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How was sense of collective identity
instilled in French people?

❖ 19th Century - force nationalism &

End product - nation-state

❖ It replaced multinational dynastic

empires of Europe.

❖ French Revolution paved the way for a

modern-nation state.
How was sense of collective identity
instilled in French people?

The idea of la patrie

New hymns were (Fatherland) & le
composed and Oaths citoyen (citizen)
were taken in the name
of the nation
French flag
instead of former
Royal flag

Abolished
Internal
custom duties
& dues
 Napoleon Bonaparte

1. French military
leader

2. Destroyed
Democracy in
France

3. Established
Napoleonic Code
- Civil Code -
1804
The Making of Nationalism in
Europe
❖ Mid 18th Century; There were no
‘nation-states’ in Europe

❖ There were autocratic monarchies in

Eastern and Central Europe.

❖ People of these regions did not share

collective identity or common culture.

❖ They even spoke different languages.

The Aristocracy and the New
Middle Class (Peasants)
Features of Liberalism
 Zollverein: A Custom Union

➔ In 1834, initiated by Prussia

Functions performed:

1. Reduced the number of currencies from 30

to 2.

2. Abolished Tariff Barriers.

3. Facilitated Railway mobility for economic

interests and
unification.
 Conservatives
❖ Believed in traditional institutions and
family values. For instance; Church,
Monarchy, etc.

❖ Realised that modern army, efficient

bureaucracy, dynamic economy, abolition
of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen
the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

❖ Napoleon was defeated by Conservative

forces - Battle of waterloo (1815)
 Changes
● Bourbon Dynasty was again in power
● France lost its territories.
● German Confederation of 39 states set up
by Napoleon was left untouched.
● Territories were divided.
● Boundaries were set up to prevent French
expansion.
 The Revolutionaries

Revolutionaries: Fear of repression led to the

formation of Secret Societies!

Members: Liberal Nationalists (began to

operate underground)

Objective:
● To oppose the autocratic regime
● Fight for Liberty and Freedom
● To oppose Monarchical forms
Giuseppe Mazzini

Born in Genoa (1807)

As a young man of
24, he was sent into
exile (in 1831) for
attempting a
revolution in Liguria

Founded two
societies:
● Young Italy in
Marseilles
● Young Europe in
Berne
 The Age of Revolutions (1830 -1848)

Revolution of
Brussels:
Belgium broke
away from the
United
Kingdom.

Greek War of
Independence:
Treaty of
First Upheaval:
Constantinople
FRANCE (July
(1832)
1830) recognised
Greece as an
independent
nation.
The Romantic Imagination and
National Feeling
Hunger, Hardship and Popular
Revolt
1848: The Revolution of the
Liberals
 Nationals of other European
countries like - Germany, Italy,
v
Poland, The Austro-Hungarian
Empire demanded for the creation of
nation-state on parliamentary
principles - a constitution, freedom of
the press and freedom of association
 The Making of Germany

1848 - German attempt to

Nationalists feelings were
unite different regions of
widespread among
German Confederation
middle-class Germans.
into a nation-state.

Repressed by Monarchy +
Military + Junkers (land
owners)
 Otto Von Bismarck- Architect of the
process of Unification of Germany

❖ Prussian Army and

Bureaucracy helped
Bismarck.

❖ SEVEN YEARS WAR-

with Austria, Denmark,
and France.

❖ Prussia got victory

❖ Jan 1871 - The Prussian

king, Kaiser William I,
was proclaimed as
German Emperor.
The Making of Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
 Chief Minister Cavour

Led the
movement and
Sardinia-Piedmo
nt defeated the
Austrian forces
in 1859.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Succeeded in
winning the
support of the
local peasants of
two Sicilies in
order to drive
out the Spanish
rulers.
1861: Victor Emmanuel II was
finally proclaimed as the king
of United Italy.
 The Strange Case of Britain

Ethnic groups of Britain:

Before 18th Century, It was not
English, Welsh, Scotish and
a nation.
Irish.

THE ACT OF UNION (1707):

Parliament was also dominated
Resulted in the formation of the
by English People.
‘United Kingdom of Great
Britain’

Ireland was forcibly

Scottish Highlands were
incorporated into the United
suppressed
Kingdom in 1801.
Birth of
‘British
Nation’
1. Dominant English
culture

2. British Flag- Union

Jack

3. National Anthem- God

Save Our Noble King

4. Language - English
 Visualising the Nation

Artists in 18th
& 19th Represented
centuries country as a
personified person.
nations.

French
Revolution
Female
artists used the
figures female allegory
became an to portray ideas
allegory of such as Liberty,
Justice and the
the nation. Republic.
 Germany -
France - Germania
Christened became the
Marianne allegory of
the nation.

Germania
wears a In red cap, the
crown of oak tricolour the
cockade
leaves as the
represented
German oak liberty and the
stand for Republic.
heroism.
Nationalism & Imperialism
Conflicts over Balkans - 1871
❖ Region of geographical and ethnic
variation.

❖ Consists of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,

Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro.

❖ Fiercely jealous of each other.

❖ Each wanted to gain more territory at the

expenses of others.

❖ This led to a series of wars in the region

and finally led to the First World War
 1. Nationalism
aligned with
imperialism,
led Europe to
disaster in
1914.
4. 2.
‘Nation-states’ Colonised
came to be Imperialism
nations began
accepted as to oppose
natural and imperial
universal. domination.
3.
Anti-imperial
movements
developed
everywhere.
Reach out to me at :
ankana.kumari@vedantu.com