WEEK 1 A TIMELINE ON THE BRIEF HISTORY ON MATTER

Nuclear reactions processes in which a nucleus AND ATOMS

combines with another nucleus (nuclear fusion)
or splits into smaller nuclei (nuclear fission)
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or
more atomic nuclei are combined
Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus
of an atom splits into two or more smaller
nuclei.
Radioactivity – the process involves the
emission of energetic particles of an atom.
Electron – negative charge
Proton – positive charge
Neutron – no charge
Alpha particle – high speed particle consisting
of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
Beta particle – high speed electron Plum pudding model - which illustrates how an
Gamma ray – high energy stream of protons. atom is electrically neutral.
Positron – positive charged electron
Isotopes – have same atomic number but
different atomic mass
COMMON TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTION

Atomic Number and Atomic Mass

BIGBANG THEORY – states that the universe
was once very small, very hot and then it
expanded overtime until it reaches its peak
around 13.7 billion years ago
STELLAR FORMATION AND EVOLUTION- As
more elements were produced, new layers
added up to the size of the star until it became
a red giant. Stars are described to have an
“onion skin structure” as they evolved and
produced new elements.
WEEK 2
WEEK 3
CHEMICAL BOND - an electrical attraction
between the nuclei and valence electrons of an
atom and which binds atoms together.
IONIC BOND - bonding occurs between a metal
and nonmetal
COVALENT BOND - electron pair between
atoms of nonmetals.
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND- A bond in which
the electrons are equally shared by the bonded
atoms.
POLAR COVALENT BOND – A bond in which the
bonded atoms have an unequal sharing of
electrons.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY – Measure of the
tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward
itself.
WEEK 4
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction- Refer to
the weak forces that exist between molecules
Dipole-Dipole Forces - the partially negative
atom of one polar molecule attracts the
partially positive atom of another molecule.
Hydrogen Bonds - Exist between a hydrogen
atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom
and an electronegative atom from another
molecule. Involves hydrogen bonding with
fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen.
London Dispersion Forces - These forces result
from the constant movement of electrons in
molecules, which consequently creates
instantaneous dipoles. These are the only forces
existing among atoms in noble gases and
nonpolar molecular compounds.
Applications of IMFA
Medical and Dental Devices
Construction Materials
Sports Equipment
Electronic Devices
WEEK 5
Biomolecules – A molecule that is produced by
a living organism.
Macromolecules – A molecule containing a very
large number of atoms.
Monomers- A molecule that can be bonded to
other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Polymers – A substance made of long repeating
chains of monomers.
Carbohydrates
Monomers – Monosaccharides
Essential Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Classifications: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide,
Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide - The simplest form of
carbohydrates and includes single sugars that
are easily absorbed into the blood stream.
Disaccharide - Composed of two sugars. Needs
certain enzymes to break them up
Polysaccharide – Complex carbohydrate. Made
up of many simple sugars
Function of Carbohydrates -Provide energy
Lipids Factors That Affect Reaction Rate
Monomers - Fatty acids Concentration/Pressure
Essential Elements -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen  the greater the concentration/pressure,
Three Main Types of Lipids the higher of reaction rate
Triglycerides – Most common type of fat in the Particle Size - Reactions between Liquid to
body, found in the blood, necessary for health liquid and gas to gas (Easier)
Phospholipid- Main component of the cell  Mas malaki ang size, mabagal ang
Membrane reaction rate.
Steroids – Include such well known compounds  Mas maliit ang size, mabilis ang reaction
such as cholesterol, and cortisone rate
Function of Lipids: Long term storage of energy, Effect of Temperature
protective layer against water loss, insulation,  The increase of temperature, the
structural component of cell membrane. increase of reaction rate.
Protein  The decrease of temperature, the
Monomer-Amino acid decrease of reaction rate
Essential Elements-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Effect of a Catalyst - Speeds up the reaction
Nitrogen rate
Function of Protein
-Enzyme
- Transport of substances in the blood
-Construction of cytoskeleton
-Immune system
Nucleic Acid
Monomer – Nucleotides
Essential Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Function of Nucleic Acid
DNA - Information for hereditary
characteristics
RNA – Transfer of information
WEEK 6
Chemical Reaction – When substances
(reactants) are converted to another substance
(product).
 Happens because of collisions of
particles in the substances
 Governed by the collision theory
(activation energy)
Rate of Reaction – The speed at which
reactants are converted to products.
-Low reaction
-High reaction