The Rise of Nationalism

in Europe
Class X: History (Chapter-1)
French Revolution
 French Revolution started in 1789, which was the first
expression of Nationalism in Europe
 French people demanded abolition of Monarchy system and
establishment of Democracy which was later fulfilled
 Steps taken during French Revolution

Formation of National
Steps taken during French

Assembly

French was made

Revolution

official language

Development of
uniform laws

Abolition of internal
custom duties
French Revolution Contd…

 School and College students supported the idea of Nationalism by

forming Jacobian Clubs

 French armies moved to foreign lands to spread the idea of

nationalism
Rule of Napoleon
(1804-1815)
 Napoleon abolished democracy and re-established monarchy

Equality before the

Napoleonic Code

law

Right to property

Abolition of feudal
system
Rule of Napoleon
(1804-1815) Contd…
 Trade, transportation and communication development took place
during this period
 French armies conquered some of the foreign lands
 Increased taxes and forced conscription into the French armies
were seen as negative effects of Napoleonic rule
Making of Nationalism

Structure of the European

Society

Liberal
Conservatism Revolutionaries
nationalism
Structure of European Society

After 19th Century

Aristocracy Peasantry New Middle Class

Less Population Huge Population

Educated
population (like
Doctors,
High Class dominating Teachers,
Low Class people
people Industrialists)

Landlords Landless and tenants

They demanded
Liberal
Had all rights Had no rights Nationalism
Liberal Nationalism

Individual
Freedom

Freedom of Liberal Equality before

markets Nationalism the law

Government by
consent
Liberal Nationalism Contd…

 Zollverein, a custom union was

formed in 1834
 They abolish tariff barriers
 They abolished 28 currencies out of
30
 During Napoleon rule, only men
with property were allowed to vote
Conservatism

 Austria, Russia and Britain joined hands to defeat Napoleon in

the Battle of Waterloo
Conservatism Contd…

 European government wanted to preserve the traditional

institutions and society in France
 This resulted into Treaty of Vienna in 1815 (reversal of changes
made during Napoleon Regime)
Conservatism Contd…

Treaty of Vienna

Establishment of states on the border of

France, so that it cannot expand in
future

Restoration of Bourbon dynasty

Continuation of Monarchy in France

Revolutionaries

Aim of Secret Societies

Spread the idea Oppose the Fight for the

of Nationalism Treaty of Vienna freedom
Revolutionaries

 Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, founded Young Italy

and Young Europe
 Greek War of Independence

 Struggle for Independence started

in 1821 in Greece
 During the Greek War, public
got support from the following:
 Greeks
 Artists
 West Europeans
 Poets
 The Treaty of Constantinopole
was signed in 1832
 Greece was declared as an
Independent Nation
Romanticism

 A cultural movement that rejected nationalism by science and

reasons
 It introduced nationalism through art, music and love. E.g. –
Polish language in Russia was used as symbol of Nationalism
Economic Condition of Europe
(1830 – 1848)
 1830 is known as year of great economic hardship

Increase in population

Migration from rural to

urban areas

Increase in unemployment

Causes

Increase in poverty

Increase in food prices due

to crop failure

Industrialization resulted in
poverty
Economic Hardship in Europe

 People started a protest which resulted into the formation of

Republic Government

Decisions taken by the New

Government

Voting rights to 21+ men

Right to work for all

National workshops were set-up o

create employment
Unification of Germany, Italy
and Britain
 Unification of Germany
 European Government tried its best to unify Germany
 But failed in its efforts because German empire was
under the rule of King Wilhelm IV
 Prussia then took the responsibility to unify Germany
 Otto Von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia led
the nationalist movement in Germany
 3 wars were fought between 1864 to 1870
 New German empire was formed which was based on
legal and judicial system
Unification of Italy

 Italy was a scattered empire, consisting of 7 states

 Out of 7 only one was governed by European Government
Key Persons in unification

 Giuseppe Mazzini
 Head of Republican Party
 Founder of Young Italy
 Unification through education

 Giuseppe Garibaldi
 Known as Hero of Red Shirts
 Won support of Italian Peasants
 Drove out Spanish rulers
Key Persons in unification Contd…

 Cavour
 Neither a revolutionary nor a democrat
yet known as the real transformer of Italy
 Won wars against France and Austria
through his diplomatic ways
After Unification of Italy

 Representative of Unified
Italy

 After 6 years, awarded as title

of “Father of Fatherland”
Unification of Britain

 British empire consisted of Scottish, Irish and English community

 Industrial Revolution brought economic prosperity to the empire
Unification of Britain

 Ireland merged to form “The Great Britain”

 National anthem was written and English was made official
language
Visualizing the Nation

 Allegory: A story, poem or picture which can be interpreted to

reveal a hidden meaning
 They were used in 18th and 19th century to spread the idea of
nationalism
Imperialism
 In the last years of 19th century, nationalism started converting
into imperialism
 The policy of expanding country’s power by the use of military or
other means is called Imperialism
 Emerging powers were in race of expansion through Balkan
region which led to World War-I in 1914
Colonial Rule
 After WW-I, British started expansion (colonialism) that let to the
spread of Nationalism across the world