IMPORTANT POINTS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

First Three Lightest Elements Formed During the Big Bang

1. Hydrogen 2. Helium 3. Lithium

Stages/Evolution of Stars

Protostar -> main sequence star -> red giant -> white dwarf -> supernova

Three Subatomic Particles

1. Protons (p+) – positively-charged particles

2. Electrons (e-) – negatively-charged particles
3. Neutrons (n0) – no charge/neutral in charge

Nucleus – central part of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

Atomic Number of Element – refers to the number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom

Ionic Bonding – transferring of electrons from metal to nonmetal

Covalent Bonding – sharing of electrons between or among nonmetals

Electronegativity – the tendency of an atom to attract electrons; atom with higher electronegativity will
have a partial negative charge

Polarity of Molecules

Polar molecules – the result of uneven distribution of electrons

Nonpolar molecule – the result of even distribution of electrons

Properties of Molecules According to Their Polarity

1. Boiling Point 2. Melting Point 3. Solubility

Intermolecular Force – holds the molecules together

Intramolecular Force – holds the atoms together to form molecules

Types of Intermolecular Forces

1. Ion-Dipole Force – present between ions and polar molecules

2. Dipole-dipole Force – present between or among polar molecules
3. Hydrogen Bonding – strongest IMF
4. Dispersion Force – weakest IMF

Effects of IMF on the Properties of Substances

1. Surface Tension (the stronger the IMF, the stronger the surface tension)
2. Capillary Action (the narrower the tube, the higher the IMF)
3. Viscosity (the stronger the IMF, the stronger the viscosity)
Biological Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks

1. Carbohydrates – saccharides/monosaccharides
2. Proteins – amino acids
3. Lipids – fatty acids
4. Nucleic acids - nucleotides

Phospholipid Bilayer

a. Hydrophilic Layer (head) – water-loving

b. Hydrophobic layer (tail) – water-fearing

Dehydration Synthesis – the process that combines two subunits of macromolecules together

Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

A. Concentration – “The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of reaction”
B. Particle Size – “ The smaller the size of the particles, the faster the rate of reaction”
C. Temperature – “The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of reaction”

Catalyst – speeds up the rate of reaction

Limiting Reagent – the reactant that is consumed first during the reaction

Excess Reagent – the reactant that is not consumed in the reaction