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CHAPER 1
trTHE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

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KEY CONCEPT
French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that
could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
❖ The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
❖ A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal
standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly.
❖ New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated, all in
the name of the nation.
❖ A centralised administrative system was put in place, and it formulated
uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
❖ Internal customs duties and dues were abolished, and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
❖ Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and
written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
❖ A nation-state: was one in which most of its citizens, and not only its
rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or
descent.
❖ Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to
accept or reject a proposal.
The Civil Code of 1804
❖ The Civil Code of 1804 usually known as the Napoleonic Code .
❖ Did away with all privileges based on birth,
❖ Established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
❖ This Code was exported to the regions under French control.
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❖ Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and

freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
❖ In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
❖ Transport and communication systems were improved.
❖ Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen.
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
❖ The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
❖ For the new middle classes' liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and
equality of all before the law.
❖ Politically, the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy
and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through
parliament.

French
Unification of Revolution &
Italy Idea of a Nation
&Germany
NATIONALISM
IN

EUROPE
Visualising the
nation Imperialism
&Nationalism

Treaty of Vienna of 1815

❖ In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a
settlement for Europe.
❖ The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
❖ The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing
most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic
wars.
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❖ The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution,
was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under
Napoleon.
❖ A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the
rest of Europe catches cold.’
Treaty of Vienna of 1815
Countries Participated -
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria

Hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke

Metternich.

Bourbon Dynasty Restored to Power.

France Lost The Territories

When France sneezes,’, ‘the rest of Europe catches

cold.’ Metternich once remarked

The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling

❖ Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and
poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
❖ Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form
of nationalist sentiment.
❖ Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and
science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’:
❖ There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
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❖ The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were
ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
❖ All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
❖ But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power,
it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
❖ The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that
England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
❖ The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.
A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English
culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the
national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were
actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in
this union.
Nations were then portrayed as female figures:
❖ The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for
any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of
the nation a concrete form.
❖ That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation. The attributes of
Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a
blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
❖ Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a
people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and
the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne
were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol
of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
❖ Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.Germania became the
allegory of the German nation.
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❖ In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as

the German oak stands for heroism.
❖ The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants
were broadly known as the Slavs.
Frankfurt parliament:
❖ It was the name of German national assembly founded during the revolution
of 1848. It tried to unite German in a democratic.
❖ It had 831 elected members represented by liberal middle class interested
members.
❖ It was convened in the church St.pauls frankfurt on 18th May 1848.
❖ The assembly drafted a constitution making Germany a constitutional
monarchy.
❖ The King of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the Frankfurt
parliament. Though, the frankfurt parliament failed to achieve it'
purpose but the important consequence was Prussia took on leadership of
the movement for national unification of Germany.
Unification of Italy;
❖ Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
❖ Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as multi- national
Habsburg empire.
❖ During the middle of 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of
which only one Sardinia - piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
❖ The unification process was led by three revolutionaries; Guiseppe
Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, Guiseppe Garibaldi.
❖ Guiseppe Mazzini, during the 1830s sort to put together a coherent program
for a unitary Italian Republic.
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❖ He organised a new political society called young Italy.The failure of

revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the responsibility
now fell on Sardinia - piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to
unify the Italian states through war.
❖ Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the region of Italy through
diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia - piedmont
became successful in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
❖ A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Guiseppe
Garibaldi joined the fray.
❖ In 1860, they marched into the southern Italy and the kingdom of two
Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of local peasants in order to
drive out the Spanish rulers.
❖ In 1861, the process of unification of Italy was completed and Victor
Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of untied Italy.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Divided into Seven States- Sardinia - piedmont was Three

Tuscany,. Modena, ruled by an Italian revolutionaries;
Parma,Papal , Island of Sicily, princely house Guiseppe Mazzini,
Naples Sardinia Piedmon Count Camillo de
Cavour, Guiseppe
Garibaldi

UNIFICATION ITALY
1861, the process of OF
unification of Italy was King Victor
completed Emmanuel II
proclaimed King of
untied Italy

Count de Cavour now led the

movement to unify the region
of Italy through diplomatic
alliance with France
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Unification of Germany
❖ In the beginning of the 19th century, Germany was not an unified country
but a collection of 39 autocratic states.
❖ Otto-von Bismark, the chief minister of Prussia and architect of
German nation.
❖ A German confederation of 39 states sent by Napoleon was left
untouched by the treaty of Vienna in 1815.
❖ In 1834, A customs Union (zollverein) allowed movement of goods,
capitals, people at the initiatives of Prussia and joined by most of the
German states.
❖ Growth of railways and heavy industries by private capitals in Prussia
provided the German state adequate support.
❖ The failure of Frankfurt parliament attempted to create the different
regions of German into a nation state.
❖ Bismark followed the policy of blood and iron for German
❖ Unification. three wars fought over seven years with Denmark,Austria,
and France ended in Prussia victory which completed the process of
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political unification.

Otto-von Bismark, the

Germany was not an unified
country but a collection of
39 autocratic states.
chief minister of Prussia
and architect of German
A customs Union (zollverein)
nation
allowed movement ofgoods,
capitals

Unification of
Germany

Three wars fought over seven

years with Denmark,Austria, Failure of
and France ended in Prussia Frankfurt
victory which completed the Bismark followed the parliament created
process of political unification
. German into a
policy of blood and iron
nation state .
for German
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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS(1 MARK)

1. Match the term with the statements given below: A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only
Answer: (ii) and (iii)
2. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi (b) Bismarck (c) Mazzini (d) Duke Metternich
Answer: d. Duke Metternich
3. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) – Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder – German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor – Duke Metternich.
Answer: (b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
4. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and
France, ended in
(a) Danish victory (b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory (d) German victory
Answer: (b) Prussian victory
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5. Who hosted the ‘Treaty of Vienna’?

(a) Frédéric Sorrieu (b) Victor Emmanuel (c) Duke Metternich
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi
Answer: (c) Duke Metternich
6. Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation

of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false
Assertion: Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for the monarchy.
Reason: Italy had to continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
Answer: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics
frightened the conservatives. Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic
within a wider alliance of nations/ It could not be a patchwork of small states and
kingdoms. Thus both assertion and reason are false.

7. Assertion: On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt

parliament.
Reason: The elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending
political rights to women.
Answer: (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to
take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the
liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over
the years. Therefore, both assertion and reason are false
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8. Who were the Junkers?

(a) Soldiers (b) Large landowners(c) Aristocracy (d) Nobility
Answer: (b) Large landowners
9. When was Ireland forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom?
(a). 1798 (b) 1801 (c) 1800 (d) 1799
Answer: (b) 1801

10. MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

Column A Column B
(a) French (a)To create a new conservative order in Europe.
Revolution
b) Liberalism (ii) ensured right to property for the privileged class
c) Napoleonic (iii) transfer of sovereignty from monarch to the French
Code citizens
(d) Treaty of (iv) individual freedom and equality before law
Vienna
A. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (i)
B. (a) (ii), (b) (i), (c) (iii), (d) (iv)
C. (a) (i), (b) (ii), (c) (iii), (d) (iv) D. (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (i), (d) (iii)
Answer:
A. (a) (iii), (b) (iv), (c) (ii), (d) (i)

11. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?

(a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of
state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred
gradual development to quick change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-
revolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to
strengthen monarchy.
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(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social

hierarchies.
Answer: (c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of
prerevolutionary days and were against the ideas of modernisation to
strengthen monarchy.
12. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?
(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a
sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from
English
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Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from
the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland
and Wales.
Answer: (b) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from
the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state.
13. Which one of the following was not the feature of Napoleonic Code?
(a) Equality before the law (b) Universal Adult Franchise
(c) Right to Property (d) Privileges based on birth
Answer: (d) Privileges based on birth
14. Study the picture and answer the question that follows
Which of the following aspects best suits the ‘sword’ in the image?

(a) Heroism (b) Symbol of Strength

(c) Readiness to Fight (d) Symbol of freedom
Answer: c. Ready ness to fight

15. The painting “The Dream of worldwide Democratic and

Social Republics” was prepared by whom?
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(a). Giuseppe Mazzini (b). Frederic B. Frederic Sorrieu

(c). Henry Patullo (d). Duke Metternich
Answer: B. Frederic Sorrieu
16. Each letter dropping out of his bag bears the names of the territories he
lost. Identify the King.

(a)Giuseppe Mazzine (b) Metternich

(c)Napoleon Bonaparte (d)Guiseppe Garibaldi
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte
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17. Which of the following best describe his image by Julius Hubner?

(a) The fallen Germania (b)Marianne

(c)Defeat of Otto Von Bismark (d) The fallen Greece.
Answer: The fallen Germania

18.

Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, what does this stands for?
(a) Willing to make peace (b) Strength
(c) Freedom (d)Heroism
Answer: Heroism

19.
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Which of the following best signifies this image?

(a) Warat Zweibrucken,German (b) Planting of tree of Liberty
(c) Storming the Bastille (d) All of the above
Answer Planting of tree of Liberty
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2MARKS)
1. Write one feature of Romanticism.
Ans. A Cultural movement.
2. At which place was the Frankfurt assembly convened?
Ans. At the church of St Paul.
3. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?
Ans. They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and
customs.
4. Who was count Cavour?
Ans. The chief Minister of Italy
5. Which state lead the unification of Germany?
Ans. Prussia
6. What is suffrage movement?
Ans. The movement is related to “The right to vote”.
7. Which secret society dial Mazzini found?
Ans. Young Europe and Young Italy.
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8. What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?

Answer: The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the
people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions.
9. Who was Lord Byron? What was his contribution in the Greek war of
independence?
Answer: Lord Byron was an English poet. He organised funds and later went
to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
10. How attributes of liberty and justice were represented during French
Revolution?
Answer: The attributes of Liberty were the cap or the broken chain.
Justice is generally a blind folded man carrying a pair of weighing scales.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3MARKS)
1. Describe the condition of Italy before unification.

Answer:

i. Condition of Italy in the nineteenth century, Italy had a long

history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over various
dynastic states as well as multi-national Habsburg Empire.

ii. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided
into seven states. Out of these states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled
by an Italian princely house.

iii. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs. The centre was ruled by
the
Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon
Kings of Spain. There was no common language too.
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2. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a

sense of collective identity among the French people.

Answer:

i. The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French

Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute

monarch.

ii. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were

determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood For this, they
emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for
all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens
(citoyen).

iii. They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing
liberty, equality and fraternity.
3. How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feeling
among the educated elite across Europe?

Answer:

i. Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism
in Europe. They started a struggle for their Independence in 1821.

ii. Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in

different countries. Even the West European countries sympathised
with the Greek and their ancient culture. iii. Poets and artists also
admired Greece as the cradle of the Europe.

4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.

Answer:
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i. Nationalism moved away with the ideas of democracy and

revolution in Europe after 1848. Middle-class Germans tried to unite the
different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
governed by an elected parliament in 1848.

ii. This nation-building process was repressed by monarchy

supported by the

large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. After this, the chief minister of
Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck took the leadership of German unification.

iii. Bismarck was the architect of this process and took the help of
Prussian army and bureaucracy. Prussia won three wars against Austria,
Denmark and France over seven years and completed the process of
unification.

iv. The Prussian king, William I was declared German Emperor in

January 1871.
5. What do you mean by Conservatism? Highlight the main features of the
beliefs.
Answer:Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance
of the tradition and preferred gradual development to quick change.
i They believed in established, traditional institutions of state and society. ii
They believed in a monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, etc.
iii They did not propose a return to the society of pre - revolutionary days.
Rather they realised that modernisation could in fact strengthen the traditional
institutions like the monarchy.
6. Differentiate between the revolution of 1830s and the revolution of 1848 in
France?
Answer:
The revolution of 1830 The revolution 1848
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1.This revolution was led by 1. This revolution was started by

Liberal nationalists belonging the unemployed poor peasants and
to the educated middle class workers.
elites of France.
2. By this revolution the kings 2. Through this revolution a republic was
of Bourbon dynasty restored
established on the bases of Universal
to power by conservatives
were overthrown by the Adult Franchise
liberal nationals.
3. A constitutional monarchy 3Constitutional monarchy was abolished so
with Louis Philippe as its the king Louis Philippe had fed away
head was established in
France

Who was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way
7. in which they were portrayed?

Answer:

i. Marianne: In France nation was christened as Marianne, a popular

Christian name which underlined the idea of a people nation. Statues of
Marianne with red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, were erected at public
squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity. Marianne images
were marked on coins and stamps as well.

ii. Germania: In Germany Germania became the allegory of German nation.

In visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leave, as the
German oak stands for heroism.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4 MARKS)

Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
1.
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a
settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor
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Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the
object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during
the Napoleonic wars. The bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during
the French Revolution, was restored to power. Thus, the kingdom of the
Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was
added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on
its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the
German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left
untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was
given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies

that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in
Europe.

1. Name the European countries that defeated Napoleon?

Ans: Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria.

2. Which territory was given to Prussia?

Ans: a portion of Saxony

3. What was the main intention of treaty of Vienna?

Ans: The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order.

4. Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna?

Ans: Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, the delegates drew up the Treaty
of Vienna of 1815.
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2. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:

Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johan Gottfried Herder

(1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the
common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk
dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So
collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the
project of nation-building The emphasis on vernacular language and the
collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit,
but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were
mostly illiterate. This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been
partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia,
Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent
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territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol
Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas
and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist
symbols .Language too played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of
schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.

1. In what way nationalism was popularised?

Ans: It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances was popularised.

2. Why vernacular language was used?

Ans: Nationalism should reach even to the illiterates.

3. Who claimed ‘‘true German culture was to be discovered

among common people”?

Ans: Johan Gottfried Herder.

4. Name the country partitioned by great powers?

Ans: Poland.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5 MARKS)

1. What do you understand by Liberalism? Describe their ideas in the
political, social and economic spheres.

Answer:

i. The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber,

meaning free. Thus, for the new middle classes, liberalism stood for
freedom for the individual and equality of all before “law.

ii. Political ideas: It emphasised the concept of government by

consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of
autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative
government through parliament.
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They did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.

iii. In revolutionary France, which was the first example of liberal

democracy, the right to vote and election was exclusively granted to
property-owning men. Men without property and women were not
granted political rights. Thus, in the 19th and 20th centuries there were
movements demanding equal political rights.

iv. Economic ideas : They supported freedom of markets and the

abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital. During the 19th century this was a strong demand of the
emerging middle classes.

2. “The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe.”

Support that statement with arguments.

Answer:

i. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the
following reasons There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.

ii.There were more seekers of jobs than employment. People migrated from
rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums iii. There was stiff
competition between the products of small producers and products imported
from England where goods were made by machines as industrialisation had
already taken place there.

iv. Peasants’ condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and
obligations.

v. The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted
in widespread pauperism in town and country.
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3. What were the changes made under the Civil Code of 1804 by Napoleon?

Answer:

Napoleonic Code/ Civil Code of 1804

i. Also known as Civil Code of 1804 was introduced by Napoleon

to maintain its control. He removed all privileges based on birth.

ii. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the

feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
Transport and communication facilities were improved.

iii. Guild restrictions were removed from towns. He established

equality before the law. iv. He secured the right to property.

v. Common national currency was introduced. Uniform system of weights and

measures was adopted.

4. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden
upheaval or revolution. Validate the statement with relevant arguments.
Answer:
i. In Britain, the formation of the nation–state was not the result of a
sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out
process.
ii. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British
Isles were ethnic ones–such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. There was
no British nation prior to the 18th century.
iii. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political
traditions. The Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland
resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. It
meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
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iv. The English parliament, which had seized power from the
monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument
through which a nation-state with England at its centre, came to be
forged.
v. The growth of the British identity meant that Scotland’s
distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically
suppressed. The Scottish

Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their

national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
vi. The British imposed control over Ireland as well. The English favoured the
Protestants of Ireland and helped them establish their dominance over a
largely Catholic Ireland.
vii. The symbols of new Britain were the English language, the British flag
(Union Jack) and the British national anthem (God Save Our Nobel King).
 P a g e | 28

5. What is meant by Balkan? Why did it turn into a perennial source of

tension and proved the battlefield of the first World War?
Answer:
i. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations
comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro. The inhabitants of these regions were known as Slavs.
ii. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and
Austria causing a complex problem.
iii. The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans
together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region
very explosive. The Balkan area became an area of intense conflict as
different Slavic nationalities struggled for their independence.
iv. The Balkan region became a region of intense conflict over
expansion of territory. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each
other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others.
v. At the same time the Balkan region also became the source of big
power rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies and
military might. The big powers – Russia, Germany, England, and
Austria-Hungary—were keen on countering the hold of other powers
over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.

vi. This led to the series of wars in the region and finally became the cause of
the First World War.

IMPORTANT BOARD QUESTIONS

1. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people
belonging to other parts of Europe.
 P a g e | 29

2. Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the

administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to
make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Support the statement.

3. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland
in the 18th and 19th centuries.

4. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during
nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.

5. How did conservatives establish their power after 1815?

CHAPTER -2
 P a g e | 30

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
KEY CONCEPTS
Nationalism:
It is basically the feeling of patriotism, i.e., affection towards the country. It also
implies a significant unity among the people.
Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial
movement.
❖ In India, as in Vietnam and many other colonies, the growth of modern
nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.
❖ People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with
colonialism.
❖ The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond
that tied many different groups together.
❖ But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their
experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the
same.
❖ The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together
within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict
The First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in
India
❖ First World War created to an economical and political crisis:
❖ Due to huge increase in defence expenditure, customs duties were raised
and income tax was introduced.
❖ Through the years prices were increases significantly- doubling between
1913 and 1918.
❖ Demand for soldiers increased and forced recruitment took place in rural
areas.
 P a g e | 31

❖ This led to an extreme hardship of for the common man and also caused
widespread anger.
❖ In 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting to
acute shortage of food.
❖ Then came an influenza epidemic. In 1921, nearly 12-13 million
perished as a result of plague epidemic and famines.
❖ People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But
that did not happen. At this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a
new mode of struggle.
❖ Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 :
❖ He had come from South Africa where he successfully fought the racist
regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called
Satyagraha .
❖ After learning about the injustices being done to people , he decided to
fight against them, through satyagraha.
THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA

Promotes the idea

of truth and
Non-Violence.

Emphasised the power of truth and the

need to search for it.

THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA

❖ It promotes the idea of truth and Non-Violence. The idea of satyagraha
emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for it.
❖ It suggests that if cause is true, and if the struggle was against injustice, a
satyagrahi could win the battle with Non-Violence.
 P a g e | 32

❖ Without using violence of any form, a satyagrahi could win the battle by
appealing to the conscience of the oppressor .
❖ This can be done by persuading the people(including the oppressor) to
see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth ❖ Gandhi
believed that this idea could unite the Indians.
SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT
❖ 1917: Gandhi Travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the - peasants
to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
❖ 1918: He organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda -—
district of Gujrat. Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the
peasants couldn’t — pay the revenue and demanded relaxation.
❖ 1918: He went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha — amongst
cotton mill workers. Gandhi had a great success in all of the above
❖ 1919: After gaining popularity, Gandhi decided to launch a nation-wide
satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act Rowlatt Act:
❖ It gave the Govt..enormous powers to repress political activities, and
allowed detention of political prisoners two years without trial.
❖ Gandhi wanted to fight this by adopting non-violence by oragnising
activities like hartas( bandh).
❖ Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in
railway workshops, and shops closed down.
❖ This scared the British. So it decided to clamp down on nationalists.
❖ Local leaders were picked from Amritsar and Gandhi was barred from
Delhi.
❖ 10 April: The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful
procession,provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices, and
railway stations
 P a g e | 33

❖ 13 April :because of the April 10 incident, strict martial law had been
imposed, General Dyer took command and the infamous Jallianwalla
Bagh incident took place.
JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE
❖ On April 13 th , a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend
a fair had gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
❖ Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that
had been imposed.
❖ Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the
crowd, killing hundreds.
❖ His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create
in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
❖ As the Jallianwalla Bagh news spread, there were strikes, clashes with
the police and attacks on Govt buildings
❖ The Govt.. countered this with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate
and terrorise people Seeing the violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called
off the movement.
KHILAFAT- NON CO OERATION MOVEMENT
❖ As the first world war ended with Ottoman’s defeat, rumours spread that
a harsh treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the
Khalifa (spiritual head of the Islamic world)
❖ To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was
formed in Bombay in March 1919.
❖ Young Muslim leaders Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began
discussing with Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on
the issue.
❖ Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella
of a unified national movement.
 P a g e | 34

❖ At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced

other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support
of Khilafat as well as for swaraj
NON CO OERATION MOVEMENT
❖ In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that
❖ British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and
had survived only because of this cooperation.
❖ If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse
within a year
❖ He declared that the movement should begin with the surrender of the
Govt.-awarded titles, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.
❖ At the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was
worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted This non
cooperation movement began in January 1921. Differing Strands within
the Movement
❖ Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own
specific aspiration.
The Movement in the Towns
 The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
 Thousands of students left the Govt.. schools and colleges, headmasters
and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
 The council elections were boycotted in most of the provinces, except
Madras.
 The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more
dramatic :
 On the economic front were more dramatic .
 P a g e | 35

 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign
cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
 The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value
dropping from Rs.102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported
clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian textile mills
and handlooms went up.
 But this movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of
reasons:
 Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and
poor people could not afford to buy it.
 Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem: For the
movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set
up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These were
slow to come up.
 So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and
lawyers joined back work in government courts.
Rebellion in the countryside:
 The people in the countryside took the meaning od swaraj in a different
way.
 In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had
earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
 In Awadh, before 1920, peasants were suffering a lot because of the
oppressive landlords and talukdars.
 In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru came to this area and decided to set up
Oudh Kisan Sabha. Within a month, over 300 branches were set up in
various villages.
 P a g e | 36

 So when the Non Cooperation Movement began the following year, the
effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into
the wider struggle..
 As the movement spread, the landlords were attacked, shops looted, and
grain hoards were taken over. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of
Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in yet another way.
In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement
spread in the early 1920s.
 Here, the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing
people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel
wood and fruits.
 This enraged the hill people.
 When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road
building, the hill people revolted.
 Their leader, Alluri Sitaram Raju who was thought to be an incarnation
of god, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and
persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking .
Swaraj in the plantations:
 For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely
in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.
 It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
 Under the act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission, and were rarely given such permission.
 When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of
workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
 They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by
a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally
beaten up.
 P a g e | 37

Chauri Chaura Incident

 In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
 He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and
Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for
mass struggles.
Swaraj Party:
Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles
 and wanted to participate in election.
 They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the
councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were
not truly democratic.
 C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress
to argue for a return to council politics. Two factors shaped the Indian
Politics in the 1920s
1.The effect of worldwide economic depression:
 The effect of the worldwide economic depression.
 Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.
 As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants
found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the
countryside was in turmoil.
2. Constitution of Simon Commission Simon Commission
 The new tory Government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission
Under Sir John Simon, was to look into the functioning of the
constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
 But when Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted
with a slogan GO BACK SIMON.
 It contained NO Indian member DOMINION STATUS
 All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated
in the demonstrations In an effort to win them over, the viceroy, Lord
Irwin, announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for
India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss
a future constitution.
 This did not satisfy the Congress leaders- the radicals within the
congress became more assertive.
But this attracted very little attention.
  So Mahatma Gandhi decided to relate the idea of freedom to more
concrete issues of everyday life
‘Prna Swaraj’
 In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the
Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence for India.
 It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the
Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for
complete independence.
Salt March & Civil Disobedience Movement
 ON 31 Jan 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating 11
demands: some of them of general interest and some of specific. The
most stirring of all was the demand to abolish salt tax.
 His letter stated that if the demands weren’t fulfilled by 11 march, the
congress would launch a civil disobedience movement. But Irwin didn’t
negotiate. Salt was something that was consumed by the rich and poor
alike, as it was the most essential items of food.
 The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production,
Mahatma Gandhi declared, revealed the most oppressive face of British
rule. So this movement ttracted people in large numbers. So Mahatma
Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers.
 The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to
the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days,
about 10 miles a day.
 Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he
told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy
the British
 On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
 This Dandi March marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience
Movement.
 The of Civil Disobedience was different from Non-Cooperation
movement in the sense that it not only asked people to refuse cooperation
with British (as in non cooperation movement), but also asked them to
break the rules.
 As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops
were picketed.
 Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials
resigned, and in many places forest people violated forest laws – going
into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. Gandhi Irwin
pact
 Gandhi once again called off the movement and entered into a pact with
Irwin on 5 march 1931, and consented to participate in a Round-Table
conference in London and the Govt. agreed to release the political
prisoners.
 In Dec 1931, Gandhi went to London for the conference, but returned
disappointed as the negotiations broke down.
Who participated in the movement?
 The rich peasant communities the poor peasantry , business class , the
industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women
took active part in the movement.
 Limits of the movement – less participation by untouchables –
Ambedkar for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932,
 Provisions of Poona pact of 1932 – signed between Dr.Ambedkar and
Gandhiji- It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial
councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.
The sense of collective belonging – This sense if collective belonging
 P a g e | 42

came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore

and songs- the image of Bharath Mata-Nationalism through icons or
symbols of representation of Histroy. The first image was created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and painted by Abanindra Nath Tagore.
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
 P a g e | 43

SATYAGRAHA
CHAMPARAN IN 1917, KHEDA IN 1918 ,
AHMEDABAD IN 1918

THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-18

ROWLATT ACT
JALLIANWALLA BAGH MASSACRE – 13th April 1919 , AMRITAR IN
PUNJAB

KHILAFAT AGITATION

NON –COOPERATION MOVEMENT

CHAURI CHAURA INCIDENT 1922 –WITHDRAW THE

MOVEMENT

SWARAJ PARTY 1925- CR DAS & MOTILAL NEHRU

SIMON COMMISSION 1928

LAHORE CONGRESS 1929

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT -DANDI MARCH -1930

GANDI IRWIN 1931 -POONA PACT 1932

SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING – NOVELS, HISTOR,

BALLADS, NATIONAL FLAG, IMAGE OF BHARAT MATHA

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Who were the ‘Sanatanis’?
(a) Saints (b)Labours (c)Dalitsd)High caste Hindus
Answer-:High caste Hindus
 P a g e | 44

2 The depressed classes association was formed by_________ Answer-:

Dr.B.R.Ambedkar __________.

3 The swaraj party was set up by ____

(a) Motilal Nehru and C.R . Das (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mahatma Gandhi (d)Abdul Gaffar Khan
Answer-:Motilal Nehru and C.R . Das
4 Following image shows a place Chauri- Chaura in Gorakhpur
where a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a
violent clash with the police. After hearing this incident
Mahatma Gandhi called off which of the following
movement?

(a)Tribal Movement (b)Non-Cooperation

Movement
(c)Civil Disobedience Movement (d) Poorna Swaraj
Movement
Ans: Non-Cooperation Movement

5. Two statements are given in the question below as

Assertion(A)and Reason(R).Read the statements and choose the
appropriate option from the following options.
Codes
 P a g e | 45

(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of

A
(b)Both Aand R are true,but R is not the correct explanation of
A
(c) A is true,but R is false
(d) A is false,but R is true
(A)Some leaders with in the Congress were tired of the Mass
struggle and wanted to Participate in the election to the Provincial
Councils set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
Reason(R)TheyfeltthatelectionsarenecessarytoestablishdemocracyinIndia.
Ans: A is true, but R is false
6 Who was the writer of Book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a)Rabindra Nath Tagore (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru (c) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer-: Mahatma Gandhi
7 Khilafat committee was formed in 1919 in the city of ___________ (a)
Bombay (b) Calcutta (c) Lucknow (d) Amritsar
Answer-: Bombay
8 Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?
(a)Alluri Sithram Raju (b) Jawahar Lal Nehru (c) Baba Ramchandra
(d) Both B & C
Answer-: Both B & C
9 The ‘Simon commission was boycotted because_________ Answer-:
There was no Indian member in the commission.

10 In which year Gandhi Ji returned to India?

(a) 1914 (b) 1915 (c) 1917 (d) 1918
Answer-: 1915
11 Identify the image.
 P a g e | 46

Answer_ Bharat Mata

12 Identify the image. write the Answer:-

Answer:- Dandi march

13 Two statements are

. giveninthequestionbelowasAssertion(A)andReason(R).Readt
hestatements and choose theappropriate option
fromthefollowingoptions.
(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of
A
(b)Both A and R are true, but R is not the
correctexplanation of A
cAistrue,butRisfalse
d)Aisfalse,butRistrue
A)WhenSimonCommissionarrivedinIndia,itwasgreetedwiththeslogan‘
SimonGo Back’.
Reason(R)SimonCommissionwasconstitutedunderJohnSimon.
Ans. (b)

VERY SHORT ANSWERS (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

 P a g e | 47

1. Why Non-cooperation? What was the method used in the

movement?
Answer-:Gandhi in his famous book Hindi Swaraj, declared that the
British continue to rule with the cooperation.
Of the Indians – If we withdraw our cooperation then their rule would
end. It began with surrender of titles, boycott and national education.

2 Why did non-cooperation movement slowdown in cities?

Answer-:Khadi cloth was more expensive for the poor no alternative
Indian Institution to accommodate Indians. Students and teachers began
going back to Govt. School and lawyer joined courts.

3 When did Simon commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?

Answer-:Simon reached Indian in 1928. It was boycott because – It did
not have any single Indian-It did not talk about swaraj.

4 Who were the leaders of Khilafat Movement? Why was it started?

Answer-:Ali brothers – Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali. The defect of
Ottoman Turkey in 1st world war-Harsh peace treaty was going to be
imposed in Ottoman emperor – To defend this a Khilafat Committee was
formed – to undo the wrong done Turkey – joined with non- cooperation
movement.

5 What were the conditions of the Gandhi Irwin pact?

Answer-:Mahatma Gandhi signed the pact with Lord Irwin on 5th March,
1931- Gandhi agreed to participate in the 2nd Round table conference in
England- Government agreed to release all the political prisoners.

6 What were the decisions of the Lahore Congress Session of 1929?

Answer-: (i)In December 1929 under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru
the Lahore congress formalized the demand of Poorna Swaraj or
complete independence.
(ii) It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as the
 P a g e | 48

Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for

independence decided to launch civil disobedience movement.

7 How did the first world war help in the growth of nationalist
movement in India?
Answer-:(i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to
an increase in expenditure. The war led to a price rise and hardship for
common people.
(ii) War led to forced recruitment of people. Acute shortage of food led
to famine and misery. Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a
war unnecessarily.
(iii)This feeling united Indians against the British.
8 What was the Rowlatt Act?
Answer-: (i) Rowlatt Act gave government enormous power to
suppressed political activities and allowed detention of political
prisoners without trails for two years.
(ii) In other word the proposed no appeal, no vakeel and no daleed.
9 Name two main Satyagraha Movement organized by Mahatma
Gandhi successfully in favor of Peasants in 1917 & 1918.
Answer-: (i) Indigo Planter’s movement in Champaran in 1917
(ii) Peasants satyagraha movement was organized in Kheda district of
Gujarat in 1917 to support Peasants in demand for relaxation of revenue
collection.

10 In which novel was the Hyman ‘Vande Mataram’ included and who
was the novel written by?
Answer-: The novel Written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and
novel title was Anand math.

11. What does the term Khalifa refers to?

Answer-:The term Khalifa refers to the a spiritual leader of the Muslim
community
 P a g e | 49

12. Who let the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar?

Answer-:Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as frontier Gandhi
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1 Why did mahatma Gandhi call off Non-Cooperation movement?
Answer-: (i) People started misinterpret his idea of satyagraha and
movement became violent at few places.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi thought that people need to trained more
in the idea of satyagraha.
(iii) In Feb 1922 in District of Gorakhpur (UP) at Chauri Chaura
a violent crowed burnt 22 people including few policemen.
These were the reasons why Gandhi Ji called off Non-Cooperation
movement.

2 Why was khilafat Movement started?

Answer-: (i) Khilafat Movement was started by Ali Brothers. (ii)
Mahamumad Ali and Shoukat Ali in the response to the harsh
treatment given to the Caliph of the ottoman Empire.
(iii) Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire by the British.
3 Explain the effects of Worldwide economic depression on India in
Late 1920’s.
Answer-: (i) The world wide economic depression immediately effected
Indian trade.
(ii) India’s export and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
(iii) As International prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
(iv) The Peasants producing for world market were hit badly.
4 How did the Plantation workers understand the ideas of ‘Swaraj’?
Answer-: (i) The plantation worker of Assam ‘Swaraj’ Means Freedom
to move freely in and out of the confined space in which the all were
enclosed and also to be able to keep the link with their native village. (ii)
Under the Inland Emigration act of 1859 Plantation workers were
 P a g e | 50

not allowed to leave tea gardens without permission.

(iii) When they had heard The Non- Cooperation movement defied
authorities, and left plantation and headed home.

5 Explain the reaction of the Indian people against the Rowlatt act
passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
Answer-: (i) Rallies were organised against this act.
(ii) Railways, workshop and shops closed down.
(iii) The procession in Amritsar provoked widespread attacks on
buses, post offices, railway stations and telegraphic line etc.

6 Why did Non-cooperation Movement gradually slow down in

cities? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: 1. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor
people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott
mill cloth for too long.
2.Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used
in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.
3.So students and teachers began trickling back to government
schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1 ‘This sense of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons and
images’ Analyze the statement.
Answer-: (i)In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk
tales sung by bards and toured villages to gather.
(ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture
that was damaged by outside forces.
(iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to
discover the
National Identity. It restored a sense of pride in one’s past.
 P a g e | 51

(iv) During Swedish Movement, a tricolor flag was designed

representing

eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon sysmbolizing

Hindu-Muslim unity.
(v) Later Gandhi developed tricolor flag ( Red,Green,White)
with a spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the
flag became a symbol of defiance.
(vi) This image Bharath Math was first created by Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn
to the mother land .
(vii) Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharath
Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine, and spiritual.
(Any five points)

2 Describe about the Dandi March of Gandhi.

Answer-: (i)Mahatma Gandhi found in a salt a powerful symbol that
could unite the Nation.
(ii)He sent letter to Viceroy Irwin in which the most stirring was to
abolish salt tax.
(iii)When Irwin refused, Gandhi started the salt march 1930 accompanied
by 78 of his trusted volunteers,
(iv)They marched 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi. They
walked for 24 days,10 miles a day
(v)On his way he told the importance of swaraj to people and asked to
defy British. On 6th April 1930 he reached Dandi violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(vi) It marked the beginning of civil disobedience movement.
 P a g e | 52

3 Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the
rebels with Gandhi ‘s ideas?
Answer-: (i) Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Guden hills of
Andhra Pradesh.
(ii)He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.

(iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but
when the government began forcing them to contribute _ beggar for
road building, the hill people revolted, Raju inspired the hill people.
(iv) He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi. Inspire by
Gandhi Non- Cooperation movement he persuaded people to wear
Khadi and give up drinking.
(v) But at the same time he did not believe in Non- violence, he
thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force.
 P a g e | 53

4 Describe the role of the peasants in Awadh in the Non-cooperation

Movement. Answer:-In Awadh, the peasants’ movement was led by Baba
Ramchandra—a Sanyasi who had earlier worked in Fiji as indentured
labour.
The movement was against taluqdars and landlords who demanded high
rents from the peasants. Peasants had to do ‘begar and work at landlords’
farms without any payment. As tenants, they had no security of tenure
and could be evicted without any notice.
The peasants’ movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of
begar and social boycott of these landlords.
1. In many places Nai-Dhobi bandits were organized to deprive
landlords of the services of even washer men and barbers.
2. In 1920, Jawahar Lai Nehru began talking to the villagers and
formed ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’. Within a month 300 branches had been
setup in the villages.
3. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of taluqdars and
merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were
taken over.

5 Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer:
The outbreak of the First World War had created a new economic and
 P a g e | 54

political situation in India:

i. The increased defence expenditure was financed by war loans and
by raising tax rates, custom duties, etc. There was tremendous price
rise during the war years. Between 1913 and 1918, the prices had
almost doubled. People, particularly common people, were facing
extreme hardships.
ii. Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger in the
villages.
iii. The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food
shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
iv. In addition to this, there was the outbreak of the great influenza
epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and
starvation.
v. The nationalist movement grew stronger during the war years. A
large number of Muslims were drawn into the anti-British struggle
during the war. The defence of the ‘Caliphate’ (Khilafat) became an
important question for Muslims. Peasant movements during war
period also had helped the nationalist movement to grow stronger.

Case Based Questions(4 MARKS)

‘It is said of “passive resistance” that it is the weapon of the weak, but the
power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This
power is not passive resistance; indeed, it calls for intense activity. The

movement in South Africa was not passive but active ‘Satyagraha is not
physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not
seek his destruction … In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever.
‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is
why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it
burns the flame of love. … Nonviolence is the supreme dharma …‘It is certain
that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship
 P a g e | 55

the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of
arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made

the religion of non-violence their own …’

1.) Why did Gandhiji consider nonviolence as supreme dharma?
Ans. Gandhiji adopted nonviolence as a philosophy and an ideal way of
life. According to him philosophy of nonviolence is not a weapon of the
weak; it is

a weapon, which can be tried by all.

2.) How was Gandhian satyagraha taken by the people who believed in
his philosophy?
Ans. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek
his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will.
3) Why was Gandhian satyagraha considered as a novel way to resist
injustice?

Ans. (i) One could win the battle through nonviolence.

(ii) This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(iii) People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth,
instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence.
CASE Study 02:
Ever since humans appeared on the earth, they have used different means of
communication. But, the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times. Long

distance communication is far easier without physical movement of the

 P a g e | 56

communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass communication

including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of
communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the
world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and
envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations
covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes book packets,
registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail,

covering land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large
towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are

called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel,

Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.
1.) Examine the role of the Indian postal network.
Ans. It has helped the country to engage in communication and social-economic
development.

2) Differentiate between mass communication and personal

communication.
Ans. Mass Communication is the medium which provides entertainment as well
as creates awareness among the masses. It includes radio, television,
newspapers, magazines, books, films etc. whereas Personal Communication is
between person to person.

3) Analyse the significance of communication for a nation.

(i) This is the age of communication using the telephone, television, films, and
the Internet.

(ii) Even books, magazines and newspapers are important means of

communication.
(iii) Various means of communication have connected the world closer (iv)
It is the source of entertainment and knowledge.
 P a g e | 57

Map Work
A. HISTORY(OutlinePoliticalMapofIndia)
NationalisminIndia–(1918–1930)for locating
and labelling/Identification
1.IndianNationalCongressSessions:
a. Calcutta(Sep.1920)

b. Nagpur(Dec.1920)

c. Madras(1927)
2.ImportantCentresofIndianNational Movement
d. Champaran(Bihar)-MovementofIndigoPlanters
e. Kheda(Gujarat)-PeasantSatyagrah
f. Ahmedabad(Gujarat)-
CottonMillWorkersSatyagraha
g. Amritsar(Punjab)-JallianwalaBaghIncident
h. ChauriChaura(U.P.)-CallingofftheNon-
CooperationMovement
P a g e | 58
P a g e | 59
KEY CONCEPTS:
Globalisation
The trade connected the people in different corners of the world and this led to the
exchange of ideas, beliefs and culture.
The Discovery of America brought in the political, social cultural,conomic and
technological transformations in the world. The rich resources like the food grains,
minerals, gold of America attracted the Spanish and Portuguese conquests and thus
began colonization.
Colonialism:
Apart from, war with the natives and economic and trade policies, the spread of
disease-causing germs also helped the colonizers to conquest the land and the people
of America.
For commoners in Europe problems like poverty, hunger, spread of disease, over
population, unemployment, religious conflicts were the reasons which made them fled
from Europe for America.
P a g e | 61
P a g e | 62
17. The sculpture of 10th century in the picture is a proof that
our______________

a. Ancient people were aware of navigating

b. Ancient people had overseas trade relations with neighbouring
countries
c. ancient people were good in making sculptures
d. none of these

18. In the given questions18,19,20 there are two statements marked as

Assertion(A) and Reason(R), Read the statements, and choose the
correct option from the following:
Assertion (A): Geographical explorations helped the conquest of Africa
Reason (R) : Geographical explorations were only driven by an innocent
search for scientific information
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of
A Ans. a
B. Assertion (A): “Chutney Music” popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is
another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture
experience.
Reason(R ): Some of the Naipaul’s early novels capture their sense of
loss and alienation.
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of A
Ans. d
C. Assertion (A): The first World war was the first modern Industrial War.
Reason(R ) : It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical
weapons, etc on a massive scale which were all increasingly products of
modern large scale industry.
a. A is correct but Ris wrong
b. A is wrong but R is correct.
c. Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A
d. Both A and R are true but Ris not the correct explanation of A
Ans. C
20.

The picture best signifies

a. Hungry children searching for potatoes from the fields
b. Traders from Venice and Orients exchanging goods
c. A prospective buyer carefully inspecting slaves lined up before
the auction
d. None of these
Ans.a Hungry children searching for potatoes from the fields
21

The above

picture which tells us about Venice and Orient traders

exchanging goods is taken from the “Book of Marvels” of
fifteenth century was written by
a. Amerigo Vespucci
b. Christopher Columbus
c. Marco Polo
d. Daniel Defoe
Ans.c. Marco Polo
22.

The picture well describes about a.

Auction
b. Inspection of the buyers
c. Slave trade
d. Cultural exhibition
 Ans. c. Slave trade

23.

The reason for the common people of Europe to leave for USA was
a. Poverty and hunger that gripped Europe
b. Overcrowded cities
c. Widespread diseases
d. All of these
Ans. d. All of these
 CHAPTER :5

PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

The First
Printed Books
China, Japan and Korea developed the earliest kind of print technology, which
was a system of hand printing.
Print in China:
-

• Print in Japan:

❖ Buddhist missionaries of China introduced

-printing
handtechnology into
Japan around AD
768-770.
❖ The oldest Japanese book printed in AD 868 is the Buddhist ‘Diamond
Sutra’.
Print Comes to Europe
Gutenberg and the Printing Press

❖ The first printed book with the new system was the Bible. With the
adaption of new technology
the existing art of producing books by hand
was not entirely displaced.
❖ Books printed for the rich left blank space for decoration on the printed
page.
❖ In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up
in most countries of Europe.
The shift from hand printing to mechanical
printing led to the print revolution.
The Print Revolution and Its Impact
❖ It transformed the lives of people, changing their relationship to
information and knowledge, and with institutions
and authorities.
❖ Markets were flooded with books reaching out
-growing
to an ever
readership
❖ Earlier, elites are only permitted to read books and common people used
to hear sacred texts readout.
❖ Printers started publishing popular ballads andustrated
folk tales
with
ill
pictures for those who did not read. Oral culture entered print and printed
material were orally transmitted.
The Reading Mania
❖ In most parts of Europe, literacy rates went up, through the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.
❖ Schools and
literacy spread in European countries due to which people
wanted production of more books.
  Other forms of reading mainly based on entertainment began to reach
ordinary readers. Books were of various sizes, serving many different
purposes and interests.
 Journals and newspapers carried information related to wars, trade and
developments in other places. Isaac Newton discoveries were published
which influenced scientifically-minded readers. The Nineteenth Century
 Large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers were
added to the mass literacy in Europe during the 19th century.
 From the late 19th century, primary education became compulsory.
 Women became important as readers as well as writers.
Further Innovations
 Press came to be made out of metal by the late eighteenth century.
 Printing technology saw a series of further innovations by the 19th century.
 During that century, power-driven cylindrical press was perfected by
Richard M, which was particularly used for printing newspapers.
 The offset was developed which was capable of printing six colours at a
time. By the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing
operations followed by other series of development. India and the World
of Print
 India is a country rich in old tradition of handwritten manuscripts – in
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages. These
handwritten manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade
paper. Print Comes to India
 In the mid-sixteenth century, the first printing press came to Goa with
Portuguese missionaries. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in
1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by
 were set up in cities for women. Journals also started carrying writings by
women and explained why women should be educated.
 In the early twentieth century, journals, written and edited by women,
became extremely popular. Print and the Poor People
 Public libraries were set up mostly located in cities and towns. In the late
19th century, caste discrimination started coming up in many printed
tracts and essays.
 In 1938, Kashi baba wrote and published Chote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in
1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. In the 1930s,
Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves.
Print and Censorship
 The Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control press
freedom and in 1835, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press
laws.
 Thomas Macaulay formulated new rules that restored the earlier freedom.
The freedom of press changed after the revolt of 1857.
 In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish
Press Laws, which provided the government with extensive rights .
 Nationalist’s newspapers grew in numbers all over India.
Keywords.
a. Calligraphy
– art of beautiful writing
b. platen–A board which is pressed on to the back of paper to get impression
from the type.
c. Compositor
– person who composestext
the for printing
d. Galley– metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed
e. Ballad– historical account of folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited
f. Taverns
– places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food,
and to meet
friends and exchange news
g. Protestant Reformation
–movement to reform Catholic Church dominated by
th
Rome in 16 century.
h. Inquisition
– a former Roman Catholic Court for identifying and punishing
heretics
I .Ulama
– legal scholars of Islam and Sharia
 MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
1 The major producer of printed material in China was the_______ a)
Britain USA and France b) India Britain and USA
c) China Japan and Korea d) India Japan and Britain
Answer- China Japan and Korea
2 The major producer of printed material in China was the
a) imperial state b) government owned process c) local publisher d)
none of these
Answer_ imperial state
3 Marco Polo was a great
a) artist b) scientist c) explorer d) scholar
Answer- explorer
4. Who was Martin Luther
a) social worker b) religious c) great scholar d) an
intellectual
Answer- great scholar
5. Inquisition is referred to as
a) Roman catholic belief b) Christian festival
c) Roman catholic court d) a popular Christian school
Answer _ Roman catholic court
6. Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion: As literacy and schools spread in African countries, there
was a virtual reading mania.
Reason : Churches of different denominations set
up schools in villages, carrying literacy to tribal’s.
Ans:(d) Both assertion and reason are false.
7. Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. If both assertion and reason
are false
Assertion: Children became an important category of readers.
Reason: Primary education became compulsory from the laten in
eighteenth century.
Ans:(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.

8. Which of the following cities became the hub of the Western style
school culture printing?
(a)Berlin(b)Shanghai (c) Paris (d)Britain
Ans:(b)Shanghai
9. What were Penny Chapbooks?
(a)Ritual calendars (b)Journals (c) Newspapers (d)Pocket sized
books
Ans:(d)Pocket-sized books
10 Which of the following authors from New York had perfected the
. power-driven cylindrical press?
(a)Richard M. Hoe (b)George Eliot (c) Jane Austen
(d)Martin Luthar
Ans:(a) Richard M. Hoe
11
.

The art of writing by hand -----------------

a) Manuscripts b) Calligraphy c) Cuneiform script. d)Cretan and

Greek scripts
Ans: a) Manuscripts
12
.

Identify the personality.

a) Johann Gutenberg b) Martin Luther c) Menocchio d) Marcopolo
Ans: a) Johann Gutenberg
13
.

Identify the personality.

 a) Rammohun Roy b)Lakshminath Bezbarua c) Kashibaba d)Bentinck
Ans:b)Lakshminath Bezbarua

14
.

What is this print known as?

a) Stencil. b) Seals. C)Ukiyo print d) Stone, clay and bronze blocks.
Ans: C) Ukiyo print
15
.

This page is from the collections of Hafiz, a fourteenth century poet.

His collections are known as --------------.
a) Diwan b) Gita Govinda c) Rig veda d)None of the above
Ans: a) Diwan
16
.

Jikji of ---------------is among the world’s oldest books printed with

movable metal type.
(a) China b) India c) Japan d) Korea

Ans: d) Korea

a) Hokegisho b) Diamond Sutra. c) Nihon Shoki d) the Etruscan

Gold Book
Ans :b) Diamond Sutra
17 In which of the two languages, 50 books were published in1674?
.
(a) Konkani and Kanada
(b) Malayalam and Manipuri
(c) Telugu and Tamil
(d) Oriya and Bhojpuri

Ans:(a)Konkani and Kanada

18 In which of the following countries, the rates of literacy were very low
. till the 20th century?
(a) European
countries (b)Asian countries
(c)American countries (d)Australian countries
Ans:(a)European countries
19 At which place ,Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579?
.
(e) Cuttack (b)Cochin
© Calcutta (d)Madras
Ans:(b)Cochin

20 Which of the following is/are some of the best-known women novelist

. during 19th century?
(a) Jane Austen (b)George Eliot

(c) Bronte Sisters (d)All of these

Ans:(d)All of these

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(2MARKS)

1. Name the Chinese traditional book which has folded and stitched at the
side?
Ans .Accordion book
2. Name the first edition of the Indian religious text published in
vernacular.
Ans: Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas was the first edition of the Indian
religious text published in vernacular.

3. Why did the Roman catholic Church impose control over publishers
and booksellers?
Ans. Troubled by the spread of heretic ideas and the effects of popular
readings and questioning of faith.
4. When was hand printing technology introduced in Japan?
Ans. Around 768 to 778AD
5. What were the new inventions that increased the circulation of printed
materials?
Answer:
i)With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing gradually
became more and more popular and was widely used in Europe to print
textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.
ii)The breakthrough in printing technology occurred when Johann
Gutenberg developed the first printing press. iii)The Olive Press
provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used for
casting the metal types for the letters and alphabet.
iv)The first book Gutenberg printed was Bible. As the number of printing
press grew, book production boomed.
v)The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print

revolution. (any
two points)

6. The earliest kind of technology was a system of hand printing

which was developed in ________.’ Ans. China Japan and Korea
7. Give any three reasons favouring shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in China?
Answer: i)By the 17th century, urban culture bloomed in China and the
use of print diversified. It was important for a shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in China to take place. Print was no longer used just
by scholar-officials. Merchants used print in their everyday life to collect
trade information.
ii)Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. Rich women began to
read and many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
iii)In the late 19th century as Western powers established their outposts in
China, western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported.
Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture catering to Western-style
schools.

8. What do you mean by Edo?

Ans. Edo was the earlier name of Tokyo
9. What were ballads?
Ans. Historical account of folktale in verse.
10 What was Billiotheque Bleue?
. Ans. i) Low price small books printed in France
.ii) Printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers
11 What kind of books was available in India before the introduction of
. print culture?
Answer:
 i)Earlier, the books used to be handwritten either on palm leaves or
handmade paper. India has a tradition of handwritten manuscripts in
Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian as well as in various vernacular languages. ii)
Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated. They would either be
pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation.

12 Why Charles Metcalfe is called the ‘Liberator of the Press’ in India.

. Answer:
i)Charles Metcalfe was the Acting Governor General of India in 1835.
ii)He distinguished himself by liberating the Press in India and was
responsible for removing all the restrictions on the press in India.

13 What did Mercier proclaim about the power of print in bringing

. enlightenment and destroying the basis of despotism?
Answer:
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century France declared,
“The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public
opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.”

14 Right for swaraj .Is a fight for liberty of speech liberty of press and
. Freedom of association. Why?
ans. i).The Government of India was seeking to crush the three powerful
vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion.
ii).The fight for Swaraj and for Khilafat means a fight for this threatened
freedom before all else.

15 Print popularized the ideas of The Enlightenment thinkers. Explain.

. a. Provided a critical commentary on tradition , superstition and despotism.
b. Thinkers argued for the rule of reason.
c. Demanded that everything be judged through application of reason and
rationality.
d. Writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were red Widely.
 e. Their writings where red through new eyes.
f. Questioning, critical and rational thinking became popular.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(3MARKS)
1. Explain the reasons for bringing in large number of new readers
among children, women and workers during the late 19th century.
Answer:
i)Compulsory primary education;
ii)women became important as readers;
iii)lending libraries became instrumental for educating white collar
workers, artisans and lower middle-class people;
iv)self-educated working novelist were women who defined a new type
of strong woman;
v)Best known novelist was who defined a new type of strong woman.
2. Why did some people in the 18th century Europe think that different
culture would bring enlightenment and end of despotism?
a. Many believed that books could change the world.
b. It would liberate society from despotism and tyranny.
c. Louis, Sebastien. Mercier. Declared that. Printing press is the most
powerful engine of progress.
d. It would bring. Enlightenment and destroy. the basis of despotism
3. Explain any three features of hand written manuscripts before the age
of printing India.
Ans:InIndia,thereisrichandoldtraditionofhandwritten manuscripts in
different languages which were copied on palm leaves or on
handmadepapers.
i) These manuscripts were highly expensive,
fragileandneededcarefulhandling. ii)
 Thesewerepreservedbypressingbetweenthewoodencoversorsewntogeth er.
iii) Reading the manuscripts was not easy as theywere written in different a
style which limits itsuse.

4. Explain any three reasons which created a large number of new

readers in the nineteenth century.
Ans:
i)Three reasons which created a large number of new readers in the
nineteenth century were:
ii) During this period the literacy increased which increased the number of
readers among the children, women and workers.
iii) Primary education was made compulsory and hence the children
became the important
section of readers. The publishing industries started producing the school
textbooks. In the year1857, a children’s press was set up in France for
publishing the literature for children only who published the new works
along with the old fairy and folk tales.
iv)TechniqueoflendinglibrariestoeducatewhitecollarworkersinEuroped
uringthe19thcentury.
v) Women became the important readers as well as writers. For women
readers especially there were penny magazines.

5. “By the end of 19th century, a new visual culture

Was taking shape.” Explain.
Ans: It is true to state that by the end of 19th century a new visual culture
was taking shape. Lyrics, short stories, essays on social and political
matters, visual images, calendars, caricatures and cartoons became the new
forms of publications.
Raja Ravi Varma wasthefamouspainterinthe19thcenturyIndia.
 These new forms of publications popularized

The ideas of modernity and tradition ,religion and politics, and society and
culture.

6. Give reasons Block print came to Europe only after 1295.

A .In 1295.Marco Polo a great explorer returns to Italy after many years of
exploration in China.
b. China already Knew the technology of woodblock printing.
c. Marco Polo brought this knowledge back with him.
d. Italians with this knowledge began producing books with blue wood
blocks.
e. Soon the technology spread to other parts of Europe.
7. How were magazines different from novels? Write any three
differences.
i) The magazines had several stories whereas the novels had just
one story.
ii) The magazines were periodical published where as the novels
were one time publication.
iii)There might be several writers of one magazine but the novels had only
one author
8. Print played a significant role in awakening sentiments of
nationalism amongst the Indians’. Explain the statement with
examples. Answer:
There is no denying that print culture connected the different people and
communities and stimulated among them a spirit of togetherness, oneness
and nationalism.
Both Indian press and literature played a vital role in the growth of
nationalism in India. In the nineteenth century, a large quantity of national
literature was created which brought about a great revolution in the minds
of people and inspired them to fight against British imperialism.
The Indian press contributed in arousing national consciousness among the

people of India. Many vernacular newspapers like the ‘Indian Mirror’,

‘Bombay Samachar’,
‘The Amrita Bazar Patrika’, ‘The Hindu/ ‘The Kesari’ and several others
had a great influence on the political life of the country.
A continuous flow of articles by national leaders and thinkers like
Gandhiji, Tagore, Tilak, etc. passed on ideas of a new free India to the
masses and prepared them for the national struggle.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS(5MARKS)

1. How had the earliest printing technology developed in the
world? Explain with examples.
Ans:i)In the beginning the system of hand printing
was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
ii) The wood block printing was developed in
China .In this technology the books were printed by rubbing the paper
against the surface of the woodblocks.
iii) The volume of the print increased in China due to the increase
in the number of candidates in the civil services exam through which
the candidates were recruited in the huge bureaucratic system.
iv) 17th century urbanization in China also diversified the use of
print in China. v) The scholar officials ,merchants ,rich women,
wives and courtesans started the use of print.
vi) The western printing techniques and mechanical presses reached the
outpost of China and thus Shanghai became the hub of this new print
culture.

2. Printing technology gave women a chance to share their feelings with

the world outside.” Support the statement with any five examples
Ans:
i)7th century urbanization in China also diversified the use of print in
China. The scholar officials, merchants ,rich women, wives and courtesans
started the use of print. W o m e n became the important readers as well as
writers.
ii)For women readers especially there were penny magazines.
These magazines were basically the manuals of proper behaviour
and housekeeping.
iii) Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot were some famous
women novelists. These women novelists define da new type
of women with will strength of personality, determination and power to
think.
iv)Kailash bhashini Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of the
women such as how they are imprisoned at home, ignorance, forced work,
unjust treatment at home and society etc.
v)Tara bai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote about the
miserable lives of the widows.
vi)The Hindi printing discussed the issues like women’s education ,widow
remarriage and national movement along with the household and fashion
lessons.
vii)Istri Dharm Vicharwa spublished by
Ram Chaddha of Punjab to teach women how to be come an obedient
wife. viii)The Khalsa Tract Society also wrote about the good qualities of
women. It was basically in
The form of dialogues. The Battala in the central Calcutta was known for
the printing of the popular books including the religious as well as obscene
and scandalous literatures.
3. How did a new reading public emerge with the printing

press? Explain.
Ans:i)Theintroductionofprintingpressbroughtthefollowingchangesanewculture
ofreadingemerged,costofthebookscamedown,reducedtheti
meandlabourengagedinpublishing,producedmultiplecopiesandthemarket got
flooded with books.
ii) Earlier, the society was divided into the oral culture and reading culture.
The common people had the oral culture while only the rich people had the
reading culture, iii) The common people heard the texts collectively which
were read out or recited or narrated to them.
iv) The reading culture was only limited up to the elites and they only read
the books individually and silently. The reason behind this culture may be the
books were expensive ,produced less in numbers and also the literacy rate
was very low in most of the European countries. v) To solve the problem of
illiteracy as a bender in the wider reach of the printed books, the popular
ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with pictures were published
which were sung and recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in
towns.
vi) Hence the line separating the oral culture and the reading culture started
becoming blurred.
4 “Printing press play important role in shaping the Indian Society of the
.
19th century”. Analyze the statement.
i). The Portuguese missionaries brought the printing press to Goa in mid 16th
century. ii). People debated. Interpreted and criticized the different religious
beliefs like “emulation Monotheism ‘, priesthood and idolatry.
iii). It spread the new ideas and also shamed the nature of debate. iv). It
gave opportunity to the people to participate in the public debates.

v) Women's reading increased along the middle class. vi).

Husbands and fathers focused on women education. vii).
Small books were published and public libraries were set
up.
viii). Availability, Accessibility, Affordability of books were made easier to
the poor people.
5. Explain the main features of the first printed Bible?
Ans i) About 180 copies of the Bible was printed and took 3 years to
produce them ii) Printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type
iii) Borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by
hand.
iv) No two copies were the same and each copy was different v)
Colour was used within the letters in various places

CASE BASED QUESTIONS(4MARKS)

1. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively,
their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and
despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and
demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and
rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the
despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order
based contradiction. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read
widely, and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes,
eyes that were questioning critical and rational.
1.1Who among the following published scientific discoveries?
Ans: Isaac Newton
1.2 What is despotism?
Ans :A system of governance in which absolute power is exercised by an
individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional checks.
1.3 The revolution brought by the Print Culture in terms of spreading

ideas is said to be one of the reasons for __________.

Ans: French Revolution
1.4 Name the two philosophers of France?
Ans: Voltaire and Rousseau
2. Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines
were specially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper
behaviour and housekeeping. When novels began to be written in the
nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the
best-known novelist was women: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George
Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new type of women:
A person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to
think.
2.1 What type of magazines was meant for women?
Ans: Penny magazines
2.2 Name two best women novelist
Ans: Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot
2.3 Women became important as _____and _____.
Ans: Readers, Writers
2.4 How did women writers define a new type of women?
Ans: A person with will, strength of personality, determination and the
power to think.
writers

QUESTIONS TO PRACTICE
1. Explain with examples the role of print culture in the bringing of the
French revolution.

2. ExplaintheeffectsofprintcultureinthereligioussphereinearlymodernEuro pe

3. What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative Indians towards
women’s reading? How did women like Kailash bhashini Debi respond to
this in their writings?

4. Describe wood-block printing.

5. Evaluate the impact of print technology on the poor people in India.