THE AUTCMCRPHISM TOWER CF !

S&S OF 1 LChiu oN
MAY 24 1960
IROUP WITH TRIVIAL CENTER

OV LIBRARY
GECFIREY ALLL™M EKANDALL

L£.B., Princeton University

(1358)
NATO

SUDLITTED ri TY ATMS
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CASS ACEUSETTS THGTITUTR JF

TECENCLOGY

Tune. 1960

Signature of Author _, - «4
Signature redacted ~
Departmenttofllathematics, ¥Xav 20, 136(¢

certified dy LIA
Signature redacted |
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RQ: 2 1

ABSTRACT

THE AUTCHMORPEISK TOWER OF A GRCUF WITH TRIVIAL CENTER

TECFIREY ALLAN IANWDALL

Submitted to the Department of

Mathematics on ley 20, 1360 in
partisl fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Macter of Scilence

This thesis 1c FA

2-ztion of recults relating to

the autocuorphiisn tow: “a group with triviel center.
The expositi . vided into four rarts. The first
pert dezls wilt struction of the sutererohisn
Lorre of an This tower ig denoted Hy:

It 1s alge rove” Jo this "len that te

of A+ in & Gea Wooo 1 > 1.
In the sc. Lu part, the following general thecren
mm normally persistent group rropertlies is proved: A
zroupr prozerty is normally rerelstent if end only 1f it
subnornelly persistent. Thls theoren ls then spnlied to
two sneclel cases 2nd the results are used In Part III.
Part III contains a proof of the most important
tneoreun connected with the auvtomoroiisn tower. This
thecrer, due to H. Wiel2andt, cecserts that the sutomor-
phism tower of a finite oroun with center 1 1g of finlte
nelzht.
Inn Port IV, the malr thecrem 1s illustrated by
neeng of a few spec 7 cxamnles. The object of the inves-
timation 1s to determi tht stage at which the autonmor-
chis:x tower stops. The ¢ oun: dlscusesed are the symmetric
Troups Sy (n> 3, nx «sy, the alternating “rouns Ay
ln > 5), and certain groups of 2x2-matrices of order
o(n=-1), n ax odd mnrime.,

TH515
7 fo SUPE VISOR:
SUPERVIS PRCFESECR KEXKICII IWASAVA

"TTL. FECIESECR CF LL ATHW ATTICS

 TABLE CF COUTENTS

INTRCDUCTICK

THE AUTOMCRPHISI TOWER

[I. NCRMAIL AND BUBHNCRNAL PERSISTENCE

[TI. WIZDLANDT'S THECREL

IV. COMPLETE GRQUFS

SIBLIOGRAPEY
 INTRODUCTICH

The object cf this thesis 1s to present proofs of some

of the interesting propertics of the automorphlsm tower of =o

sroup with trivial center. The main theorem to be proved is

rhe followings

The auvtomormaism tower cf finite croup with trivial

~enter is of finite helirht.

™e evmocition 1s divided inte four ports, In Fart I

EN ok + vt 7. I Yong 2 FA -p g) 3 ; , Ty - .
tn ghert with av arioltrery oroun wlth center 1 and show how

yey Rammmy ” 0 2
t—=-ted., A nrenerty of thus
me » . on “i 2, a
inl u
4 ole
+ ~vre clagc mroved, I

noerelctent
™ ay -
Le TT t
- de

Pm
Cy
- AIT OTP
TROYONG

nelly
:

yy
JET
- A
two
a Lm

~orl OAL

cmd % ~~ .
Ln —
Jain theoren

Loa +
50a

ER I.
oy -

fi 1 ~ x
SYNOD—

ttLirc the deta

-

o L8

releated t 2 amma, Io Port IV te notion of

2 de wmoy Tas son A am bo “re REA

, comniete ~roun 1 iatroduced znd roloio Telandt’s

LY ym lol Np ren ne +1 -~ 8 Som

Tm Yr .em a Lov
Foy
hoot. Cre Treopler are then provided c20 va 9 LI [2

- 4 - 2 - * EGE & wy pri mm Tn od - i

necial cesses, when the gutomorerhlesm tower sctovs.

TaWO -1] il-~ - 8 2

.
sould 1ike
Pes
to express
LMT ac
uy
yy
thanks
Theme
to gt
Professor AN
Ilenlilennd

J - Tn A Ty aN Pee Teen. FI ~ rn - y 4
(wesgve, Whose rany helnful surcestions were of ~rect
2seistance to ne In writing this paper

TUE AUTOLCORPHISH TOWER

rotetion: Suro
Fr \ + 3 mm
denot~ the groun of
a
vad Lo , Hoy
\ DOL sn Tyr (3). The croup AMG) 1c
nos =~ 2.0m Cardy . AY - ~ rm
serine 1mm Pro 11 ~
C
2, The

“ror Aevoted by I(G)

—1.
Lie a Se ' ¢
g dla
4
~n oe A T 4e gt

R *
le cleer +t

I 3
(X,Y) tia £0
i . 7G YY which

vemde Von prem ag2 gt LT wr me. iy ole or r= fam wey Ls

eyini Ce eee Len Yona A + Loe center or os {x Fay 9 will

se written
7 simily
See oe
ron Z{X).
fT The araldren
Te normalizer of X
ON in
3 Y7rd
will s 1
he
=,
)E2

3 wi pe de nH Yuwe EL ~~ \
lenoted DY EIA
moxr oe . .
ToyrtmerN fa) w-—y - * rr » ~
.
Lf J]
da See
oan CL my my wi)
LIULTlea we Vr + OC An <u
SUD ToOUD Of Ta

Toad A 2 J » . = nl Jy oi J
cel C Te any croup, ¥ a fixed element —~
Ly GCG. Let 6,
i> Ys, 8 im was sp Ly -_ Lx
“ericte the innrer sutomorvhisy of G determined hy +

0,2: = a

Since byt = 0 &.(_

acromornhien of G onte I, The kernel of tiles nepning 1

~learly Z(G) = 2, hence G/L ~ 1

Cr 5
coce orbitrary
aroitrary element
elenents :
2 «
» 1 ; sn

™ be , For any © € pe

26,5713) = alxa (ox) = a(x)za(x)™t = 6s(5) (3). Hence

5.(y)s This rule shows
.n perticular, that

For the remainder cf this sgection, we make the scsswnip-

ion that Z(G) = 1. Then ~~

i: = I under the one-to-one

~orresnondence wv

eorex 1.1: (2) Z{I,2) = 1 (11 Z

a
, LO Anv autonorrohilism of I is induced by =n inner autoe-
MYYNY 1~ 3
D1QY plgm (

Proof: TW
Oa (2)
ve \
for al’ Woz a( Cys

(117
‘123)
? «vo
Led J ° . -

sutomcryhls: of I, Silree G = T

A :
rere exiete a e 4 such that ¢(&,) = d (5) = eb.

- - oe . rr
rei il 7T Cn, ? ween Z we wiT7 identify G wit:
pes
3718 write Since 7 { A) —- 1.
12 - Nn

we also he
nave A f
=

sontinuling in this fashion, we obtain the cutoncrohisn

A EP erty

tower of C:
%
-

outing ¢ = 89 wr -~ the!
vend -r
3

vroved that for all

> OC: Z(A* LY — 1. ZA” * -.

Theorem 1,2: (.) I”: EN

3 »
len
. . 4

(at, ad) = a (a - - so.

ww

eT -
*
3

i
Proof: (i) &4*TH As -
.
iL ois clear that patil onal, adn

on the other hand, supoose that x e€ N(A~ JAY), The mepning

3 a
ue AY) ig an sutomeornhism of AY. Hence there
2Xlsts VV € such that u™ = uJ for all v « rm.
LNs
2

: —-_s. ~r i A 14 :
implies that J lv ¢ 2(a , 09) = 1, Therefore x = y ¢ 3

(ii) We proceed by induction on Jj-1i., The truth of

be Ye, pi
aN agcertion (ii) for the cases Jj-’ = C,1 has already

seen established. Assume (ii) is true for J-i =

ond now suppose that J-1 = k+l : 2. Hote that (.) tecetherx
» -* - “ . & & ny 3 4 [J 1-1

with the 7 ti~n hypothesis implies IN. 7, )

{it
—-
aw
-

{ A 1+1y co __ “7, Ta Ao
a = Cad ef
Ve a AS

. wr doa 2 ro
mL u rr
2 & 4 Lx ’ * hen

oy 1
» (08) oan em, Fr
“Core
-—
—
(YL
y “> Pa ANE J
oy . 2
2 4
—- mf aia Cv for
x“ wi\ Lal
211 x

1. te S:
hat 1g,

The only property ¢” G wileh we needed in order to

~onstruet the zutororphism tower wag z(3) = 1. Ve now

~seunme that G&G 1s finite. With only this siluiple additional

sessumption, ve are able to obtain the following remarkable

roollt

ThLe> 8 211iL onmo ron 1 si

Sia t
L O 17i e r C 0 L : * finite heliisht,
. 7

. . 4 a0 2 a IN
tat ig. there exists IM such that A = A for 2ll n >

Thanter III ig devoted to a vroof of this theorem. Dut

first we derive some vreliminary results, which are culte

interestine in themselves.
 (I. NCRIJAL AYD SUBNORIUAL PERSISTENCE

AY
Lotetions: Sunrtos
4. 2 - - - .
3 eo eroup. IT CG nossecgses a certain

rropertr Q, then we cell © Co Q-groun,

Suppose X,¥ ¢ G. The set obtained from X by conjugating

ite elements Ly the elements of Y 1s denoted Dy c{x,Y),

that is, C(X,Y) is the set of all elerents of the form

od 2 yup-i where x e X. v e Y. The subgroup of G renersated

»v X will be denoted by [7].

hn¥ T" . se MN 2
17
uboreur Tey pve 36] TY
Trou | leg said to He sunnor—-al es

wy 3 ” Tos ey im 4 $ ory d “ann SP Ey ae

zuncrous of ¥ if there exlsts a finite norsal ciialn fron

YT ta 14
:
v

Gq Sl ~ ~ ~ ol
Genone . 7 such & chaln Dy

{TT
dl ( gli ) . I A~ ' mpl
.
in
*
H, we
-
write
. mt
G
o
- .
HE. Trivielly
7 m ° -

~ rT LT
T o< id 10.

[7 L end iL ot the 1 We nave:

h Nn os
-ii
ve , = 3, < HT = i.

~
I I oll oFnTIS thaat 3 i £1 fo.
cH end ¥ 1s wo conjurate subgrour

PG. then
210 1 Pav <<. H
I3 << 14
Lr and
£07 m(I.
I L BE)
3 — (GH) »

a Le « pronerty of sroumns. @ ls called normally

5
nersistent oqol
(resp. subnormelly persistent) if ond only if

2 satiefies the following twe conditioncg:

 (1) Any group lsomorphic to a Q-zroup ils o {-group

(2) In 2 riven oroup, the subgroup senerated by a non-

amnty set of normal (reco. subnormal) L-gupsrourns is a

L=oroun.
ve will abbreviate the phrase normally nerceictent
xerclevent
0 5, 1 ARSRTC5

ig gs 3 ry TE i. * cm A Ton I Zw - ex
regn. subnormally persigtent) by LD (resn. 52

Leong Ang,
P-
rr lyr fram
miel Pde ine
J-subgroups
i oy I Ta ”
~
~
-
enert. Sunvoce that

al” o
“TOUR
~
[Ee ‘a SRA
~
“LN
—— eee

- -

Por a.
a.
noe 1 z Ula -
ajecau co

-
3 Leg Wr.
oi HT
Loogunnc
gp a
* WIL
2.
U
Lo
to eorern 1s
, pyle gmrpvmel I
boman son ml mo me oe a LA oe - SD TET, N=-_L as
brie whoosver thy Aol

: - __— - La Pr 9 eee REET

Aen
4 Buddee TE
£2 OOOVEY -
LAF ER

a
wl me

ty ede So HE et gi 7) pil, :
~-FE
end
mn wns
4od Bd” oi
Tred we
Cyne
ni hr ada "Mere
= YEN
cXxiete
nla? all ‘ t
oo
oy
rnoriol
ee 73 oy
oheln
2 0

- . I “ — - pe 2 - 2 -

A ~
<
KL. A ~
lencth nn, mosglnoly with
; ss Lo em 3 wv ;
reretitlions. For any f

oe
or
7 -
— w <r
© Re -

gE me a 4 Ze .
=X rence each XP ig itself a Q-groupn. The set of all

= (= e g') ig therefore 2 set of subnormal Q-subzsrours of

¢ end n(Xe,X 1 < n-1 for all i

ze 5'. By induction:
. o& ~r ! * bi .
Cos [ue x8] = [0(%,8")] ie a G-gmroup. X' « 8'. Then
oeES
3' = Lu oo
oX'] and Q being NP imply S' is a {-groun.
Theoren 2.2: A group property Q is IP if end only if it ie

SP.

Proof: Trivially, iT 7 *s3 £7 the ~erteinly MP. To

rove the converse, suppose © ig 7 T is a non-empty set

7 mr
of Fal
subnormal G-suboroups of
a “ -
CMO
! ~ Ad (uy eX]. We
, = 1 2
nave to show that T° ir

T
;
out
+ <r!
X' = [vu J
wr
Tren
gel
st 2: > A oJ & Ea) or
T' = [ue X']. Take S tc Db. : the ge” ©” 211 J=
NEL

'
7

A
Com
re ~~ *

YY $e a finite
. ® _

constant fer 22
"a 2
~~
EL Tha

- 1
cots oP =
songitions ¢ Lemma Z =~ are getlieflied ondAD so X ‘
Ta 2

a. — IC ™ . NTS
L-roun, fence TGs roun,
S-mroun, ©sine: yd 18 Id.

EY
YN
NT crier cf

. 0 r
-~ Peal rs 1 ¢
very
1 J cl = J

-
CS mee A Ld an
$2
Find INESIN
FLT
Lo eon —
id lich xi Maw O

. ) 7 2 LTD
Ls
8 a
o 7
DOVE 1 ~Zroup do NL

LE I oy 5 “™ 5 3 rn <r

Croun sald te be semi-ginvcle 18 1t nay be

lecomposed inte & direct product of non-abellan sinnle

PEIN mi 4, ; yd up ME Ye A ay 5 oe 4 J. 5
rrouns. The property of nelny « senl-slile Jour 18 au

PV mn [TIO mn I. b 2 — . 1a
Teor Traore 2.2 ond the obove remnarke, we neve.

Meorem 2.3: Any non-empty set of subnormel p-subgroups

‘veg, subnormal semi-simnle subsrouns) of a groun ;enerate

a SI
Inert < [ 0
(1reso cn aL
i —- Sin
3 mmnl 9) Pg S ) * ol tl
aT ] CU
ul lax
Ys
2
0D
1 Ir
SULDo & 120 un 1 ®
ii ae Su"73 SX oun

the normal subgroup generated by all the conjusates of a

subneormal p-subsrour (resp. subnormal semi-simple sub oun;

a a2 n-gub-rroun (resp. seni-gimple sub=roun)
 (II. WIELANDI'S THEOREM

Notatlons Supnose ¢ and 7 re Troups. .‘ direct product of

end H will be denoted by G - H. If Hc G, we will denote

the index of H in G by G:H., I® x,v € G, we will write

-1..=1 i .
(%, 7) = X¥X ly =. IT G and I are both subzroups of sone

larger group, then (G,H) will denote the subgroun generated

by all elements of the form (g,h), where ££ e€ G. h e H.

Lemma 3° Zippos finite zroup, IN ¢ minimal

norma” subrren~ ¢7 GG. Then N 1s a direct product of isomor-

-
Sidi. mr ~maye-

TSS
Proc” Sa gimme +n \ co - 7 ~
CDIOV e. IT IN: is

ach simple. let Hy De mS of normal suboroun of N. Let

7 3 4
+1 y Hs ’ ® =~ 3 Hu ( 1M * "To subgreups conjugate to Hs

in G. Each H. « N and FE for all 1,3. [Hy, «oo, Hy]

ls normal in G and 1s contzined in N, hence (Hy, “os 3 Bnd

is equal to N. Choose the smallest number of these Hy which

senerate N., Suppose that these are Hq, = (n > 1),

renumbering if necessary. Clesrly Hy n [Hy, «.. , Hi_4] =

for each i, 1

13. Hence N = H. 4 H, + ... + H . Furthernore, H; is simple

For if it is not, there exists K. < H, such that XK, #1

Then &, < N, contradicting the minimal vroperty of H.

Lemma 3.2% Suppose \. i)

Gi
ore subnorrael in 2 finite oroun J
 oq ae

A is semi-simple, I = [A,R]. Thn 3 « H,

Proofs Let A' - rc(a,i)]. Then A' ~ W end Theorem 2.

lows that A' is semi-simple B ~-: H (Zassenhsus [5]).

“onsider a normal chein cof minimal len~th & from 2 to H:

B = Bn
| £
that in
Clearly Bg4 nose 1 any ny

seml-ginmple ~rour Say

» and only one

commie:
nlerentary | < A' such
that At oo
obtain

ps = < H liow

x € Av n B,_, 10
"
™ 1. Alsc

a7 <r Te olso anve:

Nar
A' = [4 Bon
ey <
-

3 ¢ [Ay, 3.4! '

-
3

-
follows that E - - ae gr-ument

2d
=10we that there subDIroup net

™ 17
Be = A, + Se ne Ths 42 wr. << ad
y T

B,_» < By =H 1 a nornel chain

Prom B to E of lensth g-1, a contradiction. Hence 8s < 1
1 - * ™
hat 3g. EB. H.,

cernme 3.%: Let x,y be elements cf a group u ’ {x, 7) = Zz

. AD
1 > 1. Then (x7) = =

Froofs It 1c easy to check the following meneral commutator

identity: (ab,e) = (b,c)“(a,c). Cur lemme is trivially true

for n = 1. Assume that it is true for some 1 > 1. Then

n 3
= 7 1 ht \ «rl
fll) = (Pu, yy)A = oa
(x,y7 \ nT
(xR, yy,\ = 2X
~I1,.3
oz n
747 ence

it ile true for n+l. This completes the »Hroof

 ~ Te
Lemme,
[ 2 3.43 Suppose © Ls 5oO TPOUDy ul y did = Ne Moy
Lae

~
1 eg IH for
§ al
all x I
[= “I e

Proofs
™ me
The order
~ -
of
-
oH
~~
T 2
isn.
1
Therefore
~ ~ +3
For any
-
ZZ
,
« 3

rrr) Yiry T Ff. 2. aril F

| x, = xl = Ho. Thiz iwmvnlies xT E

9 am
-> [ad ~~, .
VT
i Et | OUD
bs CC Sails
hlsa Je 2 > TQ P=SUDT
iD] < i x sa

wT fo
Then (2) YO Be ot
Ch un™

ol
wt
pestibaroun
ue

o
igi Yin, ie

Nt
Sy gH

he
oP 3X
WNT
(13)+»

Les.

~ ~~ Jv

v Sylov
at ww
-— + -: i Lo
- TRV
LN
-—
,
en 1D; LOI
yin

ia Oar oF 0 ony
FJA
Ti — 3

~N s TX
od »

" "re, =
SOY ’0 A TRS
SE Lt is 3 BE 2) w)

* 5 or Bo ay gm
ran
“
4
er C eo.Ce £3
dd TLIO

foram wa\ nn" = ram - Tart

Tee RR -
& dln Na ) »
* Y
NE
- . n
= Ta;
-
© ~e I

y Ne 6m -

cH
gy p-
mr em
mT mn ss
ro
nm
CRE ef
, 5
s Bo A.A gi &
5”cardddd x

oto ms wp ade re ee NL. Sa.

Pel me Wa SNE LP (11) SEIC a3) oor -
a ArtA

T --
TAY on me

Ww. Caen em ae ak bd Nee

we
a
Po. de SERED~
i ya
hl LRaha
het by

3 NL ( 3) 4
. er ~~
1

ETRE 4 mee fqa so tony

Croc”
rpg oe.
= union comvlaete Coen JulaLe
be
= A
er sn Tt
£3 ot
rnin C a%
T Yueh +
sa
yma ~~x
S00 wf
a ( 3) .* 1
; ys
Ze
wo
1) mI.
2 or
L188
- ~~ . . -~
negnps 41
LoLU
Vay + ~r
™ 0 " a.
con

i. 2. w AT er 1s - 2 "-. L ve 7 A 1 nn pr A - LY “ym me Nm
JIN evacuoLT ik cou jurcsoce clegeen whine COoME1ET Cf on.ly one

oT py mm A mY oa worn Po, Jo, I i 1, 0J ~~ a EAT +0 mn -

=" zoaent Tho uner oF slenents In esc. of Lg Ootasr cone

2aq
L] vend “ ~ - = ” - - oo -
1a
~i. [I Te C ” —
oe me
he Ed \ Le iAe
conte. daadNehwildeBiFA
= LR
Liao 2i NiN ss“a dil5 -J teible
. - ik 1a
ty } D
3 ® =wns3 |5 Cc
Rt Ta

- . 2 2 ABT a BN 3A 2 A T- TI em Toe} AREER

Ta
Co 7 Se
- alo
thle divislinle by p, » divides =. Hence I x» L. 1TNAEG

camry es Faas TT aes

VA TYT eS Tey mre
11 mn
Theoren 3.7:- o~ pry Tiny
Suppose ~
8. TI
H are 2
finite ~ ¥
zroups, rn
3 Tr
<< I. aN uy
and

= TT — mn or To ow rrp, ir $n Tre rm nr AY ee, on a - wr

Z2(G,7) = 1. Then Lhe» exists a constont I, dependins only

Nl
11 GF -
\T a
sues
3
4
LZ
“es + Hel
Ll gen

£
TT ny
COTS
= Te
13
no.
Lr 7 4 1 llc that
*-
heaven We nav Lake

or. _ 1 w Sune
‘ OQ = € thet
oN uC
~ —
x 1 C 0 met
bed a bs G =!)
Aas orComind
i s sik V1
"a 4
’noranl
- wchy.
4 71

-. “ ~ Nv myo - 2 + Tm a #4 * i Nm oy ". “~~

croup of & By lemme Z.1. thls subzroup 1 elther a py-grow
Dm I. - s
LCT Scone Dine ~
<~

sectt—-elimple. Dewnesndin~
A 2 2 Tir - on
{. 2 wl
vrl~
Wi...2 Cid
To coae
I Sun BL)

Toomaa 41 cry er? pm oe. 1 .

occurs, let VO 2m Lae n4X1Isl nore ~subrroup of G

~~ 47 ee 2 es
gy Ue Le nz ae Yo
~ “= Ho) § — =i
$n. !m1] mySR
If V, 4G
s _.. ss 4 .
TY 71 + 2
NE &¢ repeat thi
Ter [An a ! - mq

- trug ohind ni.

«

AV JV od Lo

.
47.

this
2

vay,
ce =

we
r

sventurlly
~~ Tq vr

Yothelin 8 of
® oy "JT
Tye g-- -

<

a
~ 2 41
FLOYD
{a tes cither oo .
Tr yo SrCun ov

- we LO

LETT eB

Pp BEwe i Fe!
well Lne IS SE OE - enc
Loge ve heave oo nore

31 8s
¥ 7) Clu aoe

7
>

SLenrliy I, a. os LCV, +

Tyee/ty
’ 7 to- T re ’ 7? . er -

ors 5 (Ven, Vi 10H/Vy). Tence

1 7, / C =ZTOUP (resem. semi-simnle), so is
LT V/V
| i I ol 5 > Tr /1: i nv or 15 a

on Hy s an. therefore Hy 17H is a », .=-groun (recy

senl-ginnle), by Theorem 2.3.
Fe will now show by induction on i that

For 3 C This statement reduces to 1 n & 1. Supnose

La. Ty ~
-hat il = V. (5 < »). 7o < H, 0 G. Then since
ToanG/V. - 5 f1 " nG. we deduce thet TF
a]
2; ,1-croup (resp. sexnl-simple), then so is Bygn
Sut
OUT Via C H 141 n Gie DY
5 the maximal
axl property
PTO] \ cf
1 Fyn

7e have Vs oq = Hy 1 4 ob
n G, This completes the induction

vow the following v»roblem feces us. We want to show

L s _ - » \ .

she existence of subgrouns X34] of & (i - C ~~

valch depend onlw ¢ 7 on’ whisk plg6 gatisfye

[ =r { »
(of
—

* ~ y 2

eesily
= im,
2 -

ty 1

— 1m =

30lved. For 1 also we mow

Blank ATT fro

Gi LU Nile lls ‘ JT. ~+
— a

~ JT FF ~T / -~ *
MTT
ZH. / [le < Lar eo )
Mite
»
3

142 « = La
Thisg easilv i> Cinice
¥ ATT Tai
be MN Goad uve L,
tne - fon
resulthe
41 .

f~ rr ) rr. nar
Sits 0 o

Z(G,3
fA TT

v a.
lence in th

T rm
LT 0c - oon We must work

little herder. I = © se 0M
kay
jo Interscetion of oll normnel
3.

subgroups ¢” SZ vhose inden in 3

3 2 mower
=
of 9,
= Led
5. Tren

nT eo a He lT 1 ~ -.7 eo : -
Jip Gand GU 4 is & mower
Jr

that 1f tre exponent of G/U s , divides p% ., then U,

EE fa] S41
2 41. Tyme 3 ne 1 " 1 = Y = a A ”

1s the suogroup generated Hy all Py,q-povers of elements ¢

7, we will show treet Us 1 nas tne properties wz regulre orf

(.we
* 2
—_
ice A
a << TT
ile Lo An
vere wighta
eX1eT 5 normal sierra

Tee 1 1
Let G(i,3) = H; (CG rH, = 046 dy,7+By the
Zassenhaus Lemma, G(1,0) < a(1.7) «- ... - G(i,s) =
141
Let G'(i,3) be the set of all x « suciy that

x, Hy) c G(1, 5).

Now sunvose x € C'7 »
Hin Rw definition or
3' (1,3), (xn) e a(i,3). Put (x,1) = w and consider

‘x y) = Puxiutl = wx y-1 (n > 1). Clearly (x%,w) =

Tele Since G(i, 3) - HiG ys we may put WwW = ab, where

-. be c,. Then (xB, w) = a (bx p=1)a-1, We know thot
¢ Gy1- ¢ tence (xu) = (xPa)(ca~l), where

Gyy- (x, . hence (XL w) e HiGy_q n Hyg

= a(1,3-1). It = rg that w, w¥t e C7, *Y and are

congruent modul ~f 4-1) « G(i, sv

(Xn) = wt Mepefore (1, , 3) and ie

congruent to c(i, 3-1). Th* + that if

«te G' (1,3), th x(n > 1) Wo

1xG(1, 3) :G (1, 3-7 a(1, 3-1), tha:
= G'(1, 3-1). Nour since G(4i,3):6(%,3-0

(1, 3):3(1, 3-1) and a(i,3-1):G(1, 3-2) =

G4, 5) ea(1, 5-2) e G'(1i, 3-2). Continuing in thi.
re obtain x0(1,1):G(4,0) ¢ gr(1,0). Wotice that H, sl,

(1,,1:6(8, 33)(a(t, 3) sa(1, 0) (G(1, 0) eH, ). Thies implies that

wli+1801 ¢ (1,0) for 2ll x e 3'(1,3). Since this holds

for any J xldH 3' (1,0) for all x e G'(i,s) = G.

Hs o7:Hs 1s a power of py .q. Since Uj4is genereted by all

“he p11 -bowers of G for large n, we deduce that Uj,q c

3' (1,0). Therefore (Us,q. Hi,q) c G(1.0) = H:(G n Heo

~ dV so holds with X(i+l) = Uspqe

For convenience. put W = Z(Uy 7055.1) -

2(Uy 95M) n Hy 4. If ~ e& 6 then WX = 2(U,,,H) nH]4

— Z(Uy, 7,8) Nn Hi01 = W, Therefore W «< WG, Let P be a Sylow

Dy 1-subgroup of G. P 1s contained in some Eylow Psi”

subgroup P' of WG. Clearly 2Z(P') n W c Z(Uy 1»H) n Z(P,H)

= Z2(U,,,P,H). 3y Lemme 3.5 (11), U, .P/U,,is a Sylow
24 4p ~SUbErouD of SEAT a Dy q-STOUp. Therefore, we heve
0, ,1F = G lens ZT ave Z(G,H) = 1, Now W < WG implies
that WW» ™' « PY Cadi thet TA DP' = 1. for

1. - gm
-
~~ fm!
vere greater than f

Pp 31 In =
Tr 2(P') £1 0 Tetion Since Wo<NG,

""rws from Lemme 3.5 (i

cf W, But Won

diz.
(Ty 7H)\ N IiMsg rm
lence
0. 4 does nc
Ti4l 1+
ST UNH,i+ LeZ(U, i+1
4,0) AH +

(Z{Ug,q,H)
7 {1
Amy
17
5 0H,Tel
eH, sut ((U, 4,H)nH;)H,2H,
gt ..

Topsy
-_—
a power of Piyaade I Follows thet we have

(Z(Uy,,8)nH,LH,20
(UU, 5, H)nH, H.sH, = ws
(0, 1» H) H)nH,
ZU, ni

Z(U, 15Hy,7) © Hy. Thus we oe that (##) holds with

i+1) = U

Wve will now u. ese subgroups X(i+l) to. obtain the

oound on H:1l, Because of the property (%) , each x e Hy 1

determines « function $ X(i+l) ===> HV. 4 glven hy

b.(2) = {(z,x) for all =z e X(i+l). There are at most

rf =
. . a X(i41):1 +3 - - Tv p J — :s =
(Hy, 9382) such functions. But clearly ¢., = by i
and only if v™lx e Z(X(1+1),E,,,)., that is, if and only if
x end y lie in the same left coset of 2(X(1+1),H, 4.
The number of distinct ¢'s is therefore equal to

1, 1 32(X(141),H,,).Hence:
2,,132(X(141)Hy1)<(1,702(F232
From (3%) Z(x(1+1),H, 4) ¢ H; © Hy,» therefore
Ty,1 0H S Hypo tZ(X(142),8,4)<(Vy,1:0)X#2)81ene
1,100; < (1,7, 3 VRE2) 32 (gg, 41)X(441020 ow use the
following: HyVy oqtty = Vipin < Viet Veo which
zasily follows from Vs Cc HinVs 5 - Vite hls yields the
sgtimetes Hy 1803 = (V, av, X01) 5 (gg) X(A4 1020
Sirce I, il = (Hy, q 8H) (01), we obhein
Lav X31) 1g ny XY
roe W.. zm, o 26,1) = 1
on th MT. .
VY ey ile on inner automorphism of H whiecer

induces & ‘ew ¢” H,. Since Z(H,,H) = 1. ezech

oF +hege cc IL, is distinct from the otherc.

Therefore L)slo= (Hp

™ OD
¥ ~vmbers MM, (1 = C

1g 3 2 Le

1-
. Cav yX(i+1) + 1p,
C 1. ™irthevrimore. def’

i gimr- arpument shows that H.:l

-

“or esc 1. IT
Hate M,. lence:
“ry ~~

rr -
oy

ie need only observe that all the "o's and X(i)'s depend
only on G, Hence I depends only on G., This completes the

~100T.
Theorem 3,8(Wielandt's Theoren) : Suppose G is o finite

sroup such that 213) = 1. Then its automorphism tower is

of finite height.
fm
Procfs Let GC [WA the gutonmor-

ohilsm tower of ( Theorem 1.2 (ii), we

have 2{3, 4%) = 1 Then there e—-i=2te a constant M, which

Jepends only on G, such that AT:l < M., Hence the tower must

oe of finite height.

aJ
hy SOXPLETE GROUPS

Zroun J 2 S A —-_— — LC Lo somnlete if 2Z2(¢' = 1 and

every automorphism of G 1s an inner sutomorphism.

Cleerlv 1fT 5 1s comnlete. then & ~ A, Hence its

wvutomorvinlism tower collanses to only one tern.

1A
neQyYY? em / } ®_ | . 1| Fo nite croup with Z(3)

The: { carl He moc iternally in a finite complete

.
~~ roe ”

Xd POUT

roof tomornhism tower of G:

Sv WT gna! ‘rem, there ezists an integer IN such that

A . Clearly AN ig a complete zZroup

-
~
vith center 1, and Ly <- 4

ve wlll now consider sone examoles of finite crouns

 -

7ith center 1. Our object will be to determine at what

stage the automorphism tower stops. In other words, we

tent to find the first complete group which occurs in the

+ ower »

Theorem 4.2: S,. the symmetric group < . SeLree Nn,

complete when n > 3, n # 5.

Proofs We first note that n > 7 implies Z(8.)

For suprose x € 5, and Xx £ (1), cay =x(1) = 2. If

(27). then wxy +(1) = yx(1) = v(2) = 3. Hence

te. x & (8)

.

rddition tiv and show that

* : 5 ws olf + wo ge sagsYow, -
ha -
48- isn.
Very ev 3

A on.lv if ite
-

Jecompositic ve following

Porn: (ea
Let C,. denote ti do whic!
ie ong
eon ste of

211 the elements of O, wvihicii ar nroducts cof k indevendent

trangpositions. Denote the number of eleunents in GC, DY

>(C,.)
Tow conelder any automorpnisn ¢ Since env

cutomorphism preserves the order of an element and permutes

conjugate classes, ¢ maps C, onto Cy, for some xk > l. we

7111 now prove that ¥ =

Ton = 3, we nave Ti
ml
Lo
-

»
-
“ hencd
i.
do
.
py So we

ray =ssune that =n > 4 Suppose that k >» 2. We know that

Ir
3(Cq) = n(n-1)/2 . ofc.) = n(n-1)...{n-2%+1)/%'2*, Since
>(Cq) = o(Cvs we obtain after simplificationt

(4
J
[f Lk = 2. (%) becomes (n-2)(n-3) = ~~ wmadiction,

since no inteser n satisfies this equation. I kr =

(#) becomes (n-2)(n-3)(n-4)(n-3) = 24 The only possible

solution of this equation for n > 4 1s n = 6. but our

hypothesls excludes thls case. Hence Kk £ 3, low since

no > 2k, (n-2)(n=-3)...(n=-21+1) > (2:-2)! Zut a straight-

corward induction arcument shows that (2:-2)! > 1ok-1

for k > 4. Therefore I > 4 would imply that

~ — ~Y.- A . Jo . * A ir Rd

(n=-2Y{n=3).,,{n-2%" 1 1nki-1 a contradiction of (3), We

zorelude that oz 7

LA Ls amy de e A
20. LC CII

TN LL 4 de gr pms
one
- wig peed .

OwWin- ALES TELE

LL 4°
OI
£0 Tn om
Lhe
nm yer
- ’
EE

af all

Lbreasncelt
E

mmr :

Sd
Try vere
3
) 4 ty 1 <

u "(ac)(ab))
’ ' 11 ’ Sr

\ Teme nt oF order
Ty NE
me
3 carne! be eau: gm “ny

fa aH - *
LOD and (tM hear ymmcoe oT Suppose,
?.
hen. that ¢. fa’ { % &
This symbol
2! must appear i. every §. ~ that ¢((aa))

- (a'a"),
tat) where
1 om neither
+ a1, d' ! ne
- ¢= 1
i. equal to

From the above argument, it is clear that (a'a"

b((ad)) = (p'e'). Then ¢((abde)) = ¢((ac) (ad) (ab),

‘ate (p'e!)(a'p!') = (pb'e'). But this is a contradiction
since an element cf order 4 cannot be equal to an element

"fT order 2. This proves the assertion.

Jlesrly, a' 1s uniquely determined bv a. The

function w defined on the permuted symbols by m(a)

ics easily seen to be an element of Oye Note that

EL) -— ! 1 \ > .
t(eb)r™d = (a'p') = ¢-*Y), Wow if w is an arbitrery

clement of S_, it follows that mwn~l = ¢(w), since w can

Je expressed as 2 product of trensmositions. This »roves

7. Tn - 1m
Lie theo ren.,

pe
Tr
Theoren 4,3: Lex
~ 5 -y -,>
Hy with & is e
oF

hb! - oyry JL 2 4 Brag

cnarecteristie gv mye,
+ Ta -- v1 et
LL
Croup.
!
Proof: Bv Theorem 1 nee only

show thei ev sntomornhian

[of 2

fp om .
Lnne™ an

sue th "aracter-
rm ~
istic « UO 1-3—_— c
g: .
mere

>xlcte 40- co A = ne \.a’

~
(a) « ~ AL
ve = v¥ for al. ve G6 that i= Te mB

"
-y ef AO is an inner autonornnism c¢ tA

'Meoren 4.4: Let Ta nNon-anheliasn gimmle Troup. Then

A i a complete ~roupn.

Proofs Z(G) <« G hence we must have either Z.u, =

Z(G) = G. Then since GQ is non-abhelian, 7(c) = 1. Bv

Theorem 4.3, we need only show that & is 2 characteristic

subgroup of »

Let ¢ be “-~ wr
automorphism fF mnlies thet
-

h(a) Tr
Hovyeve™ $m) is simole,
since ¢f¢
or to ¢(G). T = 1, then 1% 1s easy to see thet

ZT an
“A and G¢)
\4 commut
corrmu eo e lementwise.
bis 2 VW S — ® This
nls immlies that
LMDLles LLC ¢(2)
i C

Z2(G,A) = 1, a contradiction, since a simple zZroup 1s by

Jefinition £ 1. The only other possibility is that

FN (a) = d(2), tret 1s, da) cG G is a characteristic

3Uu Dssroun
1 cf A

Theorem 4,5: Let A. Teicte the alternating group of

jegree n, Then A(A) ~omnlete LT on o> 5.

Proofs Assunins n ; ~ 7 will show thet A. i= simnle

sroup. It will fellow that 4° 1on-abhelian, because

Lil =n" ~omoer, The proof will

LL i x -
then De con -y Crem h h 3

fo \ 5 -

\ -

Arr t+ >» other hand

NY peru” teat of an
oan

-
LJ
ven numb he = j& Ca 1.Y aa

Of tran Ia
Fray equations: (al'’
Tab) (: (eb) (ca) = (ade) (abe), it follows
bhatt, can pe written as a nrocduct of 3-cveles. (1) is

NTOVEG
-

rs end MN contains a 3-cvele, then

 Suppose (123) e& N, (13k) any 3-cycle. Since we

have at least two additional symbols at our disposal, we

can
_— pd

extend
rn 2°

the mapping
5 2
1 Iz tc

o, permutations

ie SamTIE
nay og
esse that
»
;}
turns out to he an

~2 hd
3 54 rs 3 i" © ~ + A + 93 ¥ “ ¥, ~
a 2 ) 1 ~ NN bai ~ ” — —% T o
VC L Yel LA Lal LLC, WC SAT he y col 5 srk
of 1d Fad ; a on
eae .Tr uo fori! :in: nk
vo hPL Ww:
uk 3
1 ¥
=

Xn
Lotsae Yr
ot -3 x ‘ pei 12
. i :
-n » phy eae id ’

- 7] a = ris Tn £3 om
211 3-cycisagp, therefor
ro \ a » » =
wn fix 1 4 a
vo / - een a Bali.

~~
ot eam my oS Po of
that
-
1 -
mam
nther per-

uteRe
— a
» —~ ~~

snizole
wy - -
Vo
Lio” cs. For

TUDN0 oan ot

+ . ~ * * -
”
Lge
dee
ot
wr Sew hn oI

wnt JO .
T. ALF sO

vy ee
T = y — pa =f
™ yr , ——

-(.) nolag,
-—

aed disnlece
mm

-~
=
at lesst two cther svihols,
4

od J
3 - oy r~ : we ae ey
soof
~ ~.
4 )
jo

-
cies
EN [9-. - ~\
(1032x) = {1z)(13)(12) «
nad -, } =\ ”vp - - gt o
SUT Woz ( 245) Ta = WW 1 . i (.) yg Ta = (124
wes

= . oo \ tte em . v

znd in (11), ma = ( “Yee. . In either case Ty £7

Ll 4 2 - - or ” DO CL
A iy : -
dL "
whoa dy TT T= 2 ocyint xXTo > 5
00 are
10 amid
Lely L ed
Tied bv
oC

7, tizern 11 1g alse left fixe? by Ms TELCE DY 77d. Sut

rn (1), rt 4mrq (1) = amL(2) = 1, and in (11), similarly,

 _~- - ~ s 1
1 my (1) = 1, mw 14 (2) = 2. In either case, we observe
1 A a) Te 0 - ’ s

thet m7rmy leaves fixed more symbols than m, contradicting

tre cholce of 1m.

1m i, $
Therefore mm dlsplaces exactly three symbols, that is.

i 3 | Bm CY
vele 8 By
=
cv (2), N= A, , hhercee A, 1s gimy
a mole.

Theor
Hren1 4,6 *
- Le EE

“Tall 2x2-natrices of

“re form

==

wit entries be Tom Field

LE I

GF{.,, 1 an
~~

am an wm 2 _ -r 2
~AT.
odd prime, 1

TY orul
>
T=. - v3 fe
rrceofs Not
om
mile
Na o
rt
hl - - oo 1
-
tent?
2
CLO
I Oe ! »

rn
13 YV tq ) .
fe
'v OH
\ "¥ c. TTA EK Rix, vv!Ye
eo Z(3)
Lad \ UT

- K L
R{x, z+v -
_
™! - a
eo
+ -
>
R{x,y+1).
\ TT
Fence
pms

X = 1 . J " - ™ WN w «
™/~
PI CO)R(x,y)
~~ HR
=

La)
R{(2x.2an -—r
L -
Np
rw(1,cC

Note treat Ba
C4, evelude the cease a
oT
-— /
“ in order to

et Tg’
Qhgery 5 LT
IE
Henn: LA
Lo. ii Sylow na

SUD rouns ¢
yr

zder The nuxber of these sub-

srcups is conrgruent te 1 wmedulo mn and alco dlvides p-l.

Therefore there is only one Sylow p-subgroup of G. Let us

iencte thie subgroup by P. Cbviously, P 1s 2 characteristic

suborour of Ge. It ie easy to check that the p elements

2(1,v) for: a suoncroun of GG, hence this suborour must be F

 Text we show that Z(P,3) =P. Since P is anelian,

> ¢ Z(P,G). On the other hand, suppose R(x,y) e€ Z(F,a).

Then R(x, 7) cormuites with R(1,1). As we have already seen

this implies x = 1, that is, R(x, v) e IP.

Let §, denote the Inner automorrihism of & determined

y ¥ € G. Since P 1a a characteristic subgroup of G, &,

, . 5 A208 S oo.
Induces en cutonorphism, 5, |P C
ol+8 La. LY r™ » rm rod wp my ler :
his fe Owe 2 caven py

ETE2 ~\ ma of © fr. ~ ~ Te mm oo “-
9 = FP. Then £( il ¢/F, LEThce we ave

ea a Alp)
oo ~
z -- (Z . y =
os 2 Tasman
gE EY Flan
weak oe
ro nie
DLL)
. 0’ . ne oa OO
oh -
} a : = WY Em die a J * yin a

( eny sutomorphisr of 7 ir induced

rr ane
o
|
LN
ro hie
= & FIT

nd als
wo deen,J
iF
pier
To

_- ~~ T .
- i ? X

Tenelrninoy oth WT oroverates

AE, Tots 4°

TT Saag ime te
_ ~
yore sme Tn

- - 3

cutor crt
- a -~ po Load
So OO aN La we

-
2 ch
- JA
gd
go Fe
¢ oy
je gr ooatonorthlisn of
2 Eo. ov ob pe wi - :

>whloe 7 £27

thwat
- n
yr .

. J

“ab” 2
wold have

DE Len) r 5-2 Th olves us

by (brady (m)7t = ot, Te By 1A (LE that is,

> and $b, (0) lie in the same c¢ set of P. There exists an
interer k such that ¢ (bo) = Ty aK

Since r £ 1, we can find an inteser n such thet

a{l-r) = rk. Then ala=lr = aT¥. Uginc the fact that

bab™T = a¥. we have epg ~~ = pafp=+, Hence

2 Open = pk
8, (0) = $. (0). But we also have
5,n(2) = alles” £ = ¢, (7) Trus §, coincides with Cn

on tlie cenerators * G. We conclude that ¢, = d_,. Hence

$ - 6nd, = O_n_, an inner sutomorphism of G. This comdletes

the proof.
 —

CIBLIOGRATHY

1]
op

surnslde,
4 = 1.7

Ww. he
Theory c Grouns Finite Order
* o ) hon] : ° ;

New York, 1°75 (Reorint of 20¢ Zdition, 1911)

~ 7
Lt kurosh, 4. GG. Theory c Grours, New York, 1955

‘Translated from the Russian and edited by XK. A.

LT 3 « % \
Tirech)

74 | Ledermann. o Introduction to the Theory of

NT
Finite Groups, Yewge York,
1 nz
1957 (3 rd wasps
=dition )

A wielandt, H. , Fine Verall-emeinerune der

inverienten Unterzrupne, ilath. zelit., vol, 45

re
~

7] 7
Lu 3 11 <
y-

'
Ihe Theory of JOUVE
LM Ag New Yorl:,
$ no -—— ’ .
1
iL (27 Taition)