Battery Management System for two wheeler Vehicle
1Vinay Kumar, Mohit Gautam, Rachit Kumar, Rovin Kumar
2Dr. Sarika Kalra
1student, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AKGEC, Ghaziabad, India
2Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AKGEC, Ghaziabad, India
1.ABSTRACT: The battery management
systems also referred to as BMS is a battery
management unit that is not only responsible
to measure the state of battery accurately, but
it also ensures safe operation and also a
prolonged battery life. Because of their high
energy density, lifespan, nominal voltage,
power density, and low cost, lithium-ion (Li-
ion) batteries have received a lot of attention
in the EV industry. A smart battery
management system (BMS) is an essential
component in electric vehicles it not only
measures the states of the battery accurately,
but it also ensures safe operation and extends
battery life. Estimating the state of charge
(SOC) of a Liion battery accurately is difficult
due to the battery's highly time variant, non-
linear, and complex electrochemical system.
So in this paper we will study about the various
parameters related to battery performance
like the state of charge, state of health and also
look at over charge and under charge circuits
that were designed to monitor the battery
health
2.INTRODUCTION
What is BMS
The lithium ion batteries that are used now a
days are very fragile in nature when compared
to lead-acid, or NiCd batteries which makes
them useful in various applications like cell
phones or industrial equipment etc. these
lithium ion batteries that are used, needs a
management system to monitor its health by
calculating various parameters. The complexity
of any battery management system totally
depends on the type of application for which
this system has to be designed. for applications
like mobile phones or e-book readers etc, a
simple BMS IC can be used, this IC will monitor
the voltage, current, state of charge and
various other parameters. these parameters
will give us the overall health of the battery.
But for bigger applications like electronic
vehicles, we need a better alternative. A
normal IC won’t be sufficient. We need very
high-end algorithms and processing to
measure various parameters. We will go
through these in detail as we move further
with our paper. First in this paper we will go
through various battery management system
requirements in detail to understand how can
we actually optimise the performance of the
lithium ion batteries in any system. Battery
Management System Requirements Several
factors must be considered when designing a
bms. There are various Relevant parameters
include temperature acquisition, voltage and
current acquisition, battery pack etc that are
important to ensure proper EMI robustness,
functional safety in terms of redundancy,
galvanic isolation, balancing, and power
consumption. Temperature acquisition: One of
the most difficult tasks in BMS design is
determining the most accurate temperature
possible. It is sometimes necessary to obtain
peripheral temperatures, such as those of
contactors, fuses, or even the electric busbar.
Heavy copper bus bars should be avoided as
much as possible. Temperature requirements
must take into account three use cases:
charging, discharging, and storage.
Temperature sensor to voltage sensor channel
ratios typically range from 2:3 to 2:12. At too
high current rates, the significant effect of
lithium plating can occur in the normal
temperature range. Voltage acquisition: A
battery management system for lithium based
batteries needs to have at least one voltage
acquisition channel per serially connected cell.
High data acquisition rates are advisable, if
oversampling is chosen to have a positive
effect on the system behaviour. When large
pulses occur in an application, faster
monitoring can be necessary. Current
acquisition: For dynamic SOC determination,
coulomb counting is used. This method simply
integrates the current flowing into or out of a
battery. The determined SOC will be different
from the actual SOC due to noise and offsets.
There are approaches using algorithms and
parametrised models to retrieve usable SOC
values. Balancing: There are several factors
that have to be taken care of before a battery
can be charged and discharged, e.g., resulting
from weight constraints, or required charging
currents that lead to balancing currents. So in
this paper our main objective is to study about
the the state of charge and state of health of
the battery. Once studied, the simulation
results are then observed using MATLAB
(Matrix Laborotory). The flow of the paper will
be such that we will first Monitor the cell
voltage and temperature. Then the values of
state-of-charge and stateof-health are
estimated. Once that is done for those values
we will limit thepower input and output for
thermal and overcharge protection. As lithium
ion cells are used so we need to balance the
state of charge of these individual cells. After
this is done we need to isolate the battery pack
from the load whenever necessary to avoid
unnecessary loading effects in the circuit. Then
the entire design was implemented on the
software using MATLAB and Simulink. Once
the simulation was done, the algorithm was
deployed on a raspberry pi microcontroller and
finally it was tested on a lithium ion battery
pack.
3.SERVEY
Many battery-operated industrial and
commercial equipment use battery
management systems (BMSs) to make battery
operation more efficient and battery estimates
non destructive state. The study is related to
existing BMS methodologies and proposes a
new design methodology for a generalized
dependable BMS. This BMS has a number of
advantages over existing systems, the most
important of which is that it is fault-tolerant
and has battery protection. The proposed BMS
is made up of a series of smart battery modules
(SBMs), each of which performs battery
equalization, monitoring, and protection for a
string of battery cells. In the lab, an evaluation
SBM was designed and tested, and the
practical findings back up the theoretical
predictions.[2] The hardware components of
battery management systems (BMS) for
electric vehicles and stationary applications
are the subject of this research.
4.Real-Time Simulation:
Validating BMS Software Real-time
simulation—encompassing both rapid
prototyping and HIL testing—provides power
electronics control engineers with additional
insights into how a BMS design will perform on
hardware. In both RP and HIL, the objec tive is
to emulate in hardware one aspect of the
overall design: the BMS controller in RP and
the balance of the bat tery system in HIL. Real-
time simulation offers several significant
advantages in BMS design, letting you: •
Conduct RP to start validating algorithms
before the final controller hardware is selected
• Exploit the flexibility of a real-time test
system for rapid design iteration and testing •
Conduct HIL testing before the battery system
prototype hardware is available • Use a
combination of RP and HIL testing to exercise
BMS algorithms for test cases that may be
difficult, expensive, or destructive if you were
to use the actual hardware .By reusing desktop
simulation models in Simulink to generate
code for real-time simulation, you can shorten
overall development time. You can generate
C/C++ and HDL code that executes on
computers optimized for real-time
per formance. Code generated from Simulink
models for real-time simulations includes
interfaces that enable y ou to adjust control
parameters while the real-time simulation is
running.

5. Conclusions
The main objective of this report is to hold a
comprehensive discussion on BMS and BMS
safety for various applications. The article
consolidates and analyzes the current
standards landscape and recommends, where
needed, the technical and safety measures for
the new BMS standard. BMS is one of the basic
units in electrical energy storage systems.
Since BMS reacts with external and internal
events, a safe BMS, on both fronts, is key to
operating an electrical system successfully. In
this report, the details of BMS for electrical
transportation and large scale (stationary)
energy storage applications are discussed. The
analysis includes different aspects of BMS for
energy storage systems such as testing,
components, functionalities, topology,
operation, architecture, and safety aspects.
Depending on the application, the BMS can
have several different configurations, but the
essential operational goal and safety aspect of
the BMS remains the same—i.e., to protect the
battery and associated system. The report has
also considered the recent BMS accident,
investigated the causes, and offered feasible
solutions. Guidance is provided for building the
standard to ensure safe operation. The current
standards related to BMS are also studied to
find the gaps within the current standards. The
report provides recommendations on BMS
safety aspects, battery technology, current
market, and regulation needs. Additionally, a
framework for building new BMS standards,
especially for BMS safety and operational risk,
is provided. The BMS behavior should be fully
validated in the test procedure for
overcharge/over discharge to improve the
performance with operational and protective
capabilities. During this process, the BMS
active charge control function is inhibited, and
the BMS interrupts the overcharge/over-
discharge current through an automatic
disconnect of the main contactors. As well, cell
overheating with an inhibited battery pack
cooling control function should be secured.
The objective is to validate the BMS
functionality of cell overheating protection
with the disconnection of power contactors
and the potential start-up of safety battery
support systems (e.g., fire extinguisher). Loss
of the battery simulation system (BSS) or BMS
safety function is key to ensuring that any BMS
safety function failure (e.g., frozen sensor
value) is detected within a controllable period
and that the outputs of the degraded BMS
place the battery system in a safe state.
Compatibility between the various systems
and corresponding safety functions must be
checked before operation. The BMS and
battery should undergo test runs using the test
modes implemented in the BMS and
communicate with the test bench via common
communication buses. It is recommended that
a technical review of the BMS be performed for
transportation, electrification, and large-scale
(stationary) applications. This report
conducted a compre hensive evaluation of the
components, architectures, and safety risks
applicable to BMS operation. In addition, a review of technical standards relevant to BMS is provided
as part of the more significant effort to develop the new standard for BMS. The report affirms support
for these standards as outlined. In particular, the operational BMS must comply with the standards of
CSA, IEEE, UL, NEC, and IEC to ensure validation and adherence to safety requirements
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