CONFORMALLY INVARIANT QUANTUM FIELDS

,yOHN CARLOS BAEZ

™y
A.B., Mathemati a= =
nceton University
t Z

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS

[IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

at the

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

June. 1986

© John Carlos Baez, 19§6

The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce

and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole
or in part

Signature of Author i fle of lc

/ . > May, 1986
Certified Dv

Zz)
oid or
74 7h upervisor
Accepted by - CB. - Cree ees eee eee STW eo ooeoeooo

Nesmith C. Ankeny
Chairman. Departmental Committee
on Graduate Students

MASS

AUG 04 1980
LIBRARIES
 CONFORMALLY INVARIANT QUANTUM FIELDS

,yOHN CARLOS BAEZ

™y
A.B., Mathemati a= =
nceton University
t Z

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS

[IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

at the

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

June. 1986

© John Carlos Baez, 1956

The author hereby grants to M.I.T. permission to reproduce

and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole
or in part

Signature redacted
Signature of Autanor
Depayiment of Ma {ematics
/ _ __ _-» May, 1986

Certified DV Signature redacted

Profdssor Irviwg E. Segal
] an aS Fhe Bs Bivervisor
Accepted by Signature redacted
Nesmith &. Ankeny
Chairman. Departmental Committee
on Graduate Students

MASSAC

AUG 04 1980
LIBRARIES
 D

CONFORMALLY INVARIANT QUANTUM FIELDS

JOHN CARLOS BAEZ

Submitted to the Department of Mathematics on May 2, 1986

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
of Doctor of Philosophy.

ABSTRACT

Given A 2 el > O self-adjoint on # and the

self-adjoint H = dI'(A) on the Fock-Cook space ¥, 3

general approach to the free boson quantum field is devel-

oped in terms of '"quasioperators," continuous sesquilinear

forms on D”(H) with its Frechét topology. A multiplica-

tion of quasioperators is defined; in particular given

© 3
ny € D (H) the Wick-ordered product : S(py)ee2(n)
is a quasioperator. Quantum fields as quasioperators are

treated generally and in the special case where # con-

sists of all normalizable solutions of the conformally

invariant wave equation on M = sl Xx s3.

The wave equation on Minkowski space My extends

naturally to the conformally invariant wave equation on M

the double cover of conformally compactified Minkowski

space. The boundary of My in M is the union of two

light cones Cs the wave equation on M is solved explic-

itly in terms of Goursat data on C_ and the canonical

commutation relations are described in terms of such data.

 P

Using the quasioperator formalism, a self-adjointness

result is proved for the Wick-ordered square of the free

quantum field over M integrated against a smooth function

~
of t € -

Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Irving Segal

Title: Professor of Mathematics

 Acknowledgements

I thank Professor Irving Segal for teaching me

mathematically rigorous quantum field theory, for intro-

ducing me to chronometric cosmology, and for his advice and

assistance throughout my thesis work. I thank Professor

Victor Guillemin for introducing me to symplectic geometry,

conformally compactified Minkowski space as a projective

guadric, and many other aspects of mathematics in his lucid

lectures. My friend Varghese Mathai has helped me with

many long discussions of mathematics and physics. And

Viola Wiley deserves special thanks, for expertly typing

this thesis.

Part of my thesis work was supported by an NSF fellow-—

3h 1 ¢2
 5

Contents

Introduction t,

1. Quasioperators
; -

) Quasioperators as Operator-valued
r
Distributions - 7

3 Quantum Fields as Quasioperators 23

4 .
The Geometry of M 36

5. T'he Wave Equation on M 47

6. The Free Scalar Quantum Field on M 95

7. Self-adjointness of Squares of the Free

Scalar Quantum Field ( Ib

References O(
 Aa

Introduction

This thesis can be regarded as the product of the

interaction of two ideas: first, that quantum fields are

quasioperator-valued functions on space-time, and second,

that the natural space-time with which to do quantum field

theory is not Minkowski space but a covering space of its

conformal compactification. Both these ideas have been

explored by Irving Segal in a number of papers, and the

present work necessarily contains a certain amount of

review material in order to establish notation.

In the first two chapters we develop the properties of

gquasioperators. In a sense quasioperators are to operators

on Hilbert space what distributions are to functions. In

some important cases they can be multiplied, and in Chapter

3 we use this to develop the Wick-ordered products of free

quantum fields. The Garding-Wightman axioms for quantum

field theory take quantum fields to be operator-valued

distributions on space-time. This makes multiplying them a

rather subtle matter. Thinking of quantum fields as

quasioperator-valued functions on space-time allows them to

be multiplied pointwise in the case of the free field.

Moreover, nothing is lost in this approach because covari-

ant quasioperator-valued functions on space-time always

give rise to operator-valued distributions (Theorem 3.2)

 As a manifold, conformally compactified Minkowski

space is just U(2). It is usually more convenient to work

either with the double cover M = sl Xx s3 as we do here,

or with some higher cover such as the universal covering

space M = R x s3. There is a conformal embedding of

Minkowski space in M and a conformal action of SU(2,2)

on M such that the Poincaré group occurs naturally as a

subgroup. Thus M has the advantages of greater symmetry,

as well as compactness. We describe the geometry of M in

Chapter 4, with an emphasis on the boundary of Minkowski

space in M, which consists of the union of two sets, the

"light cone at past infinity." C_, and the "light cone at

future infinity", C_.

All the usual conformally invariant (i.e., massless)

field equations of physics extend naturally to M, in such

a way that infrared divergences are eliminated and scatter-

ing theory is reduced to the study of the action of an

element in SU(2,2) that maps C_ to C,. In Chapter 5

we study a representative case, the scalar wave equation,

which has solutions on NM, showing how its solutions on M

are determined by Goursat data. In Chapter 6 we consider

the quantized analogue, the massless free scalar quantum

field, making use of the quasioperator approach. Again the

emphasis is on the field's behavior on C_.

In Chapter 7, as a further exercise in the use of

qjuasioperators and the space-time M in quantum field

 Q

theory, we prove a self-adjointness result for Wick-ordered

squares of the free scalar quantum field. The proof makes

use of criteria for the unitary implementability in Fock-

Cook space of symplectic transformations on the one-

particle space
 9

1 . Quasioperators

In quantum theory Hilbert spaces often come equipped

with a distinguished positive self-adjoint operator, the

Hamiltonian. This extra structure allows us to define a

generalized kind of operator which has cogent analytic

properties. In particular, these ""quasioperators' are a

good language in which to formulate and work with the Wick-

ordered products of quantum fields.

Let A be a Hilbert space and H > O a self-adjoint

(possibly unbounded) operator. Let D”(H) = N D(H™),

n>0
which we will always give the topology of a Frechét space

with seminorms

a
lull = [I(1+H) Tull.

A '"quasioperator" is a continuous sesquilinear form on

0
D (H). (Following the physicists, sesquilinear forms here

will be antilinear in the first variable, linear in the

second.) By the uniform boundedness theorem for Frechét

Ley)
spaces, a sesquilinear form A on D (H) is a quasiopera-

tor if and only if for some ¢c¢, « {y

1) |[A(u.v) | < clan ivi

for all u., Vv Cc 0 (H)

 10

We say a quasioperator A "corresponds to an

operator” B : D”(H) — A if A(u,v) = (u,Bv) for all

u, v € D”(H). If B : D”(H) —> Af is continuous and

linear there is a unique quasioperator corresponding to B

so from now on we won't distinguish between such an opera-

tor and the quasioperator corresponding to it.

If A, B are quasioperators and A € C the quasi-

operators AA, A + B, and A are defined as usual for

sesquilinear forms:

(AMA) (u,v) = AN(u,v)

CA +B) (u.v) = Alu Vv] -+ B(u,v)

A u,v) = A{(v u )

More interesting is that under various conditions quasi-

operators can be "multiplied". If k € N, let P. :

f — A be the spectral projection Plk-1 xl Given

1d € A we will write uy, to mean Pu. If A is a quasi-

operator, for some =c¢, a > 0 we have

non
;
J |ACu,.v,) |< e(1+k)¥(1+2)Fulvi

for all wu, v € A. Thus there exists a bounded operator

Av p such that A(u,.v,) = (u.A, ,v) for all wu, v € %.

 11

The operators Arp can be thought of roughly as

"matrix elements” of A. Suppose now that A and B are

quasioperators. We say that the product AB exists if for

211 u, v € D(H) the sum

/ (u,A, ,B, Vv) = AB(u,v)

k,.2.m>0

converges absolutely and AB is a quasioperator.

It’s easy to see that if the quasioperator product AB

exists so does BA, and (AB) = BYAT. Also, if AB

and AC exist so does A(B+C), and A(B+C) = AB + AC;

likewise for the other distributive law. If AB, (AB)C,

and BC exist so does A(BC), and (AB)C = A(BC), since

(AB)C(u,v) = A(BC)(u,v) = )
J, (u.Ap Bp Conv)
Kk. .m n>0

the sum being absolutely convergent so that the order of

summation is immaterial.

The quasioperator product AB is easily seen to

coincide with the usual product if A and B are bounded

pperators. However, the quasioperator product exists much

more generally:

Proposition 1.1 - If A is a quasioperator and B

D(H) — D(H) is a continuous operator the

 12

quasioperator product AB exists and AB(u,v) = A(u,Bv).

If also A corresponds to a continuous operator A : D”(H)

——————
A the quasioperator product AB corresponds to the

uasual opera-tor product AB : D(H) — A

yf, i,et u Y. We have

) | (uA pBypv) |< 2 HA, ol IB, I ha, II tv I

k,.2,m>0 kK.€,m>0

By 2) HA, Hl is of polynomial-bounded growth in k, £.

Furthermore, ha, Ii and hv I are rapidly decreasing in

k, m respectively. The right-hand side will be finite,

then, if for any a > O there exist <c¢. B > 0 with

3)
IB,II< c(m+1)P(o+1)7®

since this implies that the summands of the right-hand side

are rapidly decreasing in (k,2,m).

So choose a > 0. Since B : D(H)R— D>

rontinuous. for some <c¢. 8 > O

[ 1 &
2%IIB
PC II = IP ,BP ull

sda ol

7
AY c(1+m)P iu
 1

proving 3).
Thus > (u,A ,B, Vv) converges absolutely and equals

) ) ) Aug. Byov) A r 7)

k>0 £>0 m0

since ) uy and > ) B,.V converge in D” (H) to u and

Z m

Bv respectively. Since A(u,Bv) is continuous in wu, v €

D”(H), the product AB exists and AB(u,v) = A(u,Bv). If

00
also A corresponds to a continuous operator from D (H)

tO 1

AB(u,v) = A(u,Bv) = (u,ABv)

so the quasioperator product AB ror Yr zsponds to the opera-

tor product. Lo

Note that if A, B are quasioperators and B

%* cor-

responds to a continuous operator from D(H) to D”(H),

. %_ 3% .

the quasioperator product BA = (A B ) exists by the

above. This implies that for any quasioperator A and any

bounded measurable complex function f on [O,®), the

products f(H)A and Af(H) exist. In particular, App

P, AP, as quasioperators.
We say that a quasioperator A is "productive" if
 14

(Pro. WAPoH)=O

for all x 2 0. Similarly we say A 1g "destructive" if

r -

i }
£
(x, 0) APFon |

for all x 2 O, or equivalently if A is productive.

The "creation operators" of quantum field theory are pro-

ductive, and the "annihilation operators" are destructive.

We will see that this has some useful consequences.

Note first that if A is destructive Arp = 0 when

k, €N and k > p

Proposition 1.2 -— If A is a destructive quasiopera-

«©
tor. A corresponds to a continuous operator from D (H)

to 0% rH)

Proof - An operator A : D"(H) — D(H) is contin-

aous if for all ~~ > O there exist b, B > O such that

0

MAvIl < bllvit, for all v € D (H). Thus given a quasioper-

ator A it corresponds to such a continuous operator

for all ~ > O there exist b. B > O with

14) A((1+H) u,v) | < billul vil

 15

for all wu, v € D(H). If A is destructive,

A { 1+H) a,v)]| « > L(+) "uA ,v) |

0<k<e

Y
y (L+k) HALLI HuyIliv,
0<{Kk<®

and by 1) and Cauchy-Schwarz

1 1
> (+2) Ty
NL <p

svi)>) (1+)THEy
’
g

rdall vl
Yy+2a+2

proving 4) with 3 ~
¥ J

Corollary 1.1 - If A and B are quasioperators and

=zither A is productive or B is destructive, the product

AB exists

Proof - This follows from Proposition 1.1, the re-

marks following it, and Proposition 1.2. [1]

 16

2. Quasioperators as Operator-valued Distributions

Quasioperators often arise when there is a unitary

representation I' of R x G on the Hilbert space XA, G

being some compact Lie group, and H is the self-adjoint

generator of the R-action. In all cases of physical

interest the representation I has a special property

which makes the use of quasioperators especially effective.

Namely, I' is "H-dominated", which means that H > 0 and

D"(H) equals D (I) (those vectors in A on which R x G

acts smoothly) as a topological vector space.

The case we will focus on later is that of the mass-

less free scalar quantum field on M = sl x SU(2), with GC

taken to be SU(2). In this case something occurs which

yields pleasant technical simplifications, namely the

action of R x G gives rise to an sl x G action. In

other words, H has a spectrum consisting only of eigen-

values at integer multiples of a fixed A € R. This

occurs, in fact, for various conformally invariant fields

on M (see [7], [8], [9]) as well as the conformally

invariant wave equation on st x 8S for n odd [6].

In this chapter, therefore, we will let G be a

compact Lie group and let TI be a strongly continuous,

anitary, H-dominated representation of G' = sl x G on

the Hilbert space A, where H is the self-adjoint

 17

1 . :

generator of the S -action. Let A be a quasioperator,

and let

A(g,u,v) = A(T'(g)u.T(g)v)

where g € G', u,v € D”(H). For any g € G', TI(g)

D” (H) RE D”(H) is continuous. Thus for any g A(g,*.*)

is a quasioperator. We will be concerned with integrals of

the form

f (g)A(g. .,+)dg

in which one "smears A with the test function ff". In

particular, we consider when such integrals, which are

quasioperators whenever f is integrable, correspond to

pperators.

First consider some pr yon cies of A {2 ol Vv) » The

Function

0
«J
¥
\ [) x D(H) _ CC (G*)

{u 7) | nelly A{ a .
Vv)

is continuous for the following reasons. First, the

function
 18

3' x D(H) x D7(H) — D(H) x D(H)

p 7) —— (I'(g)u,: oy 7)

is smooth (its range and domain being Frechét manifolds)

since D(T) = D"(H) as Frechét spaces. Second, the

function

D(H) x D(H) — ©

( 1 7) jy A(u, v)

is continuous and sesquilinear, hence smooth. Composing

these functions, we see A(+,+,*) is smooth from G' v4

D”(H) x D”(H) to C€. Since G' is compact, this implies

00 [00]
that the function taking the pair (u,v) € D (H) x D (H)

to A(+,u,v) is continuous from D”(H) x D(H) to

c®(G').
This implies that (u,v) F—— A(+,u,v) is continuous

from D(H) x D”(H) to any of the Sobolev spaces HY (G').

Hence for any n, for some <c¢, B >» 0 we have a bound on

the Sobolev norm

5) HA( * u,v) < clluli giv,

 19

We denote by <+,+> the natural bilinear pairing of

H ™(G') and H™(G'). By 5), if T € H ™(G') there are

c, B > 0 such that

5) A(e,u,v)>| < elTH_ Null livilg

Thus <(T,A(*,u,v)> = A(T)(u,v) for some quasioperator

A(T). If f is an integrable function on

A) (wv) = [| £(e)AGs uv)

so A(f) is "A smeared by the function ff"

We identify sl with R/27Z so that a, is a vector

field on st, and by extension on G' = st x G. Let Y =

i~lg. be the self-adjoint operator on HG"). Here is a

sufficient condition for A(T) to correspond to an opera-

tor .

Theorem 2.1 - Let A be a quasioperator. Then for

some C.«a 0. if T € H “(¢' ) then for every YY 0

ACT)(Hu,v)|<en(i+lyNTtanivi, “3

(The right-hand side may be infinite.) Thus if ly [FT €

H 7(G'). A(T) corresponds to a continuous linear operator

from DY (H) to A with

 20

NA(T) In < C! vil.

for some C'

Proof — We have u = ) u, with Hu, = éu,, and

250
similarly for wv. Thinking of Y as a self-adjoint opera-

tor on HH (G').

TA( . Up. V) = (m—-&)A(- Up. Vo)

and

A(*.u,v) =
) ACs uy.vy),
P md0

the sum being absolutely convergent. Let T =

> Ty with

(T, = kT,. Then

T,.,A(*,u,,v _)> = 0

when k # &€-m, since the bilinear pairing <f,g)> of f ©

H™(G'), g € H'(G') vanishes if Yf = kf, Yg = k

andLk+ kK. #0. Thua

x
A(T)(H u.v) = <T. > AC. 2Tu,.v
2 m>O
 21

Y
) CT,p_ AC. 2 u,v )>.
2.m>0

Hence by 6)

x Y
A(T)(H'u,v)]| < c ) IT ie uyllgiv is
2, m>0

\ +
\ ) 0T,_ i__(1+2)P (14m) Piru hv i
2 m>0

Now for some ~

> 1 obimmie
J Oem)? Ce (re e-m DPT (14m) ZRH (4p)

A(T) (HTu.v) | ¢

-\
/ (+x DP iron yc) (ee) Thiv, i
250

[ (1+m)2P*7H1, v 1)

Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality on all three sums in

the above product, we obtain

 22

Taking Qa )[ J Fhi158 Dravas rhe -h 203T AM

a LN 3

Corollary 2.1 - If T € H "(Gc ) and YOT € HG" )

for all a > O, then A(T) corresponds to a continuous

operator from D(H) to D”(H). a

Corollary 2.2 - If f € c’(G" ), then A(f) corres-

ponds to a continuous operator from D” (H) to D(H). O

Thus a quasioperator A defines an operator-valued

distribution on G' bv ff — A(f)

 23

3. Quantum Fields as Quasioperators

Quantum fields are naturally formulated as

quasioperators whenever one has a "single-particle" Hilbert

space # and a "single-particle Hamiltonian", a self-

adjoint operator A 2 el, where ee > 0, on ¥. In this

situation one naturally associates to # the Fock-Cook

space $f, a Hilbert space containing as a dense subspace

the symmetric tensor algebra S# (consisting of polynom-

ials in finitely many variables). There is a natural

strongly continuous representation I' on X of the group

of unitaries on # with its strong operator topology.

Thus dI'(A) = H is self-adjoint on X; moreover H > O

so the situation of Chapter 1 occurs. Also, given ff € #

there exist the annihilation operator a(f) and the

: »* _
creation operator aff) with

1
+ ) a(g)] = [a(f).a(g)”] = o.

au ) alg) 1” = (i 2)1

vhere - denotes
closure. The quantum field operator

I { Fj)
—(a(f)+a(n)™)’
 24

is self-adjoint for all ff € #, and one has

QO {2} ] = i Lmy x 2J I

One also has, for any uni Ta ™ AJ U On

A J
) = r(U)a(£)r(u™ ly

“rohy
Lv
AL uf)

hence

o(Uf) = T(U)o(£)r(u-ly.

In this situation one can usefully formulate quantum

fields and their Wick-ordered powers as quasioperators. We

begin by extending the definition of annihilation operators

so as to define a(n) with pu € D(A). Since A" is

self-adjoint and A" 2 eI for all n 2 0, for all such

n D(A™) C # is a Banach space with norm NA"-1, which we

call D - The dual of D(A™) thus becomes a Banach space

which we call D _. We have D(A) = N D_, a Frechet

-n n
n>0
A - n 0 3

space with seminorms IllA"-ll, and D (A) = U D__- We

n>o0
21so have natural dense inclusions D_ C D whenever
n > m., whether n and m are positive or negative.
 25

Thus to define a(n) for pn € D7 (A) it suffices to

define a(n) for pu € D__. n 2 0, which we do as

follows:

Proposition 3.1 - Given pu € D__. n 2 0, there

exist f, € # such that ff, —— p in D__- For all wu €

D”(H). a(f.)u converges in norm in ¥, and

Li m
(ff. Ju = a(p)u
a —

defines a continuous operator a(u) : D”(H) — A. This

operator is independent of the choice of sequence £, —_—

-

T'o prove this we use a lemma.

Lemma 3.1 - If ff € # has D_, -norm less than or

squal to e > 0. then lHa(f)ull < ellH™ll for all wu €

D(H")

Proof —- Assume
f € ¥ has D__-norm less than or

equal to e€: thus

| (f g)| < ena” gll

for all g € D_. Let P be the self-adjoint projection

onto <Kf> C #. Then for all g €

D,
 26

WEN IPgll = |(f.g)]| < ellAgl,

1 o> = IF
Pd
Pol 2

os A2Tg>

so NEN2P ¢ e2A2D Thus

IE12dr (P) < e2dr(A2™)

and since A 0

di (A2D ) £ dr ( A)2D _ g2n

and, as is well known,

EX
a] *ar(p) = a(f£)*a(f),
&

we have

a(£)*a(f) < 2H",

proving the lemma. 1

Proof of Proposition 3.1 - Since # is dense in D__

and D__ is a metric space for any un € D__ there is a

 27

sequence tf. € # converging to pn in norm in D__. For

any e€ > 0, if 1, j are large enough the D__ norm of

. 1s less than ee. Thus by Lemma 3.1 for any

& > 0, if i, j are large enough

I(a(f;)-a(f ))ull < ellH ull

for all wu € D(H). Thus for any u € D"(H) the sequence

a(f )u is Cauchy hence convergent in HA.

Now let f.. f, be two sequences in # converging to

LL in D__. Choose ee > O. For all large enough i the

D__-norm of fs om tf, is less than ee, so by Lemma 3.1 for

large enough i we have

I(a(f, )-a(f ))ull < ellH ul

[4
for all u € D I
k 4) Thus rN = 11im1 l

| Im a { &
ua = a(u)u
i S00

Cc c 4
is independent of the sequence converging to iu

in D _.
-n

Lastly, we need to show that a(n) : D(H) — A is

continuous. Choose f. € # with £ -_— nu in D__. For

some M > O the D__-norms of all the f, are less than

M. Thus by Lemma 3.1

 28

la(p)ull = lim lla(f,)ull < MUIH ull

1-00 A

for all wu € D"(H), proving the desired continuity. O

In the proof above note that if the D__-norm of pn

is M, we can choose f. € # converging to pnp in D__

with the D__-norms of all the ff, less than or equal to

M, so we have

Lemma 3.2 - If the D__-norm of ou equals M, then

la(pu)ull < MUH™ull for all wu € D(H). oO

Having obtained a(n) : D"(H) —— % for all pu €

pik
DC (AD we describe its continuity properties in more

detail:

Theorem 3.1 - For any n 2 0, the map (mn,u)

A(1)u is continuous from D__ x D”(H) to D”(H).

The proof relies on a lemma which will be of use later

as well. If U is a unitary on # which preserves D(A)

we can extend U to a map U : D7 (A) i DY (A) by

duality

(Up) (£) = n(u te)

 99

00 Ras © Eo
for all pnp € D (A) , f €D (A). Similarly if X is a

self-adjoint operator on # which preserves D(A), we

can extend X to a map X : D(A) — D(A) by

Xp) (ff) = p(X:)

We have:

© »
L.emma 3.3 - For all un € D (A) , t € R

[ -itH i
2
a(u)e = a(eltA)

and

[H,a(n)] = -a(Ap)

as operators from D”(H) to iJ { 1)

Proof -— First note that since a(f) is destructive

for ff € #, a simple limit argument using Proposition 3.1

implies that a(n) is destructive for pu € D(A). Thus

by Proposition 1.2 a(n) is continuous from D(H) to

D(H) , so the above equations make sense in terms of

0 0
continuous operator from D (H) to D (H).

Now suppose un € D_.- Choose f. € D__ with

- = uu in D__ . Then al thy ey otiA, in D__
 30

itA
by Proposition 3.1 for all u € D”(H) ' ale’ f, Ju —

ale’ uiu in norm. Thus

a(u)e 1H, = lim ol Mare ye tty

*m
—i
ale! ®t yu

tA
yfA lu

as desired.

Next consider

im Leta (nye HD Lau) =

00

lim
i S00
4 a((elA/m -I)up)u.

Since eltt acts smoothly on D(H) the limits exist and

the left-hand side is i[H,a(p)]Ju. We also have

Len — iAp in D_ 4 so by Proposition 3.1 the

right-hand side is -ia(Ap)u, as desired, since a+) is

antilinear. a

Proof of Theorem 3.1 - By the principle of uniform

boundedness it suffices to show that the function is

separately continuous in each variable. As indicated in

the proof of Lemma 3.3, since a(n) is destructive it is

 31

continuous from D(H) to D”(H). Thus we only need show

continuity in pu.

Now suppose py — O in D__. We need to show that

for all wu € D"(H) , ap, Ju — 0 in D” (H) . That is, we

need to show IH"a(u Jul —— 0 for all m > 0, all u€

D”(H). By Lemma 3.3 we have

Mau) =) (D¥[F]acakuyam
k=0

so it suffices to show that lla (Au Yul —— 0 for all

k 2 0, all wu € D(H). Since py, — O in D__-

ak — 0 in D_ x: Thus it suffices to show that for

all n, py — O in D__ implies la (1 Jull —— 0 for

all u € D(H). This follows from Lemma 3.2.

3
fhenever pu € D(A) we have quasioperators a(n)
»
and a(n) thus we have a quasioperator

¢ *
J
P(e) alu) + a(n) }
Jo

*
Moreover a(n) is destructive and a(n) is productive so

by Corollary 1.1 the quasioperator product

1) eran)any,decraln,)
 39

exists for all pu, € D(A), 1 <k < &. If we have wp.

v € D__ (which we can arrange whenever pu, v € D7 (A)) we

can choose f.. 2, € ¥ with £, —_— u, g; -_— DD in

D__. so by Theorem 3.1 for all wu € D(H)

L p WL)uo an
—O00
a(f,)a(v)u

Lm a(f
pn jin a(g;)u)
lim lim
{| 00 "a0
§
a(f;)a(g,)u

iim lim
[> j00
a(g )a(f;)u

1+ (v)a(f su
) al n

aA 1 J} 1 ju

limits taken in D"(H). (Note that all of Theorem 3.1 is

used in the above limit argument.) Thus a(p)a(v) =

a{v)a(n) as operators from D”(H) to itself. From this

it follows that a(n) av)” = a(v) a(n)” as quasioperators

whenever pn, bv € D7 (A). To complete the description of

»
the commutation relations we compute a(u)a(f) -

a(£) a(n), where f € D (A). pL € D7 (A). This expression

 33

is meaningful as a continuous operator from D” (H) to

itself, because a(£)™ is continuous from D"(H) to it-

self when f € D7(A). (This can be seen using the

quasioperator identity [H.a(f)"] = a(Af)™.) If we take

2 € # converging to pu € D_.- we have for all pu € D” (H)

=,

A —
-

uu = lim 7 Li
y)
Lim a(g;)a(f)

1 a(£) a(g)+(g;.£))u

- I im
| 00
a(g,)u + 11m
i 00
(g4.f)u.

or
~~
J a(n) + wyfJ Ju.

“has

[a(u).a(£)7] = n(f)I

on DY (H).

Lastly we define Wick-ordered products of the fields

p(n). If ny € D° (A) we define : a(p ral)?

where each aug)” is either a(p,) or a(n)”. to be
the quasioperator product consisting of the factors a(n)
 34

reordered so that all annihilation operators are to the

right of all creation quasioperators. The above

commutation relations ensure that this is well-defined. We

extend this to define : Pale)”, PI a(u,)™) : for P a

formal polynomial by linearity on the vector space of

formal polynomials in the a(n )¥, and define

2
1 »*
I — (a(u;)+a(p,))
.

ce d(u p |
et

» >

i=1 v2 Hy 1

These Wick-ordered products of quantum fields have the

following continuity property"

Theorem 3 For anv integers n, ¢& > 0 the func-

=

2 00 00
(D__)° x D(H) x D(H) — €

(Hy, ce THy,u,vV) — -
Puy) (ry) + (u.v)

is continuous

Proof - By the uniform boundedness principle it suf-

fices to show continuity separately in each variable, and

this follows from Theorem 3.1 by noting that

®({p.)e+d(p,) : (u,v) is a linear combination of terms

 5

of the form

akg yd * apg gy) aig (k+1))” * "alg py)v)

vhere 1 Dn and o 1 8 1 permutation 01 [1 8

-—

Our approach to Wick-ordered polynomials in quantum

fields should be supplemented by and compared with [11],

[12]
 36

4. The Geometry of M

In order to apply the general results we've developed

to a representative concrete case, we begin by reviewing

the geometry of the double cover of conformally compacti-

fied Minkowski space, we call simply M. Then we will des-

cribe the weight one scalar bundle over M. This material

is contained in [7] (where what we call M is denoted MN)

except for our treatment of "light cone at past infinity"

C_C M. Use of this C_ will facilitate studying the

Goursat problem and scattering theory in Chapter 5.

The space M is the double cover of the projective

quadric arising from a nondegenerate bilinear form of type

(++-—-—--). As a manifold it is simply sl x s3, or equiva-

lently sl x SU(2). We call a point in M q = (t,u) with

t € sl and u € s3. s3 has polar coordinates 06, p ¢

with O00 << 6, p < Tw, 0 < ¢ £ 2m, So sometimes we write

(6.0.9). Alternatively we can think of u as an element

i (u ] ag, +
Us,0,tu
—

3} <4 = SU(2)

ps 2 2 2
where og. are the Pauli matrices and u., + ug + uy + u, =

{, and we have
 37

u, = sin p sin 6 cos ¢

1 - sinpsin 6 5in 3

11 = sin
nD COS J

1 0S >

and we define

1_, = cos t

5in ly
1h

If we let My be Minkowski space, that is, r: with

'" cae 2 2 2 2
the standard flat metric dx - dx - dx, - dxy., there

is a standard imbedding i : M, —> M given by

(t,u) with

u = pll=nr4)

Jd D 0)

1 p(1+x2/4)
 38

where

3
eT

= ¥5
2.2
1
2_ 22
X95

DF
D ((1-x2/4)2 + x2)71/2

The function p thus ad efined extends smoothly to

on
MA
all of M by

1
Dp = 5(u_;+uy) »

It is important chiefly because if du~ is the usual

metric on s3, and at? — du? the "standard curved

metric" on M, then the imbedding i : M, ——> M is con-

formal with

2 2 2 -2 2 2
Cw
) - dx; - dx, — dx =p “(dtT=du”)

There is a conformal action of SO0(2,4), hence its

double cover SU(2,2), on M. This is described in detail

in [7]; for now we only need to note that the Lie algebra

so(2,4) has a basis L. 5 (-1 < i < j 4) with the only

nonzero commutators being

[1 i.,L.31d =
e;Lsy
 39

where we define Ly m= Lj; and e_, = eg = 1, e; = ey =

e, = e, = -1. These give rise to vector fields L.,. on M
3 4 ij

satisfying

[Lise bykd = e531

L..,L. =

lhe Lie algebra elements

1
T
5(L_13+Li4)-

0 1 3 give rise to vector fields T, on M which

extend the vector fields a. on M,-

i

The conformally invariant wave equation on M is de-

fined in terms of the weight one scalar bundle over M.

This is a topologically trivial real line bundle over M

with a prescribed action of SO0(2,4). hence SU(2,2), on

it compatible with the action on M. It can be thought of

as the canonical line bundle over the double cover of the

real projective quadric of type (++----), or, as in [7],

as an induced bundle over M with its SU(2,2)-action. We

reserve the letters VY, £€ to stand for smooth sections of

this bundle, and let U(g) denote the action of g €

SU(2,2) on sections.

We will use three different parallelizations of the

weight one scalar bundle. The first, "curved"

 40

parallelization associates to a section yy a smooth

function yy : M —— R. If g € SU(2,2) we have

U(g)¥) (a) = R(g.a)¥(e I)

for all q € M Here 2 SJ, ) M > R satisfies

R(g.q)R(h.gYq)=R{gh q)

and R(g,q) = 1 if g acts as an isometry of M with its

standard curved metric.

The second, "flat", parallelization associates to

a function Yo : M ——> R, but trivializes the weight one

scalar bundle only over My C M. It is related to the

curved parallelization by pv (q) = Vala). If g € SU(2,2)

we have

(U(g)¥)g(a) = Ry(g.q)v¥,(e a)

where Ry(2.q) is defined and smooth for (g.,q) € SU(2,2)

such that Pp is nonzero at 21g. R,(g.q) = 1 when

ry acts as an isometry of Ms with its standard flat

metric

Explicit formulas for dU acting on smooth sections

J, in terms of y and Vv,» are given in [7] and will be

used occasionally in what follows.

 41

Ms is an open subset of M with topological boundary

consisting of the union of two sets,

mT)
al

rt {p =m * a! 0 a

and

C {p = TU NY) ) .

these are precisely where p vanishes. C_ is called the

"light cone at past infinity" since Xg — -o for any

sequence of points in Ms converging to a point in C_

other than the two points in C, NC_. A similar statement

holds for C,. the "light cone at future infinity". Due

to the symmetry of the situation under the transformation

t ——— -t, we will only study C_.

The subgroup of SU(2,2) which preserves My is

called the scale-extended Poincaré group. This is an 11-

dimensional connected Lie subgroup of SU(2,2) with gener-

ators Li 5° 0 <1i< jg 4, T,. 0 <i € 4, and the

infinitesimal generator of scale transformations, L_4 4

The scale-extended Poincaré group preserves C, and C_,

hence it preserves

C=C -(C, Nc)

r=
1 MM In — TT & 1. -
0}
 42

Note that C is a null submanifold of M with its

standard curved metric, and as a manifold C is R x s2.

We now describe coordinates on C and a parallelization of

the weight one scalar bundle over C which make the action

of the scale-extended Poincaré group look simple.

We define functions (s,w) on C taking values in

R x s2, and in fact implementing a diffeomorphism between

C and R x s2, as follows. We let s = -2 cot p, which

goes from -® to +® as p goes from O to ww. And we

let ww € s2 be the point determined by the angles (6,¢):

sometimes we will identify ww with (6,¢) and sometimes

we will identify it withe the corresponding unit vector in

RS. The basic advantage of working with s is that the

. 1 . 2

vector field T, = 5 sin” p (8,+3,) on C equals a.

Moreover we parallelize the weight one scalar bundle

ver C by means yy

b ~A s,w) = sin p v(s,0)

xe)

[f g € SU(2.2) Jreserves C we have

(U(g)¥)p(a) = R.(g.a)¥(2 'q)

for all g € C. The parallelization Yo has the advantage

that for g in the subgroup of SU(2,2) generated by T

 43

(0 <i ¢ 3) and L, ; (1 <i <j <3), R.(g.q) = 1 for

all q € C. Since

: -1

R+(2.9)Ry(h.g "q) = R,(gh.q)

for q € C, g, h preserving C, to prove that R.(g.q) =

for g in the above subgroup it suffices to show that

rr aA
~

{ .q) | a=G

for Lie algebra elements X generating the subgroup. The

elements Ty: Ts, Lio: and Ly 3» for example, generate

the subgroup. If X is the vector field corresponding to

the Lie algebra element xX

(£)¥) (a) =

X Jr q) + J R.(e*X .q) le=o¥c (a)

Thus it is enough LO show tnat

/
\ ad (X)¥) a =
= Xy Q

We now do this by an
for X = Tos T,. Lio; and Lo g-
explicit calculation.
 44

We have on C

~ 1, . 2 .
rduJ T AWW) = -5(sin” p (8,+3,) + sin p cos p)y

by - cy
03

7) (dU(Ty)¥)e = sin p (dU(TQ)¥)

s(sin” p (8,+d,.) + sin? p cos py

/
S11}
Pp (8.,+9 )(sin p ly

Jr | i
|
a J “N

Similarly

"da CTV)

(sin? p cos 6 (8 _+3,) + sin p cos p cos 0)

6
COS
(dU(T,)¥)

TD
 45

3) (dU(T5)¥)q = cos 6 (dU(Ty)¥) gq

VN T va

4
1 SO

(dU(L; 5)¥) = av

SO

2) (dU(L; 5)¥)q = sin p 3,¥

VY ~
A =~ Ly o¥¢

and similarly

3) LI) = =
(sin ¢ Iq + cot 6 cos ¢ Fy )¥

(9) (du(L, ..° ¥)A oD i 11

Jd, vv cot 9 COs 3

Lo } Ya

Note however that for the "boost" Ly 3 we have, on

 46

(dU(Ly )¥) =

. . 2 Sy

& ] [o; COS Pp COS 0 a - sin 6 dq + sin” p cos 6)y

5 0

(dU(Lg 3)¥)¢ =

J sin J
(sin p cos p cos
dq

( —
* 22 p - cos p)cos 6)¥q =

I 2
- Lo.3¥¢ + (sin p - cos” p)cos 6 LI

Thus it is not true that all g € SU(2,2) acting as isome-

tries of M, with its standard flat metric have R~(g.q) =

1 for all qa € C.
 47

5. The Wave Equation on M

The conformally invariant wave equation on the weight

one scalar bundle over M is dealt with in [7]. In this

chapter we review some of this material and consider the

Goursat problem in which one is given initial data for this

equation on CC, which is a characteristic surface. This

clarifies some aspects of the approach to scattering theory

in M described in [15], in which the scattering trans-

formation is described as a function from Goursat data on

C_ to Goursat data on C,.

In terms of the curved parallelization the wave equa-

g ; 2 .

tion is (Oo +1)v = 0, where ao, = ay - L_ is the

D’Alembertian on M with its standard curved metric, and

by is the (negative definite) Laplacian on s3 with its

usual metric. In terms of the flat parallelization the

wave equation is, on My» Dev = 0, where Oe is the

D’Alembertian on My with its standard flat metric. Thus

the wave equation on M extends the wave equation on M,

in a natural way. Moreover, given any pair (f,.f5) €

© 3 © 3
C (ST) © C (S7) there is a unique smooth solution yy of

the wave equation on M with (v.98. ¥) | =o = (f, £5) ; thus

© 3 © 3
we can identify C (S7) #6 C (S°) with the space # of

smooth solutions of the wave equation on M. (An explicit

basis for # is given in [T7].)

 4

The operator B = (-L +1)? is a self-adjoint

operator on all the Sobolev spaces Hs) , with spectrum

consisting only of positive integer eigenvalues. For all

a € R BY has c”(s3) as an invariant domain. Identify-

ing # with c”(s3) ® c®(s3) as above, # has a complex

structure J given bv

r -1
5 A 1
fo) = (-B”'f,.Bf)

and a complex inner product { ] compatible with J

given bv

-1 i
(f gg) = | . (f Bg +f,B 25) + i(f,8, fo)

where ff and g lie in cs) ® cs). Thus # be-

comes a complex pre-Hilbert space; we call its Hilbert

space completion #. Elements of # are distribution

solutions of the wave equation on M.

The action U of SU(2,2) on smooth sections of the

weight one scalar bundle over M preserves # and, ex-

tending by continuity, gives rise to a strongly continuous

unitary representation of SU(2.2) on #. which we also

call U.

By means of the usual method of fundamental solutions

we can describe the identification of #¥ and c®(s>) ®

c®(s>) more explicitly. Define the distributions S.

 40

on M by

[ =
Ta (8(t-p)+8(t+p))
~
5 IJ

We have

($5.85) | ¢=0 = (6.0)

(T . a ng ) | ¢=0 = (0.6)

where & denotes the Dirac delta at p = O in s3. Also

we have

(O0_+1)S = (o_+1)T = 0.

Thus for anv J € i wo TT

| 1°J $e,*)= W(0.*)%S(t,+) + 8 $(0,)%T(t,").

convolutions taken over s3 = SU(2). Using this we prove a

version of Huveghen’s principle:

Proposition 5.1 - If y € ¥# and th € si is not an

integral multiple of mw,

 50

v(t = ty: p = 0)

iamw J t=0,p=|t, | [cos ' S nN

N gd, + sin p dV do

where dw = sin 9 do aod

Proof Assume th € (0,7); the other case is simi-

lar Then

eA
eat, 4m sin p &{ s(t.-
0 P)

T| t=t," 47 sin p 5 (top)

so by 11)

p(t = th p = 0)

= | (6'(ty-p)¥ + 8(ty-p)¥)sin p dp do

i [ (6 (tg-p) (sin p J) + 6(ta-p) (sin p 3,¥))dp do

— [ (6(ty-p)(cos op J) + sin 1 I + sinpd.v))dp do

iw
dm t=0,p=|t, |
[cos t + S1n Ch gd. + sin p a _)v dw.
 51

From Proposition 5.1 and invariance considerations

alone we can derive explicit maps between Cauchy data

(v.83,¥) | e=0 and Goursat data Ya for Vv € #. The follow-

ing fact will be useful:

’roposition 5.2 - The intersection of M, and the

light cone through (s,0) € C is the hyperplane

1 2
LX * (J fa gS o *

~)
where x = (x1.%5.%35)

Proof - We will prove this for s > 0; the other

case follows by Ty-invariance. Let gq = (s,w) € C, and

let C' be the light cone through q. If t 1s the

"causal inversion" [7] on M given by (t,u) }I—

(-t,-u), t(C') is the light cone through ((q). The

point q has p = 1 - cot 1s/2, t = —cot lss2, so ((q)

has p = t = cot ls/2 and angular coordinates -w. Thus

(aq) € M, when s > O, in which case t{(q) has

-
Ky = |%| = 2 sin p(cos t + COS 0)
tan po

tan(cot 1s/2)
Js
 59

Thus the light cone through ({(q) is given in M, by

’
2/5) = (X+20/s

The causal inversion of this is just ((¢(C)) = C. Causal

inversion as a partial function on M, is given by

— > 4x/x2. so CNM, is

(4x,/x%-2/5)° = (4%/x2+20/5)%) =

-t
Ud > () -_— S Nd
3

Using this we show how to determine Goursat data from

Cauchy data and vice versa. It turns out to be convenient

to express the Cauchy data in terms of the flat-parallel-

ized form (Yo: To¥o) |x =0" If y € #¥ this flat-parallel-

ized Cauchy data is obtained from the data (¥,d v) | ¢=0

simply by using

Yq py

Conversely, for y € # this relationship determines

(v.9,..¥) | ¢=0 at all points except p = 7

 53

(Yo: To¥0) | a and (v.08. ¥) at t = 0, p =m can be

0=
obtained as the limit as p —— w. Thus if Vy € #, Y is

determined by (¥o:To¥o) |x =o We have the following rela-

:ionship between Cauchy and Goursat data:

Theorem 5 1 Let J [= iW Then we have

1 -
12) 17
Ne
{ Ss , 0) = -— i J (Ty+D J ¥y(0.x)dm
Xe@=S

. . . . . . 3 I

where D is the derivation in the direction ww in R

-
and dm is Lebesgue measure on the plane xX * © = ul

On the other hand we have

2 1 ~
13) b5(0.x) = 5 | 5 To¥g(xc0,0)do
Q

«lL

> 1 2 =
14° Tov (0.x) = 5 | , Tog(x0, 0)de

Proof - First we prove 12). Since To¥o = pay

when Xn = 0, the right-hand side of 12) equals

L 2, 7 ~
15) — [ (p%0,4+D, (p¥))dn.
 54

Since

_ 6p
DP ~ Jr Dr

=
where r = 1%]. and when 0. KW =
Xn Ss,

’
og|
x |
rw/T = s/T

and

_ 3

dp = 6 ,p(d r)

! 0
ny
5( l1+cos p)) (3 p 2sinp,y-l
l+cos >)

,P sin p

we have

Up = = 2p sin p * s/r = - 1.2

5SP

. -1
since r sin p = D. Thus 15) equals

1 1. 2% 7 25
16) I | (5sp”y - pD¥- p~ 3d v)dm.
 55

By Proposition 5.2 the plane {x°*w = s, Xq = 0} is

the intersection of the light cone through (s,w) € C and

{xq = 0} C Mg- The union of this plane and the point

{t = 0, p = 7} is a 2-sphere S. The vector n = pti

is the outward normal to S of unit length in the standard

curved metric (except at {t = O, p = 7}), and the measure

on S induced from the curved metric is pod = du, so

16) equals

1 1 ~
p= J. (3s¢ + (D_-3 )v)du.

Taking tog = ~ cot”! s/2 (the value of t at (s,w) € C),

we have 3s = —- cot tg, so the integral equals

— | (cos t, Vv + sin t, (8,-D _)¥)du.

4 sin tH Q 0

By Proposition 5.1 this is just

wi

3 L .
V(is,0) = ¥,(s,0).

(The measure du must be divided by sin2 to so that S

has the area of a unit sphere as in Proposition 5.1.) Thus

12) holds.
To prove 13), we show it holds for X = 0 and use the

fact that the right-hand side is covariant for the group

 56

generated by Ts, Lio: and Ly 3» a group which acts

transitively on {x4 = 0}. In infinitesimal form, this

fact says that

|
7 J, To¥e (X+w ,w)d Ww =

| To (dU(X)¥)o(X-0,0)do

for X = T,, Li os Ly gs it is easily seen using 8)

0).
For N 0 we need to show

1
I 7
OC
0) =
Sr | ” TV(0, 0)do.

We have

1 1 . °

5 | . Tove (0,0)do = = | , (8,+8, ) (sin pv)do| oo

Q 2

1
since T, = 5(8 +3.) at {s 0} {p = w/2} C C Fur-

thermore

1 . ~

iT | (8,+3.) (sin p v)do| 9

| (cos p + sin D (4
+ sin p J. Iv do| _./9 =
 57

¥(p = t = 0) = y,(0)

by Proposition 5.1, as desired.

lo prove 14) note that if y is an element of #

then so is dU(T,)v. so 14) follows from 13). DO

{t is worthwhile to compare this result with Lax and

Phillip’'s Theorems IV 2.2,4 [5], where closely related re-

sults are proved using the Radon transform. Their "trans-

lation representation” k(s,w) of solutions of the wave

equation equals Tove(s.0). This facilitates a correlation

of their approach to scattering theory with that proposed

in [15].

We conclude this chapter by calculating the above des-

cribed complex structure and inner product on # in terms

of Goursat data on C

"he ou i =m Sy / If vy. & € ¥. we have

1 ® vols’. 0)
(JV) (5,0) = _- P.V. | —e—o—ds’

“Nc

(v.E) = A(y,JE) + iA(vy.E)

 58

wher 2

AGV.E) = J (gd Eq -Eg vg)ds - ds dow.

Proof - First we show that A(y,f) is the imaginary

part of (y,£); this calculation is due to Segal.

A simple change of variables shows [7] that if

b €

n(v.£) = | _ (hgTofg = £qTovg)d%

X =

and by the SU(2 .2)—-invariance of the inner product we have

3-3
Im J w

XATT

for all T € RR. The idea of the calculation is to let

—— —-© and extract an expression for Im(y,E) that

only depends on Yao €o- We first replace Yo and £5 by

py and pf, respectively, to obtain

AJ) [m{¥,3) = | (VTE - ET ¥)pd°%

since the terms involving derivatives of p cancel.

39
Next we express d xX in terms of dp and

dow = sin 6 d6 do. thinking of p, 8B, ¢ as coordinates for

 59

= 3-
the surface {x4 = 1}. We note that if |x| =r, d°x can

be written in terms of the Jacobians

a ay J(X:r,0,9)J(r.0.¢:p.0.6)dp dO d¢

ic
Te lar d P dw

or eo
T'o calculate
ryP—
>
{1 LJ Le foe

rr 2, 2, 2,
Stul)p
-2
C= p
-2
sin”
2
p

A gt
oC r ™ sin 0D and 1f ww =
Br |r
gr _ ~ 0S DOD TT {uu 2 wll yp L
3p | x= =?
x

Ad
e008 D sin p(sin o w sin t)
J

To calculate w, note that

) sin t{cos t + cos 0) 1

UU)

so differentiating with respect to p on the surface

{Xq = T} we pnt
 60

O = 2w cos t{(cos t + cos py 1

.A
CLW Sin L sin p)(cos t + cos p) 2

S50

w - sin t sin p(l1 + cos t cos p) 1

Thus some algebra yields

2 .

or =p * cos + 1-2 sin sin _ sin t sin p

dp |x y= =P p 5D p p 1 + cos t cos p

2! 1 i COS L “0S oI

Hence we have

32
i bid = op” 2 sin p(1 + cos t cos 0) Lap do.

Now. sub stituting cnnls 1 ND 17) and as ing

Th 5((1 + cos Pp COS t)d, = sin p sin t a _)

we obtain
 51]

Im(¥.E) =

_ sin p sin t = , 2
1 + COS p COS t 4,8) (y¥ + €)]sin P dp dw
Jy = [¥(3 E

where (yy © ££) denotes the preceding term with Vi and :

Ny

switched. Now as T > -—00 we have

sin p sin t
_— a -1
1 + cos p cos t

in Ll on {x, = 7} with respect to the measure

sinZp dp dw. Since a _§ is bounded, this implies

lim |X=T [¥(8,+8_)E

. 4
Lm ¥ ¢) (y -— L

A 1sin“p dp do.
TS—0

Thinking of D as 4 coordinate on CC, we have on C

1 A 5

J PJ cot py ds

5 sin’p ds

so for any continuous function on M

lim |XA=T
T->—0
f dp do = :
C
f sinZp ds do.
 59

Tius

[m(y,§) = : J [¥(3,+3,)E - (yy o £)]sin?p dp do

1 2
and using J. sin po vb, 8_ = 5 sin p(é,'8.). we obtain

lm
(v8) = | (4OEq ——- Eg.
Jd v.,)ds dow

as desired.

Now we prove that the complex structure J is as

stated. For this we use some results of [7] and Section

14.3 of [9]. The complexification C# has a complex

structure given by the usual multiplication by i, and an

SU(2,2)-invariant sesquilinear form <+.°*> given by

.—1
| Gof -Fen
rr 4

\ \gr CN 2 = 1

C¥ is the direct sum of two SU(2,2)-invariant subspaces,

W, and # _, the positive- and negative-frequency solu-

tions of the complex wave equation. #_ and #¥ are pre-

Hilbert spaces with inner product <-, — > respec-

tively. The map J : | — > ## extends to

4 W © # — - bh W

(V,.¥v_) b> (-iy,.iy_).

 63

Now idU(T,) is positive definite on #_ and negative

definite on # _, with respect to their respective inner

products. So given Vv € # and thinking of it as an ele-

ment of W, ® ¥, we have a decomposition

Pp
(0. my (14U(TIV€ #,

D
fw or (1dU(T))y € Ww

In terms of Goursat data it follows that since

r .—1
l
Lo
1
H0(THI¥) = 119 vg

we have

(X(0, =) = X(-w,0))%¥g)

Here % is the Fourier transform in Ss, which is well-

defined in the distributional sense for Ve since

bals,w) = sin p ¥(s, 0)

3 74) 1240s,0)
 64

implies that Vols, 0) is C° and decays as |s |”! for

large |s |.
In other words (IV) gq is just the Hilbert transform

of Ya in the ss variable; since Ya has the above

smoothness and decay properties the usual formula holds:

© Py (s', 0)
J V) (sw) = = D.V.
| MCh
— OD S—S

Note that this theorem implies that the "Minkowski

energy norm” (wv. J tau(r,)v) of Yy € # is equal to

| ~
(8 ¥a(s.0))" ds do.

This again correlates well with results in [5].

 65

6. The Free Scalar Quantum Field on M

Using our results on quantum fields as quasioperators

and on the wave equation on M, we now describe the free

scalar quantum field on M. In Chapter 5 we described a

complex Hilbert space #, the completion of the space #

of smooth solutions of the wave equation on M with res-

pect to an SU(2,2)-invariant inner product. SU(2,2) has

a strongly continuous unitary representation U on #.

The vector field L_1.0 on M is just J, so in terms

of the identification of # with c®(s3) ® c®(s) given

by vv Pb—— (v, 3 .¥) | £=0" the wave equation implies

WI(L_; of = "0
B
2 ll fq
oJ £, .

Tr f € Thus letting

al J
L
dU(L_,4)= ¢-B 0gp! II‘ _1)0]
(B ©
lO ’
we see that A is an operator essentially self-adjoint on

¥ with only positive integers in its spectrum. Thus the

 66

theory developed in Chapter 3 applies: we have a Fock-Cook

space HA with # as its single-particle space, a

Hamiltonian H = dI'(A) on ¥, and quasioperators a(n).

a(n)”, and ¢(p) for pu € D(A)” to which all the

theorems of that chapter apply.

Using the formula for A above, and the fact that

BZ = -L +1 we see that D(A) = #. Moreover since

(3 tap) = 3 .¥ for Vy € # we see that as Frechét spaces

DY(A) equals # with the topology induced on # from its

inclusion in the Frechét space of smooth sections of the

weight one scalar bundle.

Given pu € > we can identify it with an element

(1y-n5) € c”(s3)* ® c®(s3y*. and using the duality des-

cribed in Chapter 3 we sze

-tL
- fe Ou) = auL_;

A
1

-tL
so mp = U(e ~1.0y, can be identified with a distribu-

tional solution of the wave equation a%n, = (-L_+1)p, on

M with (1y.15) as its Cauchy data at t = O. If un €

»*
¥ , a simple limit argument using g, — u in some

D(A) with g. € #¥ shows that

- -1
18) di 1) = un, (Bf) + Mo (B f,) +
 67

(pr (£5) = Ho(f))

for all ff € #. Thus we have a simple formula for the

pairing of > and # in terms of Cauchy data, regarding

>
elements of # as smooth solutions and elements of # as

distributional solutions of the wave equation in curved-

parallelized form. Conversely, given any distributional

solution pu of this equation, we can interpret it as an

i 3 ] )
element of # by means of 18). Thus # can be identi-

fied with the space of distributional solutions pu of

(Oo +1)p = O on M. Moreover, 18) allows us to conclude

that the weak topology on Ww = D(A) coincides with the

topology induced on yw from its inclusion in cm).

Making the identification M = sl x SU(2), the group

sl x SU(2) acts by left multiplication on M as isomet-

ries with respect to the standard curved metric. One thus

obtains an inclusion s! x SU(2) C SU(2,2) with Ly 0o as

the generator of the sl factor (see Lemma 2.1.1, [7] for

more details). We call the strongly continuous representa-

tion ToU of SU(2,2) on A simply TI for short; this

restricts to a representation [I of sl x SU(2) on HA

with H the self-adjoint generator of the gl-antion.

Since D(A) = #, the representation U of sl x SU(2)

on ¥ is A-dominated, hence for all X in the Lie

algebra of gt SU(2), for some <c., n S 0

 68

c(A+1)" > i dU(X).

This implies

c(H+1)™ = c(dr(a)+1)"

a
(A+1)™)

~
Lo
]

so the representation I of s! x SU(2) on A is H-

dominated. Thus we are in precisely the situation des-

cribed in Chapter 2, with G = SU(2).

Ne immediately obtain:

Theorem t, For any nn. P > 0 the function

P oe
x 1) IH) ky
l H)

(11 1] i il
Vv) tly T
Pd (1,) (u.v)

is continuous. Thus if we choose any Mo cw 1 <1 Q 2b

0 O(py)ee2(r,) : is a quasioperator.

Let H™ (M) be the nth Sobolev space of M with

respect to the measure associated with its standard curved

metric, which is proportional to Haar measure on

 69

gl x SU(2). Let Y = ite on HY (M). For some C,

a > 0, if (|Y]|+1)*"T € H®(M) for ~ > O then Q(T)

corresponds to a continuous linear operator from D” (H) to

U with

a+
1 Dull < cnly[+1)™" "tn un

Thus if ( lY |+1)%T € HY (M) for some mn, all a > 0, then

Q(T) corresponds to a continuous operator from D(H) to

itself. In particular, if ff € c®(slxsu(2)) then

f(g)l(g) 1
"Ql(g )dg
3 29)

Lee
is a continuous og rator from D {H) to itself.

7).
ok
i
I’ al {5 1 & A 0) vilary ot Theorems 2.1 and 3.2.

aJ

This establishes the basic regularity properties of

Wick-ordered powers of the free scalar quantum field on M

(Compare [4], [13].) Usually, however, physicists wish to

work not with ¢(p) for any pnp € w> whatsoever, but with

the "quantum field at a point" of M. We now describe

these .

We can define three versions of the "quantum field at

A point" corresponding to our three parallelizations of the

 70

weight one scalar bundle: flat, curved, and Goursat, that

is, Yo: v, and Yo for yy € ¥#.

If q € M we have an element 6(q) € Ww uniquely

determined by Re(6(q)(¥)) = ¥v(q) for all y € #; complex

linearity implies

5 ( 1) (¥) = ¥(a) - i(J¥)~(a)

Similarly we have aN clement A ‘q) € #° with

A Ir Jd) (¥) = voila) = i(J¥),(a)

and if q € C ‘Ne NaVe + 31) c ww” wi +

5. 1 ] vv) = Ve 7 q) = i(Jv).~(a)

Now we define

3(q) = #(5(a)).

b,(q) = ¢(6,7a)) :

and if q € CC,

b.(q) = ¢(5.(a))-
 71

6(q). o5(a), and ¢.(a) are called the "curved-

parallelized"”, "flat-parallelized”, and "Goursat" free

scalar quantum field at q, respectively. Note that

EEN {) = pP(q)

and

b.(a) = sin p &(a).

We know that if X € su(2,2) and X is the

corresponding vector field on M, for all yy € #, q € M

Xb (q) = (dy (X)y)™~(q)

3
0%.q) la=o ¥(a)

and

X¥o(a) = -(dU(X)¥),(a) +

3
oY R(X ,q) leo ¥ola)

[f furthermore q € C and xX is tangential CO C

[IA9 q) = -(au(X)¥) (qa) +

+

3
’Y (eX .q) le=0 ¥o(a)
 72

We now show that the free scalar quantum field inherits

these properties:

Proposition 6.1 - Let X € su(2,2) and let X be

the corresponding vector field on M. Suppose u, Vv

D(H) ; then

$(q) (u,v) = -&(dU(X)5(q)) (u,v)

Q
ea) | oo ®(a)(u.v)

and

Xo, (a) (u,v) = -8(dU(X)6,(a))(u.v) +

XA
"a
a) | yoo Pola) (u,v).

[If moreover gq € C and X is tancential I £., C

{G A
q) (u,v) = -®(dU(X)6.(q)) (u,v) od

3, Ra(e™.a)[4Pala)(u,v).
Proof - We prove the first equation; the others are

analogous. We have by the duality described in Chapter 3

 73

Re(U(e™®)5(q))(¥) = Re 5(q)(U(e “®)y)

7 a
Xv 13~(q)

alea)ele™q)
v ~ aX

Ne

{ao aX Re 5(e%%q) (¥)

so by complex linearity

( ) 5(q) = Re %X,q)5(eq).

hus

p(U(e**)5(q) = R(e **,q)0(e™q).

Next we apply both sides to a pair wu, v € D”(H) and

differentiate with respect to a at a = 0. We can do

this since the left-hand side is smooth in «a, for by

Theorem 3.2 8 8(U(e*)56(a)) (u,v) lez exists since

ir.- aL (u(e®®)-1)5(q) = dU(X)5(q)

*
in some D(A), as SU(2,2) acts smoothly on # So
 74

differentiating at a = 0, we obtain

Lf
1 XJ 5(q))(u.v)

» ¢
r
-
o
,a)8(e™a) (1.1 0.
i 5r..—aX
Since Re ,q) is smooth and non7=z=ro for ama11 [04

b + «GyLJ A 1d (q) ) (u Vv) s

XP(q){u,v)

as desired. 0

This proposition implies that derivatives of the form

X®(q), Xe4(q), and X¢.(q) make sense (with appropriate

restrictions on X, q in the case of Xo.(a)) as

quasioperators. Higher derivatives of the quantum fields

can be treated similarly. We now are in a position to show

that a version of Theorem 5.1 holds for the free scalar

quantum field:

Theorem 6.2 - As quasioperators

D J(s.0) =
= ia
—3 Ty +
(To J) ©,T,)8,(0.%) d dm
©;T;)25(0.x)
ee lri—Q i=1
 5

-2>
where dm is Lebesgue measure on the plane {x+*w = s}.

a ~-1

, = 1 b

Py 0,x) = 5 | TyPo(x 0,0) dw

3 1 2 3
[724(0.x) = 5= | To2c(x w,w) do.

Proof - All these follow directly from Theorem 5.1

and Proposition 6.1; we will only do the first to show how.

aT,
Since Ry(e ,q) = 1 for O0 < i

Proposition 6.1 implies

[ 1) = -9,(dU(T,)6,(a))

Now 12) can be viewed as asserting the equality of two

»
elements in # : on the left-hand side

—lp J
~(s,0)

is just the real part of bn(s.0), and on the right-hand

Ss J “
N

n
¢ p -<

3
i — -d
= |[ T #
(To ) T 0.%)
©;Ti)¥(0.x) d dm
» i=1
Xx *()=S
 16

is the real part of

1
ar dU(T
(Ty + ) ©;T;)65(0.x)
T.)5.(0.%)ddm,
> i=1
XeWw=S

where the integral is an absolutely convergent Riemann

0 P n, *
integral in some D(A") . Thus

3
EY

D.¢ sS,w) = (17 | dU(

) T,
0 +
) ©;T.)8,(0,x) dm)
i=1

3
->
7 | (T, + ) ©,T,)9,(0,%) dm:
> i=1
Xxe=S$s

the last step using Theorem 3.2. 1

Lastly, we compute the commutator of free scalar

Fields in terms of Goursat data.

‘Heo rem 6.3 If $. € €c WwW ve have

[o(y) . ®(F)]

| 6'(s-s')6 (w')¥s(s.0)Eq(s’ ,w')ds dw ds' do’

~ v1
3
 17

Proof - By Theorem 5.2 we have

I u 3 < ) 1] = 1
Im{y,§&)

"

(V0.8 — £40 s¥o ds dw

(73

6(s-s")d (0 })(¥(s.w)d_.E(s’ , 0")

E(s LW )3 ¥(s,w)) ds dow ds dw

6(s-s"')6 (w')¥(s.w)E(s" ,w') ds dw ds' dw

1

In the quasi-mathematical slang of physicists this

-heorem would be written

L a
t
(s,0).9.(s',0")] = i6'(s-s')6 (uw

In fact, such expressions occur in attempts to do quantum

field theory with data on forward light cones

I
&
0 a
y X Vv) Yor € M,

and null planes

=
y
LX ! X*0 = Ss -— Xn) Cc M,-
 T8

T'he idea of using these characteristic surfaces in quantum

field theory originated with Dirac [2], and the use of null

planes under the name of "the infinite-momentum frame" has

been fairly extensively pursued [1]. A problem with these

surfaces is that Goursat data on them does not uniquely

determine a solution of the wave equation throughout My-

This problem is overcome by the use of C C M. We could,

of course, have used gC CM for any g € SU(2.,2). Now

let q = {p = 0, t = -vr} be the "tip" of C. If gq € My.

gC N LA will be a forward light cone in My and if gq €

C, by Proposition 5.2 gC nN M, will be a null plane in

My - Thus the forward light cone and infinite-momentum

frame quantization schemes are seen to be essentially the

same in M, both being special cases of using Goursat data

on some gC C v
 790

f. Self-adjointness of Squares of the

Free Scalar Quantum Field

Little is known about the seli-adjointness of

operators of the form

£(q) : ®(a)® dq
| Wr

where f is real and sufficiently smooth, as in Theorem

6.1. If p = 1 these are easily seen to be essentially

self-adjoint on D(H). Also it has rather recently been

shown that if ff = 1 they are essentially self-adjoint on

D”(H) for any positive integer p. We now show that if

p =2 and if ff is a smooth function of t alone, we

again have essential self-adjointness on D(H). Presum-—

ably the restriction that f be a function of t alone is

only a technical convenience.

The proof relies on a special property of homogeneous

quadratic expressions in quantum fields, one already put to

fruitful use in [3] and [14]. In the case at hand, where

[£4]
aS RR ie and

0
J f(t) : o(t.u)> : dt du

is a continuous operator from D(H) to itself by Theorem

 80

6.1, this property is that for all g € #

|
tay] = 1 Q Tx)

where T is an infinitesimal symplectic transformation of

# with respect to the symplectic form Im(-,-).

We see this by explicit calculation. First, note that

1S quasioperators

" | fC) 6(5(t,u))2 : dt du

Next, note that the commutator [: &(1)2 1, ¢(g)] makes

sense as a quasioperator for any pu € w>, g € #. This is

true because ¢(g) : D"(H) —_— D"(H) is continuous and

symmetric, so that Proposition 1.1 and the remark following

it hold.

Now for some n nL € D(A), and we can find h. —

i

with h, — pin D(A), so by Theorem 6.1

&(h,12 : (u,v) — : on) : (u,v) for all wu. v c

in

D7(HY, SO

| . S(n)2:.o(g)1(u.v) lim
lea
(u.[:¢(h,)%:.0(2) Iv)

lim 2i Im(h,,,g)(u.®(h,)v)
lc = 00

21 Im(u(g))e(p) (u,v).
 Q1

r-~nis

[:o(n)2:,0(g)] = 20 Im(n(e))o(n)

and in parti Sud] 1

CL )
\ 57] = J. F(t)[:0(3((t.u))2.¢(g)]dtdu

21 | f(t)Im (6(¢t, u )(g))P(6(t,u))dt

d du

)
o() F(t)Im(5(t,u)(g))d(t,u)dt du)

where we pass the commutator and ¢ through the integral

using Theorem 6.1 and Riemann integration.

Now let us express this in terms of Cauchy data for

[0] 3 0 3
= c 4 (g,.8,) € C (S7) & C (S7). By 18)

5(0.u) = (B™'s _,0) e c”(s?)* @ c”(s%)”

where 6 is the Dirac delta at u ¢ ]° Thus

 82

5(t.u) = eI (0,u)

aXD
B 0 0} J

.
p~1 cos tB §
u

| sin tB 6 J
u

ny.
us

19) J F(t) Im (6(t,u)(g))6(t,u) dt du =

|, F(t) (BB? cos tB ol y sin C B 2, )(u)

Hd cos tB o | sin tBR S dat A «3

and since for bounded measurable F : (O ,o) - — I

"

J
{uw)Fy)5” du = F(B)h
| € c®(s3)”

where h € c®(s3y, 19) equals

J, F(t) p~2 ange tB 8g ~ pL sin tB cos tB “

p~1 sin tB cos tB go — sin tB £4
dt

TT
 83

20) [Q.¢(g)] = 1 ¢(Tg)

where T : # 3 B I

21)
B 2 cos tB
T 9 [ ~1 f(t) * _sin2
sin tB tBcos tB 1 sin tB cos ¢B |
dt

Now T is an infinitesimal symplectic on # if for

-

2 I -— Ww

(m(g, Th) + Im(Tg.,h) = O,

or equivalently if the above ma. = TY es of T satisfy

J)
(g{T,;h) + (T RAS rYh)du 0

for all g, h € c®(s3y. By inspection this is so, which

will enable us to prove:

0
—

Theorem 7.1 IT § -———S R isCC

>
3

0
[£(x) S(t.a)2 : dt du

w
is essentially self-adjoint on D (H)
 Q4

Proof - By Theorem 6.1 Q is an operator with domain

[00] [e0]
D (H), and in fact Q is continuous from D (H) to

itself. Q is easily seen to be symmetric.

The map R given by

LE > |= ple i812

is a unitary isomorphism from # (in Cauchy data form) to

L2(s>). Furthermore, R# = cp (sy. Now if g,

c®(s3), 21) implies

1 .
29) RTR (g,+ig,) =

A
| f(t)B '[(sin tB cos tB(igy-24)) 4

. . &
~n LB gH — 1 s1n
tB ¢o. | d l

We see T : # —— # is not complex-linear, but is

real-linear. Because the spectrum of B consists of

positive integers, T extends to a bounded real-linear

operator from # to #, which we also call T. This

is an infinitesimal symplectic on #, hence it generates a

. . tT ]

uniformly continuous group e of bounded symplectic

transformations of +f

Now we use a lemma.

 S5

Lemma 7.1 - Suppose T is a bounded real-linear

»
infinitesimal symplectic on # and T + T is Hilbert-
»
Schmidt, where the adjoint T is taken with respect to

the real inner product Re(+,*). Then there is a strongly

- . iQ't .
continuous unitary group e on X with

T
Cole) elQ FZ gre “ed

for all g € #. Moreover, the self-adjoint generator Q

is essentially self-adjoint on D,. the algebraic span of

vectors

b(g,) "P(g )0 € 4

where 24 €# and OQ is the vacuum vector in HA, that

is, the unique zero eigenvector of J

P{ ~f This 1 Prorosition 2 of [3]. a

Ne calculate from J1 ]

R(T+T)Rlg=2 | £(t)B Y(-sin 2tB + i cos 2tB)g dt

1

J ( £(t)B la21tBy dt
 86

for g € L2(s%). Since ff is smooth

r(t)B 1a21tB dt = -1=

J )
k>1
k f_, PB,

and since Fo is rapidly decreasing and tr PB is

bounded by a polynomial in k, this operator is Hilbert-

Schmidt on L2(s>). Thus T + T. is Hilbert-Schmidt on

#. The conclusions of Lemma 7.1 follow. Note that if Q°

satisfies the conclusions of Lemma 7.1 so does Q' + cI

for any c¢ € R. We will suppose

a at (2) = (2,00)

Next we will show that QD, = Q' ID, - Assume this for
the moment. Since Q : D”(H) —— AX is continuous and D,

is dense in D"(H) it follows that the closure of Q|D,

contains 0. SO

D = (Q' Dy) = (Q|py) 2 Q

and

Q' 2 Q2 (Q[p,) = aq
 SY

Thus the closure of Q is Q', so Q is an essentially

self-adjoint operator as desired.

Now we show QD, = Q' ID, - First we nat-

Lemma 7.2 - If vv € Dy and g € ¥#. Vv is in the

domain of [Q',®(g)] and [Q'¥(g)]v = id, Tg)v.

Ve prove this lemma below. By this lemma and 20),

when wu, v € D, and g € # we have

23) (u,[Q-Q',¥(g)]v) = O.

Next we note:

Lemma 7.3 - Let F be a sesquilinear form on D,

[f for all g € #, wu. v c y B

-

_—
I T
S)d,Vv) = F(u,d(g)v)

then for some c € om F{ua,v) ciu v) for all u, Vv

Proof — This is contained in the end of the proof of

Theorem 3.2, [12]. nn

[f =
FF be the sesquilinear form on D, given by
 88

F(u,v) = (u,(Q-Q')v).

By 23) and Lemma 7.3 we see F(u,v) = c(u,v) for some C

independent of wu, v, and we chose Q' such that

.:l
F
[ (0

so c = 0. Thus F = 0, and since Dy is dense in A we

have (Q-Q')v = 0 for all vv € D, as was to be shown. O

Proof of Lemma 7.2 - Suppose vv € Dy. g € #. Then

P(g)v € D, C D(Q') so Vv is in the domain of Q'®¥(g).

Thus we only need to show that Q'v is in the domain of

d(g) and that

i 5
— 1Q'v = (Q'P(g) - i ¢(Tg))v.

A.

Since ¢(g) = o(g) Y 1 i snhough to sliow that for all

u € D(o(g)).

4 (2(g)u.Q'v) = (u,(Q'®(g) - i®(Tg))vVv).

Since D, is dense in D(®(g)) with its graph norm

topology, it suffices to prove 24) for all u € D,. When

1 € Iy_
 S89

(2(2)u.Q'v) = -1 8 (2(g)u.e'®V)[_g

2% (2) uv)|oo:
By Lemma 7.1 "10°, € Df®(h)) for al. 1 H and

| t
Db! glu =
= &f Ye 1Q a,

S 0

(P(g)u.Q'v) = -i 3 (d(eTg)e™? tu.v) | e=0

. » tT
{ a
iQ tu.d(e g)v) | (0

Now by Theorem 6.1 and Lemma 7.1, el ty and dietTa)y

are norm—-differentiable functions of t, y

of| >) 11 oJ 7 (& la O(g)v) —- i(u.d(Tg)v)

9 i] P(g) - id T £2 ) )v)

proving 24). O
 90

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