

______________________
𝐼𝐼 𝐼
(−, +) (+, +)
______________________

𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐼𝑉
(−, −)
(+, −)

Positive Quadrant Negative

𝜋 𝐼 3𝜋
0<𝜃< −2𝜋 < 𝜃 < −
2 2
𝜋 𝐼𝐼 3𝜋
<𝜃<𝜋 − < 𝜃 < −𝜋
2 2
3𝜋 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝜋
𝜋<𝜃< −𝜋 < 𝜃 < −
2 2
3𝜋 𝐼𝑉 𝜋
< 𝜃 < 2𝜋 − <𝜃<0
2 2

Trigonometric Points Corresponding to Quadrantal Angles

𝑃(0) = (1,0) 𝑃(2𝜋) = (1,0)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑃 ( ) = (0,1) 𝑃 (− ) = (0, −1)
2 2
𝑃(𝜋) = (−1,0) 𝑃(−𝜋) = (−1,0)
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑃( ) = (0, −1) 𝑃 (− ) = (0,1)
2 2
Coordinate of Quadrantal Trigonometric Points
𝑖. 𝑃([2𝜋]𝜋) = (1,0) 𝑖𝑖. 𝑃([2𝜋 + 1]𝜋) = (−1,0)

1 3
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝜋 + ] 𝜋) = (0,1) 𝑖𝑣. 𝑃 ([2𝜋 + ] 𝜋) = (0, −1)
2 2
 𝜋
Coordinates of Trigonometric Point 4 and its multiples

1 √2 √2
𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
4 2 2

3 √2 √2
𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
4 2 2

5 √2 √2
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 3
4 2 2

7 √2 √2
𝑖𝑣. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 4
4 2 2
𝜋
Coordinates of Trigonometric Point 3 and its multiples

1 1 √3
𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
3 2 2

2 1 √3
𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
3 2 2

4 1 √3
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 3
3 2 2

5 1 √3
𝑖𝑣. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
3 2 2
𝜋
Coordinates of Trigonometric Point 6 and its multiples

1 √3 1
𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 1
6 2 2

5 √3 1
𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 2
6 2 2

7 √3 1
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = (− , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 3
6 2 2

11 √3 1
𝑖𝑣. 𝑃 ([2𝑛 + ] 𝜋) = ( , − ) = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 4
6 2 2
 1 √3 (0,1)
(− , ) 1 √3
2 2 ( , )
2 2
√2 √2 √2 √2
(− , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2

√3 1 √3 1
(− , ) ( , )
2 2 2 2

(−1,0) (1,0)

√3 1 √3 1
(− ,− ) ( ,− )
2 2 2 2

√2 √2
√2 √2 ( ,− )
(− ,− ) 2 2
2 2
1 √3 1 √3
(− , − ) ( ,− )
2 2 (1, −0) 2 2

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Formulas
𝑂 𝐴 𝑂
SOH (𝑆 = ) CAH (𝐶 = ) TOA (𝑇 = )
𝐻 𝐻 𝐴

Sine Cosine Tangent

Opposite Adjacent Opposite
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent

THE 8 FUNDEMENTALS IDENTIES

Reciprocal Identities Quotient Identities Pythagorean Identities

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6.
1. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 7.
3. 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
1 8.
4. 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
cot 2 𝜃 +1 = csc 2 𝜃
TAN-SIN-COS HEXAGON

From one vertex of the hexagon using its diagonal

1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

From one vertex of the hexagon using consecutive edges

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

From one vertex of the hexagon using the adjacent vertices

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃