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The Asian Mathematical Conference 2016 (AMC 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1234567890
893 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/893/1/012011

On representation of polynomial ring on a vector

space via a linear transformation
S Wahyuni1 , I E Wijayanti1 , and N Hijriati2
1
Dept. of Mathematics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2
Doctoral Student of Mathematics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Indonesia
3
Dept. of Mathematics, Univ. Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
E-mail: {swahyuni, ind.wijayanti}@ugm.ac.id, naimah.hijriati@mail.ugm.ac.id

Abstract. A representation of a ring R is a ring homomorphism from R to the ring of all linear
transformations from V to V (EndF (V )). From the field F , we can form a polynomial ring
F [X]. A representation of F [X] is a ring homomorphism ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) via linear
transformation T : V → V with ϕ(f (X)) = f (T ) for all f (X) ∈ F [X]. For general ring
representation ρ : R → EndF (V ), we have notions of admissibility submodule, and completely
reducible and simple admissible submodule. In this paper, we will show that admissible
submodules of V are invariant under T , and a representation of F [X] is completely reducible.

1. Introduction
A representation of a ring R with an identity on a vector space V over a field F is a ring
homomorphism ρ : R → EndF (V ). Let F [X] = {a0 + a1 X + ... + an X n |ai ∈ F, i = 1, 2, ..., n} be
the set of polynomials with indeterminate X over a fieldP F . It has been
Pnknowni that PFn [X] is a ringi
n i
with addition and multiplication operations defined by i=0 ai X + i=0 bi X = i=0 (ai +bi )X
and ( ni=0 ai X i )( ni=0 bi X i ) = ni=0 ( ij=0 (aj bi−j ))X i , for all ni=0 ai X i , ni=0 bi X i ∈ F [X].
P P P P P P

The ring F [X] is called a polynomial ring over a field F .

If T ∈ EndF (V ), we can define a function ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) by ϕ(f (X)) := ϕ(a0 + a1 X +
... + an X n ) = a0 I + a1 T + ... + an T n = f (T ), and it has well known that the function ϕ is a ring
homomorphism. Hence by the definition of a ring representation in [2], ϕ is a representation of
F [X] on vector space V (via linear transformation T : V → V ).
There are some important notions related to general representation of ring such as admissible
submodule, equivalence of two representations, intertwining mapping, and completely reducible
representation. Let ρ : R → EndF (V ) be a general representation of ring R, and U be a subspace
of V . Subspace U is said to be an admissible submodule of V , if ρr (U ) ⊆ U for all r ∈ R. Here
ρr is a notion of ρ(r) ∈ EndF (V ). A Representation ρ : R → EndF (V ) and ρ0 : R → EndF (W )
are called equivalent if there exist isomorphism S : V → W , such that Sρr = ρ0r S for any r ∈ R,
and S is called an intertwining mapping (S not necessarily an isomorphism). Furthermore
representation ρ of R is called an completely reducible if V is a finite direct sum of admissible
submodules of V and they are irreducible [2].
In this paper we will show the properties representation of the polynomial ring on a vector
space via a linear transformation, associated with the notions.

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The Asian Mathematical Conference 2016 (AMC 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1234567890
893 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/893/1/012011

2. Main Result
Let T ∈ EndF (V ). Any subspace U of V such that T (U ) ⊆ U , is called T -invariant ([3]).
Relating with the notion of invariant submodule we then have :

Proposition 2.1 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) be a representation of F [X] via a linear

transformation T . A subspace U of V , is an admissible submodule of V if U is T -invariant.

Proof : Let f (X) be an any element of F [X]. For any u ∈ U , we have

ϕf (X) (u) = (a0 1d + a1 T + ... + an T n )(u)

= a0 u + a1 T (u) + ... + an T n (u)

by definition admissible submodule, a subspace U is an admissible submodule, if ϕf (X) (u) ∈ U

for all u ∈ U . If U is a T -invariant subspace then T i (u) ∈ U for any u ∈ U . Hence ϕf (X) (u) ∈ U
for any u ∈ U . 2
From Proposition 2.1, if V has a T -invariant subspace, then we can construct another
representation of F [X], by restricting representation on T -invariant, and it is said to be top
constituent (Definition 4.5 [2]).

Example 2.2 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) representation of F [X] via linear transformation
T . Because Ker(T ) and Im(T ) is T -invariant ([4]) then ϕ1 : F [X] → End(Ker(T )) and
ϕ2 : F [X] → End(Im(T )) are top constituents of F [X]

Example 2.3 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) representation of F [X] via linear transformation
T : V → V . If T is an identity mapping or T = 0, then any subspace of V is an admissible
submodule of V .

Example 2.4 Let V = C2 be a vector space over field of complex number C with standard base
B. The representation ring ϕ : C[X] → EndC (V ) of C[X] via a linear transformation T with
T (a, b) = (b, a). Subspaces U = {(a, a) ∈ V |a ∈ C} and W = {(−a, a) ∈ V |a ∈ C} are admissible
submodules of V .

Let T : V → V and S : V → W be two linear transformations, then S ◦ T : V → W is a

linear transformation. If S is invertible, then we can construct another linear transformation
T 0 : W → W , by T 0 = S ◦ T ◦ S −1 , such that T 0 S = ST . Using these properties, we will show
the equivalence of two representations of polynomial F [X].

Proposition 2.5 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) and ϕ0 : F [X] → EndF (W ) be two representations
of F [X] with the same degree, where ϕf (X) = f (T ) and ϕ0f (X) = f (T 0 ) for some T ∈ EndF (V )
and some T 0 ∈ EndF (W ). Representations ϕ and ϕ0 are equivalent if there exists isomorphism
S : V → W such that ST = T 0 S.

Proof. Assume there exists a isomorphism S : V → W such that ST = T 0 S, then we have

Sϕf (X) = Sf (T ) = S(a0 1d + a1 T + ... + an T n )

= a0 S1d + a1 ST + ... + an ST n
= a0 1d S + a1 T 0 S + ... + an (T 0 )n S
= (a0 1d + a1 T 0 + ... + an (T 0 )n )S
= f (T 0 )S = ϕ0f (X) S

It is proved that ϕ and ϕ0 are equivalent. 2

2
The Asian Mathematical Conference 2016 (AMC 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1234567890
893 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/893/1/012011

 
0 a
Example 2.6 Let V = C2and W = { | a, b ∈ C} be vector space over C. Suppose that
b 0
ϕ : C[X] → EndC (V ) is a representation of
C[X] via a linear transformation T : V → V denoted
ϕ0 : C[X] → 
by T (a, b) = (b, a) for all (a, b) ∈ C2 and EndC (W ) isa representation
 of C[X]
a 0 b 0
via a linear transformation T 0 : W → W defined by T ( ) = . Because there is
0 b 0 a
 
a 0
a linear transformation S : V → W namely by S(a, b) = for all(a, b) ∈ C2 . It can be
0 b
shown ST = T 0 S and S is an isomorphism then ϕ and ϕ0 are equivalent.

If S in Proposition 2.5, is not invertible and the dimension of V and W are not the same then
S is said to be an intertwining mapping from ρ to ρ0 . The collection of all intertwining mapping
from ρ to ρ0 is denoted by Hom(ρ, ρ0 ) with Hom(ρ, ρ0 ) = {S ∈ Hom(V, W )|ST = T 0 S}.
A Representation space of a representation of R is a right module over R (Lemma 3.1 in
[2]). If R = F [X], then vector space V over field F is a F [X]-module (left module over F [X])
(Example 3.5.12 in [1]). Hence we have this following :

Remarks 2.7 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) and ϕ0 : F [X] → EndF (W ) be two representations of
F [X] with the same degree, where ϕf (X) = f (T ) and ϕ0f (X) = f (T 0 ) for some T ∈ EndF (V ) and
for some T 0 ∈ EndF (W ), then we have
(i) Every admissible submodule of V as a vector space over F is an admissible submodule over
F [X].
(ii) Every S ∈ Hom(ϕ, ϕ0 ) is a module homomorphism over F [X].
(iii) Hom(ϕ, ϕ0 ) is a subspace Hom(V, W ).

By Proposition 2.1 and Remarks 2.7, if U is a submodule over F [X] under scalar
multiplication, then U is an admissible submodule.
If a vector space V over a field F is a right F [X]-module, then there is a unique representation
of F [X] (Lemma 3.1 in [2]). Using properties of V as a right F [X]-module, we will show that
every representation of F [X] is decomposable and completely reducible.
A representation of F [X] is said to be completely reducible if representation space is a
semisimple module over F [X]. Before we give the prove of these properties. First we will
prove that every representation of F [X] are decomposable.

Proposition 2.8 Every representation of F [X] via linear transformation with finite degree is
decomposable

Proof. Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) be any representation of F [X] via linear transformation T .
Because V is a right module over F [X] then by Proposition 4.4.3[1], V is a finitely generated
torsion over F [X]. So by Theorem 3.7.1 in [1], V can be written as direct sum of k(= µ(V ))
cyclic submodule over F [X].

V = v1 F [X] ⊕ v2 F [X] ⊕ ... ⊕ vk F [X]

such that Ann(vi ) = hfi (X)i for 1 ≤ i ≤ k and

hf1 (X)i ⊇ hf2 (X)i ⊇ ... ⊇ hfk (X)i

Furthermore by Remarks 2.7, hvi i for i ≤ i ≤ k is an admissible submodule of V . So ϕ decom-

posable. 2

3
The Asian Mathematical Conference 2016 (AMC 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1234567890
893 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/893/1/012011

The monic polynomial f1 (X), f2 (X), ..., fk (X) in Equation (3) are called the invariant factors
of linear transformation T . The invariant factor fk (X) of T is called the minimal polynomial
mT (X) of T, and the characteristic polynomial cT (X) of T is the product of all the invariant
factors of T .

Lemma 2.9 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) be a representation of F [X] via linear transformation.
Then Ker(ϕ) = hmT (X)i

Proof. We know that V is a right module over F [X]. Then by Lemma 4.8 in [1] Ann(V ) =
hmT (X)i. For any f (X) ∈ Ker(ϕ), ϕ(f (X))(v) = f (T )(v) = 0 if and only if v · f (X) = 0,
then f (X) ∈ Ann(V ) and Ann(V ) = hmT (X)i. So we have Ker(ϕ) ⊆ hmT (X)i. Conversely
for any f (X) ∈ hmT (V )i = Ann(V ), then v · f (X) = f (T )(v) = ϕf (X) (v) = 0, so we have
f (X) ∈ Ker(ϕ) in another word hmT (V )i ⊆ Ker(ϕ). Hance Ker(ϕ) = hmT (X)i. 2

Theorem 2.10 Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) be a representation of F [X] with n degree via linear
transformation T ∈ EndF (V ). Representation ϕ is a completely reducible if and only if the
minimal polynomial m(T ) of T is a product of distinct irreducible factors. If F algebraically
closed, then ϕ is a completely reducible if T diagonalizable.

Proof. Assume a representation space V is a right module over F [X]. Because F [X] is a principle
ideal domain, then by Theorem 7.1.39 in [1], V is semisimple if only if minimal polynomial mT (X)
of T is a product of distinct irreducible factors, and by Lemma 4.4.11 in [1], V is a simple module
over F [X] if and only if a minimal polynomial mT (X) is equal to its characteristic polynomial
cT (X) of T . Furthermore, by Theorem 4.4.30 in [1], if F ia algebraically closed, then V is
semisimple if and only if T is diagonalizable and, by Corollary 4.4.32 in [1], V is simple if and
only if V is one dimension. 2
From Theorem 2.10, if F is algebraically closed then a representation of a polynomial ring
F [X] on a vector space V via a linear transformation T is said to be completely reducible if the
representation matrix of T is similar to a diagonal matrix, i.e there is a basis of V consisting of
eigenvector of the representation of T by Corollary 4.3.4 in [1]
Next we give the example of a completely reducible representation of polynomial ring
Example 2.11 Based on example 2.4, we have mT (X) = X 2 −1 = cT (X) of T and eigenvectors
of representation of T are U and W . Because U and W is admissible submodule and V = U ⊕W ,
then ρ completely reducible.
By Propositions 2.1, Proposition 2.5, Proposition 2.8, and Theorem 2.10, it can be concluded
that the properties of the representation of F [X] is closely related to the properties of modules
over F [X]

3. Conclusion
Let ϕ : F [X] → EndF (V ) be e representation of F [X] via a linear transformation T : V → V .
The properties of ϕ are (1) Every subspace of V is an admissible submodule of V ; (2) If there is
another representation ϕ0 : F [X] → EndF (W ) of F [X] via linear transformation T 0 : W → W ,
then ϕ and ϕ0 are equivalent if and only if there is a bijective linear transformation S : V → W
such that ST = T 0 S; (3) The representation ϕ is a completely reducible in V if and only if the
minimal polynomial m(T ) of T is a product of distinct irreducible factors. If F algebraically
closed, then ϕ is a completely reducible if T diagonalizable.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank to the Dep. of Mathematics, Universitas Gadjah Mada for the
support of this research.

4
The Asian Mathematical Conference 2016 (AMC 2016) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1234567890
893 (2017) 012011 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/893/1/012011

References
[1] Adkins W A and Weintraub S H 1992 Algebra : an Approach via Module Theory (New York : Springer-Verlag)
[2] Borrow M 1967 Representation Theory of Finite Groups (New York : Academic Press)
[3] Dummit DS and Foote R 1999, Abstract Algebra (New York : John Wiley & Sons Inc)
[4] Clark P L 2013, Linear algebra : invariant subspace (http://math.uga.edu/ pete/invariant subspaces.pdf)