May 23 - Sarnillo - 4-5

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CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the simulation for the Microstrip patch antenna
using two distinct feeding technique, namely, S-parameters, VSWR, Radiation pattern, E-
field, H-field and Gain of the antenna. Furthermore, the analysis of the collected data is
also presented in this chapter.
4.1 Parameter Sweep Results of Microstrip Line Feed Technique with FR-4
Substrate Using CST Suite Studio.
This portion of the study involves the modeling of a Microstrip Patch Antenna
that functions within the frequency range of 2.395GHz-2.417GHz. The simulations
conducted includes the performance evaluation of the proposed antenna design, which
uses line feeding technique with FR4 substrate to get the optimum antenna. Design no.1
displays the geometrical shape of the patch antenna using microstrip line feed technique
with FR4 substrate., which was simulated using CST Suite Studio. The patch width (Pw),
patch length (Pl), and the lower and upper slot width (Sw) dimensions were modified and
adjusted to evaluate the antenna's resonant frequency, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth,
gain, E-field, H-field, and radiation pattern that operates at 2.4 GHz. The results of the
parameter sweep which displays the modified dimensions can be found in Chapter 4.1.1.
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Figure 4.0 Design no.1: Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique
with FR-4 Substrate.
4.1.1 Modified Patch Length (Pl) Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1 Antenna.
Table 4.1 Modified patch length results of the MPA using microstrip line Feed technique
with FR-4 substrate.
Pl Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
(mm) (GHz) (MHz) (-dB)
27.1 2.599 1.1295041 77.4371 -24.319902
27.6 2.558 1.0831282 77.8235 -27.979353
28.1 2.516 1.0438350 77.8691 -33.372504
28.6 2.476 1.0080394 77.6608 -47.950920
29.1 2.437 1.0245810 77.0623 -38.314710
29.6 2.4 1.0537761 77.9943 -31.639280
30.1 2.362 1.0805461 77.6832 -28.242660
30.6 2.326 1.1058651 75.5898 -25.973557
31.1 2.292 1.1404044 74.0570 -23.662302
31.6 2.25 1.1646467 73.6270 -22.376680
32.1 2.216 1.1932118 71.7367 -21.100939
Table 4.1 appears the list of antennas operating within the frequency range of
2.216 GHz to 2.599 GHz. From the modified patch lengths of the antenna, the antenna
operating at 2.4 GHz with a bandwidth of 77.9943 MHz can effectively operate over a
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frequency range of approximately 2.361 GHz to 2.439 GHz. From the table above, it
shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna
using microstrip line feed technique with FR4 substrate. The table shows the resonant
frequency of the designed antenna, return loss , VSWR, and bandwidth. This antenna
may be suitable for applications that require operation over multiple frequencies or where
the frequency of operation may vary. However, it's important to evaluate other factors
such as return loss , VSWR, and radiation pattern to ensure that the antenna meets the
specific requirements of the application.
4.1.2 S-Parameter, VSWR, Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field of
The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no. 1
4.1.2.1 S-Parameter and VSWR
77.994MHz
Figure 4.1 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

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Figure 4.2 VSWR of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1
Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 appears to be showing the performance characteristics
of a component operating at a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. The component has a
physical length of 29.6 mm and a width of 40.4 mm. The VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave
Ratio) of the component is 1.0537761, indicating a good impedance match with the
system it is operating in. The bandwidth of the component is large at 77.9943 MHz ,
which means that it can operate effectively over a wide range of frequencies. The return
loss of the component is low at -31.639280 dB, which means that very little power is
reflected back to the source due to impedance mismatches. Overall, the component is
performing very well and meets the desired specifications for its intended use at 2.4 GHz.
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4.1.2.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field
Figure 4.3 Polar Plot of VSWR of the Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1
Figure 4.4 3D Far Field Plot of VSWR of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1
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Figure 4.5 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1
Figure 4.6 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

.
Figures 4.3 and 4.4 illustrate the radiation pattern of the 2.4GHz antenna design.
The main lobe provides a 1.87dBi directive magnitude, while the radiation efficiency is -
4.891dB. Additionally, the antenna's gain is 1.899dBi. The E-field and H-field are also
depicted in Figures 4.5 and 4.6.

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4.1.3 Modified Patch Width (Pw) Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1
Table 4.2 Patch Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique
Pw Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
37.9 2.388 1.1270004 77.7465 -24.479248
38.4 2.390 1.1059191 77.1262 -25.969349
38.9 2.393 1.0969584 77.8486 -26.700087
39.4 2.395 1.0767851 77.8466 -28.642289
39.9 2.397 1.0775910 74.9846 -28.554975
40.4 2.400 1.0537762 77.2742 -31.639268
40.9 2.401 1.0477065 76.7018 -32.653794
41.4 2.404 1.0351508 76.7018 -35.253231
41.9 2.405 1.0184660 78.4190 -40.772980
42.4 2.385 1.0351899 74.9846 -35.243743
42.9 2.383 1.0678608 76.1294 -29.678041
Table 4.2 appears the list of antennas operating within the frequency range of
2.383 GHz to 2.405 GHz. From the modified patch lengths of the antenna, the antenna
operating at 2.405 GHz with a bandwidth of 78.4190 MHz can effectively operate over a
frequency range of approximately 2.362 GHz to 2.442 GHz. This antenna may be
suitable for applications that require operation over multiple frequencies or where the
frequency of operation may vary. However, it's important to evaluate other factors such as
return loss , VSWR, and radiation pattern to ensure that the antenna meets the specific
requirements of the application.

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The Optimized Patch Antenna of Design no.1
78.4190 MHz
Figure 4.7 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Technique with FR4 Substrate.
Figure 4.8 VSWR of the Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique
with FR4 Substrate.
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Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8 appears to be showing the performance characteristics
of a component operating at a resonant frequency of 2.405 GHz and its VSWR. The
component has a physical length of 29.6 mm and a width of 41.9 mm. The VSWR
(Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) of the component is 1.0184664, indicating a good
impedance match with the system it is operating in. The bandwidth of the component is
large at 78.4190 MHz , which means that it can operate effectively over a wide range of
frequencies. The return loss of the component is low at -40.772807dB, which means that
power is reflected back to the source due to impedance mismatches. Overall, the
component is performing very well and meets the desired specifications for its intended
use at 2.405 GHz.
Figure 4.9 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
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Figure 4.10 3D Far Field Plot of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.11 E-Field of Optimized Patch Width of the Antenna Using Microstrip Line
Feed Technique with FR4 Substrate.
Figure 4.12 H-Field of Optimized Patch Width of the Antenna Using Microstrip Line
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Figures 4.9 and 4.10 illustrate the radiation pattern of the 2.405GHz antenna
design. The main lobe provides a 6.71dBi directive magnitude, while the radiation
efficiency is -4.734dB. Additionally, the antenna's gain is 1.973dBi. The E-field and
H-field are also depicted in Figures 4.11 and 4.12 respectively.
4.1.5 Upper Slot Width Parameter Sweep of The Design no.1 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.3 Upper Slot Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Microstrip Line Feed
Technique with FR-4 Substrate.
Upper Sl Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss

1.0 2.402 1.0449044 77.4868 -33.167681
1.2 2.400 1.0530827 77.3439 -31.749072
1.4 2.399 1.0516856 77.8660 -31.974822
1.6 2.398 1.0506847 77.8660 -32.140433
1.8 2.396 1.0546435 77.8463 -31.503959
2.0 2.395 1.0572220 77.6984 -31.114358
2.2 2.408 1.0371503 77.7114 -34.781211
2.4 2.407 1.0312842 77.7114 -36.248926
2.6 2.405 1.0343050 77.7114 -35.461171
2.8 2.404 1.0375700 77.7114 -34.685429
3.0 2.403 1.0375700 77.3469 -33.895364
The antenna operating at 2.396 GHz with a bandwidth of 77.8463 MHz can
effectively operate over a frequency range of approximately 2.358 GHz to 2.434 GHz.
This antenna may be suitable for applications that require operation over multiple
frequencies or where the frequency of operation may vary. However, it's important to
evaluate other factors such as return loss , VSWR, and radiation pattern to ensure that the
antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.

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The Optimized Patch Antenna Upper Slot Width of Design No.1
78.8463MHz
Figure 4.13 S-Parameter of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.14 VSWR of the Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
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The S-parameters and VSWR of the optimized Patch width using microstrip line
feed technique with FR4 substrate are shown in Figure 4.13 and 4.14. The antenna has a
good match to the transmission line at 2.396 GHz, with a VSWR value of 1.0546433. The
antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 77.8660 MHz, which means that it is
optimized for a specific frequency range. Finally, the Return loss value of -31.503989dB
indicates that some power is being reflected back to the source, but it is within an
acceptable range for an antenna.
Figure 4.15 Polar Plot of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
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Figure 4.16 3D Far Field Plot of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line
Figure 4.17 E-Field of modified Upper slot width Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line
Feed with FR4 Substrate.
Figure 4.18 H-Field of Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with FR4 Substrate.
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efficiency is -4.857dB. Additionally, the antenna's gain is 1.834dBi. The E-field and H-
field are also depicted in Figures 4.17 and 4.18.
4.1.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.4 Lower Slot Width Adjustments of FR-4 Substrate Using Microstrip Line Feed
Technique.
Lower Sl Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
(GHz) (MHz) (-dB)
1.0 2.39 1.0080857 77.9912 -47.901291
1.2 2.393 1.0091609 77.1745 -46.821541
1.4 2.395 1.0172551 77.9130 -41.356869
1.6 2.397 1.0259319 77.5438 -37.855813
1.8 2.400 1.0443872 76.8052 -33.266110
2.0 2.402 1.0449049 78.7892 -33.167582
2.2 2.404 1.0489272 78.6028 -32.439523
2.4 2.406 1.0585102 78.0582 -30.926432
2.6 2.408 1.0827962 77.5277 -28.012728
2.8 2.410 1.0918232 77.2290 -27.151450
3.0 2.413 1.0985224 77.2384 -26.567573

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The Optimized Patch Antenna Lower Slot Width of Design no.1.
77.994MHz
Figure 4.19 S-Parameter of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.20 VSWR of the Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
The S-parameters and VSWR of the optimized lower slot width using microstrip
line feed technique with FR4 substrate are shown in Figure 4.19 and 4.20. The antenna
has a good match to the transmission line at 2.402 GHz, with a VSWR value of
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1.0449049. The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 78.6892MHz, which means
that it is optimized for a specific frequency range. Finally, the Return loss value of -
33.167582dB indicates that some power is being reflected back to the source, but it is
within an acceptable range for an antenna.
.
Figure 4.21 Polar Plot of VSWR of the Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip
Line Feed Technique with FR4 Substrate.
Figur
e 4.22 3D Far Field Plot of VSWR of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line
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Figure 4.23 E-Field of Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique with FR4
Substrate.
Figure 4.24 H-Field of Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique with FR4
Substrate.

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4.1.9 Optimum Antennas of Modified Dimension of Design no.1 Antenna
Table 4.5 S-Parameters and VSWR of the Optimized Patch Antenna Using Microstrip
Line Feed with FR-4 Substrate.
Adjusted Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss Gain
area (GHz) (MHz) (-dB) (dBi)
Pl 2.4 1.0537761 77.9943 -31.639280 1.973
Pw 2.405 1.0184660 78.4190 -40.772980 1.943
Upper Sw 2.398 1.0506847 77.8660 -32.140433 1.834
Lower Sw 2.402 1.0449049 78.7892 -33.167582 1.899
This segment comprises the optimized simulations of the Microstrip patch
Antenna that operates in 2.4GHz-2.405GHz. Table 4.5 shows the summarized simulation
results of the proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using microstrip line feed technique
with FR4 substrate. The table shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna,
return loss , VSWR, gain and bandwidth.
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.25 S-Parameters of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with
FR-4 Substrate.
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-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.26 VSWRs’ of the Optimized Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with
FR-4 Substrate.
Table 4.5 displays the parameter sweep results of the optimized antenna. The
length adjustment has a low VSWR, indicating good impedance matching, and a
relatively high return loss , indicating that the antenna is reflecting less power back to the
source. The bandwidth is relatively narrow, but the gain is relatively high at 1.973 dBi. In
the other hand, width adjustment has an even lower VSWR, indicating even better
impedance matching. The return loss is also higher than the length configuration,
indicating better performance in terms of reflected power. The bandwidth is slightly
wider, but the gain is slightly lower at 1.943 dBi. In addition, upper slot width adjustment
has a higher VSWR than the previous two configurations, indicating poorer impedance
matching. The return loss is also lower than the previous two configurations, indicating
poorer performance in terms of reflected power. The bandwidth is slightly narrower than
the first two configurations, and the gain is slightly lower at 1.834 dBi. And lastly, lower
slot width adjustment has a slightly higher VSWR than the second configuration but still
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relatively low compared to the first and third configurations. The return loss is slightly
lower than the first configuration but still relatively high compared to the third
configuration. The bandwidth is slightly wider than the third configuration, and the gain
is slightly higher at 1.899 dBi.
Overall, the four configurations exhibit similar performance in terms of resonant
frequency and bandwidth, but there are variations in terms of VSWR, return loss , and
gain. The first two configurations have better VSWR and return loss but slightly lower
gain, while the third and fourth configurations have slightly lower VSWR and return loss
but slightly higher gain.
4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique with
R04OO3C Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results.
that functions within the frequency range of 2.2GHz-2.6GHz. The simulations conducted
includes the performance evaluation of the proposed antenna design, which uses line
feeding technique with R04OO3C substrate to get the optimum antenna. Design no.2
displays the geometrical shape of the patch antenna using microstrip line feed technique
with FR4 substrate., which was simulated using CST Suite Studio. to evaluate the
antenna's resonant frequency, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth, gain, E-field, H-field, and
radiation pattern The patch width (Pw), patch length (Pl), and the lower and upper slot
width (Sw) dimensions were modified and adjusted to evaluate the antenna's resonant
frequency, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth, gain, E-field, H-field, and radiation pattern
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that operates at 2.4 GHz. The results of the parameter sweep which displays the modified
dimensions can be found in Chapter 4.2.1.
Figure 4.26.1 Design No.2: Patch Antenna Dimension of R04003C Substrate Using
Microstrip Line Feed Technique.
4.2.1 Patch length Parameter Sweep of the Figure 4.26.1 Design no.2 Patch Antenna.
This segment comprises the simulations of the Microstrip patch Antenna that
operates in 2.2GHz-2.6GHz. Table 4.6 shows the summarized simulation results for the
proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using microstrip line feed technique with R04OO3C
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substrate. The table shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna, return loss ,
VSWR, and bandwidth.
Table 4.6 Patch Length Adjustments of The MPA Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique
with R04OO3C Substrate.
30.5 2.579 1.3073875 44.6498 -17.508687
31.0 2.541 1.2168545 45.1970 -20.191376
31.5 2.504 1.1365296 43.5690 -23.889643
32.0 2.468 1.0703057 45.0257 -29.380876
32.5 2.434 1 45.4485 -46.194725
33.0 2.400 1.0496219 44.2486 -32.320000
33.5 2.346 1.0920993 45.1901 -27.126521
34.0 2.314 1.136956 44.9043 -23.864291
34.5 2.279 1.1850976 44.3715 -21.441402
35.0 2.247 1.2312173 45.1900 -19.690431
35.5 2.214 1.2774657 45.1187 -18.284852

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The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no.2
45.4485MHz
Figure 4.27 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
Technique with R04OO3C Substrate.
Figure 4.28 VSWR of the Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
line feed technique with FR4 substrate are shown in Figure 4.27 and 4.28 The antenna
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has a good match to the transmission line at 2.434 GHz, with a VSWR value of 1.0. The
antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 44.4485MHz, which means that it is
Figure 4.29 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.30 Far Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
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Figure 4.31 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.32 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
4.2.3 Patch Width Parameter Sweep of the Figure 4.26.1 Design no.2 Patch Antenna.
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41.3 2.391 1.1379720 44.2974 -23.804220
42.3 2.395 1.0962845 45.1892 -26.757874
42.8 2.396 1.0805395 44.4063 -28.243342
43.3 2.398 1.0702719 44.7033 -29.384913
43.8 2.4 1.0496221 45.6751 -32.319970
44.3 2.379 1.0953826 44.2472 -26.835881
44.8 2.378 1.0636490 44.3619 -30.216889
45.3 2.376 1.0953826 44.2472 -26.835881
45.8 2.375 1.1633633 43.1451 -22.439498
46.3 2.374 1.1633633 43.1451 -22.439498
46.8 2.373 1.0636490 44.3619 -30.216889
The Optimized Patch Antenna Width of Design no.2

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45.675MHz
Figure 4.33 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.34 VSWR of the Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique
has a good match to the transmission line at 2.4 GHz, with a VSWR value of 1.0496221.
The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 45.6751MHz, which means that it is
111
Figure 4.35 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.36 Far Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Microstrip Line Feed
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Figure 4.37 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.38 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
4.2.5 Upper Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.2 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.8 Upper Slot Width Adjustments of R04OO3C Substrate Using Microstrip Line
Feed Technique.
Upper Sw Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
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1.8 2.404 1.0276517 44.3436 -37.305421
2.0 2.403 1.0328516 45.1625 -35.830991
2.2 2.402 1.0384748 44.5422 -34.482572
2.4 2.402 1 44.7451 -33.736400
2.6 2.401 1.0463589 45.4486 -32.896965
2.8 2.400 1.0496222 44.6453 -32.319959
3.0 2.399 1 45.5032 -32.209829
3.2 2.398 1.0548324 45.7000 -31.474776
3.4 2.397 1.059142 45.5000 -30.835812
3.6 2.396 1.0639853 45.5032 -30.172522
3.8 2.395 1.0681528 45.8478 -29.641983
Table 4.8 shows the antenna operating at 2.395 GHz with a bandwidth of 45.8478
MHz can effectively operate over a frequency range of approximately 2.3597 GHz to
2.4303 GHz. This antenna may be suitable for applications that require operation over
multiple frequencies or where the frequency of operation may vary. However, it's
important to evaluate other factors such as return loss , VSWR, and radiation pattern to
ensure that the antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.
The Optimized Patch Antenna Upper Slot Width of Design No.2

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45.847MHz
Figure 4.39 S-Parameter of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.40 VSWR of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
has a good match to the transmission line at 2.395GHz, with a VSWR value of
115
Figure 4.41 Farfield of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.42 H-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
116
Figure 4.43 Polar Plot of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.44 Far-field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
4.2.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.2 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.9 Lower Slot Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Microstrip Line Feed
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Lower Sw Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss

1.8 2.410 1 43.7190 -24.723059
2.0 2.391 1.0076138 44.2038 -48.421594
2.2 2.393 1.0178032 44.2038 -41.087615
2.4 2.396 1.0269667 44.8026 -37.520364
2.6 2.398 1.0372149 44.6428 -34.766394
2.8 2.4 1 44.7056 -32.319970
3.0 2.402 1.0691979 44.1651 -29.514180
3.2 2.404 1.0769415 44.9046 -28.625277
3.4 2.406 1.0910581 44.9906 -27.220949
3.6 2.408 1.1059647 45.6098 -25.965799
3.8 2.41 1.1232685 44.4840 -24.723059
The Optimized Patch Antennas’ Lower Slot Width of Design no.2

118
45.609MHz
Figure 4.44 S-Parameter of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.45 VSWR of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
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25.965799 dB indicates that some power is being reflected back to the source, but it is
Figure 4.46 E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.47 H-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
120
Figure 4.48 Polar Plot of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.49 Farfield of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed

121
4.2.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with
R04OO3C Substrate.
Antenna that operates in 2.4GHz-2.405GHz. Table 4.2 shows the summarized simulation
results of the proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using microstrip line feed technique
with R04OO3C substrate. The table shows the resonant frequency of the designed
antenna, return loss , VSWR, gain and bandwidth.
Table 4.10 S-Parameters, Gain and VSWRs’ of The Optimized Patch Antenna Using
Microstrip Line Feed with R04OO3C Substrate.
Adjusted area Fo VSWR Bandwidt Return loss Gain
(GHz) h (-dB) (dBi)
(MHz)
Length 2.395 1.0681528 45.8478 -29.641983 4.797
Width 2.4 1.0496221 45.6751 -32.319970 4.783
Upper slot 2.395 1.0681528 45.8478 -29.641983 4.795
Lower slot 2.408 1.1059647 45.6098 -25.965799 4.806
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
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R04OO3C Substrate
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.51 VSWRs’ of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with
R04OO3C Substrate.
Table 4.10 shows the S-parameters, gain and VSWRs’ of the optimized patch
antenna using microstrip line feed with R04OO3C Substrate. The VSWR and S-
parameters also are shown in Figure 4.50 and 4.51 respectively. The Adjusted Length of
the antenna has a has a resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz and a VSWR of 1.0681528,
indicating that it is well-matched to a 50-ohm transmission line at that frequency. It also
has a relatively wide bandwidth of 45.8478, which means it can operate over a range of
frequencies around its resonant frequency. The return loss of -29.641983 indicates that
the antenna has good impedance matching and low reflection. The gain of 4.797 dBi
indicates that this antenna is directional and can provide a gain in the direction it is
pointed. Overall, this antenna design appears to have good performance. And also, The
Adjusted Width of the patch has a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and a VSWR of
1.0496221, indicating good impedance matching to a 50-ohm transmission line at that
frequency. It also has a relatively wide bandwidth of 45.6751, which means it can operate
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over a range of frequencies around its resonant frequency. The return loss of -32.319970
indicates that the antenna has good impedance matching and low reflection. The gain of
4.783 dBi indicates that this antenna is directional and can provide a gain in the direction
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good performance. In
addition, the adjusted Upper slot has a resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz and a VSWR of
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good performance. And
lastly, the adjusted Lower slot has a resonant frequency of 2.408 GHz and a VSWR of
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good performance.
4.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Co-axial line Feed Technique with FR-4
Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results.

124
conducted include the performance evaluation of the antenna design proposed, which
uses co-axial line feeding technique with FR4 substrate. The parameters analyzed in the
simulations include patch length, patch width, upper slot width, and lower slot width, as
well as the antenna's resonant frequency, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth, gain, E-field,
H-field, and radiation pattern. Figure 4.50.1. displays the geometrical shape of the patch
antenna using Co-axial line feed technique with FR-4 substrate., which was simulated
using CST Suite Studio. The patch width (Pw), patch length (Pl), and the lower and upper
slot width (Sw) dimensions were modified and adjusted to operate at 2.4 GHz. The
results of the parameter sweep, which displays the adjusted dimensions, can be found in
Chapter 4.2.
A. Front View
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B. Back View
Figure 4.50.1. Design No. 3: Patch Antenna Geometrical Shape Using Coaxial
Line Feed Technique with FR4 Substrate.
4.3.1 Patch Length Parameter Sweep of The Design no.3 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.11 Patch Length Adjustments of The MPA Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
26.5 2.839 2.0342427 NA -9.3485568
27.0 2.810 2.6295824 NA -6.9556068
27.5 2.652 1.7113721 56.72060 -11.621846
28.0 2.579 1.0920084 111.9290 -27.134715
28.5 2.496 1.1248742 106.7260 -24.617207
29.0 2.417 1.2658561 98.15350 -18.611714
29.5 2.760 1.0619576 120.0430 -30.443705
30.0 2.756 1.2506941 68.65690 -19.063447
30.5 2.749 1 1.311265 60.53300 -17.414380
31.0 2.744 1.3072324 59.06030 -17.512487
31.5 2.739 1.2845644 58.40710 -18.092456
proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with FR4 substrate.
The table shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna, return loss , VSWR, and
bandwidth. The antenna operating at 2.760 GHz with a bandwidth of 120.0430 MHz can

126
The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no. 3
120.043MHz
Figure 4.52 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.53 VSWR of the Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
127
Figure 4.54 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.55 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
128
Figure 4.56 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.57 Farfield of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
efficiency is -6.645dB. Additionally, the antenna's gain is -1.574dBi. The E-field and H-

129
4.3.3 Patch Width Parameter Sweep of The Design No.3 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.12 Patch Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Co-axial Line Feed Technique
49.5 2.405 1.1654574 108.204 -22.337271
50.0 2.407 1.1529379 106.721 -22.970327
50.5 2.408 1.1423200 106.762 -23.552367
51.0 2.410 1.1318056 106.854 -24.176274
51.5 2.411 1.1214407 106.385 -24.845331
52.0 2.413 1.1112462 106.149 -25.565072
52.5 2.414 1.1008707 105.581 -26.372688
53.0 2.416 1.0869072 105.319 -27.608946
53.5 2.418 1.0767773 106.470 -28.643138
54.0 2.419 1.0660962 105.391 -29.899485
54.5 2.412 1.0559509 105.470 -31.304115
operates in 2.4GHz-2.412Hz. Table 4.12 shows the summarized simulation results for the
bandwidth. From the table above, the antenna operating at 2.405-2.412 GHz with a
bandwidth of 1.1654574 MHz can effectively operate over a frequency range of
approximately 2.4022 GHz to 2.4088 GHz. This antenna may be suitable for applications
that require operation over multiple frequencies or where the frequency of operation may
vary. However, it's important to evaluate other factors such as return loss , VSWR, and
radiation pattern to ensure that the antenna meets the specific requirements of the
application.
130
The Optimized Patch Antenna Width of Design no. 3
108.204MHz
Figure 4.58 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.59 VSWR of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
131
has a good match to the transmission at 2.405 GHz, with a VSWR value of 1.1654574.
The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 108.204MHz, which means that it is
Figure 4.60 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-axial Line Feed Technique
Figure 4.61 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
132
Figure 4.62 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
.
Figure 4.63 Fairfield of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed

133
4.3.5 Upper Slot width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.3 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.13 Upper slot width Adjustments of the MPA using Co-axial line Feed technique
5.0 2.4132 1.2841044 98.6595 -18.104760
5.2 2.4136 1.2810574 98.8889 -18.186823
5.4 2.4140 1.2780042 97.7778 -18.270063
5.6 2.4152 1.2740235 98.8889 -18.380142
5.8 2.4160 1.2709527 100.000 -18.466291
6.0 2.4168 1.2682579 98.4217 -18.542798
6.2 2.4176 1.2652089 97.5342 -18.630402
6.4 2.4180 1.2621645 96.9978 -18.719007
6.6 2.4188 1.2591141 99.0077 -18.808944
6.8 2.4196 1.2560821 98.4225 -18.899514
7.0 2.4204 1.2530667 98.4482 -18.990781
bandwidth. From the table above, the antenna operating at 2.4160 GHz with a bandwidth
of 1.2709527 MHz can effectively operate over a frequency range of approximately
2.3550236 GHz to 2.4769764 GHz. This antenna may be suitable for applications that
require operation over multiple frequencies or where the frequency of operation may
vary. However, it's important to evaluate other factors such as return loss , VSWR, and
radiation pattern to ensure that the antenna meets the specific requirements of the
application.
134
The Optimized Upper slot width of Design no. 3.
100.00 MHz
Figure 4.64 S-Parameter of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.65 VSWR of the optimized Upper slot width using Co-axial line feed technique
135
Figure 4.66 E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.67 H-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
136
Figure 4.68 Polar Plot of the optimized Upper slot width using Co-axial line feed
technique with FR-4 substrate.
Figure 4.69 Far Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Technique With FR-4 Substrate.

137
4.3.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of The Design No.3 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.14 Lower Slot Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Lower Sw Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
5.0 2.4220 1.2922565 99.7391 -17.889982
5.2 2.4208 1.2876911 98.8332 -18.009419
5.4 2.4200 1.2830173 99.2512 -18.133926
5.6 2.4188 1.2782008 98.3786 -18.264674
5.8 2.4176 1.2732984 99.2512 -18.400387
6.0 2.4168 1.2682575 99.1084 -18.542811
6.2 2.4156 1.2634232 99.0664 -18.682234
6.4 2.4148 1.2582392 98.6357 -18.834955
6.6 2.4136 1.2532605 98.6357 -18.984878
6.8 2.4124 1.2479069 99.0684 -19.149793
7.0 2.4116 1.2424547 97.8664 -19.321862
effectively operate over a frequency range of approximately 2.3598717 GHz to
ensure that the antenna meets the specific requirements of the application. This segment
comprises the simulations of the Microstrip patch Antenna that operates in 2.4116GHz-
2.4220GHz. Table 4.14 shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed
Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with FR4 substrate. The
table shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna, return loss, VSWR, and
bandwidth.
138
The Optimized Lower Slot width of Design no. 3.
99.739 MHz
Figure 4.70 S-parameter of the optimized Lower Slot width using Co-axial line feed
technique with FR-4 substrate.
Figure 4.71 VSWR of the optimized Lower Slot width using Co-axial line feed technique
139
Figure 4.72 E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.73 E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width UIsing Co-Axial Line Feed
140
Figure 4.74 Polar Plot of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.75 Farfield of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed

141
4.3.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial Line Feed with
FR-4 Substrate.
Antenna that operates in 2.4GHz-2.405GHz. Table 4.C shows the summarized simulation
results of the proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with
FR4 substrate. The table shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna, return
loss , VSWR, gain and bandwidth.
Table 4.15 S-Parameters, Gain and VSWRs’ of Optimized Patch Antenna Using
Microstrip Line Feed with FR-4 Substrate.
area (GHz) (MHz) (-dB) (dBi)
Length 2.760 1.0619576 120.0430 -30.443705 -1.574
Width 2.405 1.1654574 108.204 -22.337271 3.517
Upper slot 2.4160 1.2709527 100.000 -18.466291 3.612
Lower slot 2.4220 1.2922565 99.7391 -17.889982 6.517
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
FR-4 Substrate
142
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.77 VSWRs’ of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed with FR-4
Substrate.
The table 4.15 shows the S-parameters, gain and VSWRs’ of optimized patch
antenna using co-axial line feed with FR-4 Substrate. The adjusted Length has a resonant
frequency of 2.760 GHz and a VSWR of 1.0619576, indicating that it is well-matched to
a 50-ohm transmission line at that frequency. It has a wide bandwidth of 120.0430, which
means it can operate over a large range of frequencies around its resonant frequency. The
return loss of -30.443705 indicates that the antenna has good impedance matching and
low reflection. However, the gain of -1.574 dBi indicates that this antenna has a negative
gain and may not be suitable for certain applications. Overall, this antenna design has
good impedance matching and bandwidth, but its negative gain may be a limiting factor.
And also, The Adjusted Width has a resonant frequency of 2.405 GHz and a VSWR of
143
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design appears to have good performance. In addition,
the Adjusted Upper slot has a resonant frequency of 2.4160 GHz and a VSWR of
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good performance. Lastly,
the adjusted Lower slot has a resonant frequency of 2.4220 GHz and a VSWR of
it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good performance.
4.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Co-axial line Feed Technique with R04OO3C
Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results.
conducted include the performance evaluation of the antenna design proposed, which
uses co-axial line feeding technique with R04OO3C substrate. The parameters analyzed
144
in the simulations include patch length, patch width, upper slot width, and lower slot
width, as well as the antenna's resonant frequency, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth, gain,
E-field, H-field, and radiation pattern. Figure 4.77.1 displays the geometrical shape
of the patch antenna using Co-axial line feed technique with R04OO3C substrate., which
was simulated using CST Suite Studio. The patch width (Pw), patch length (Pl), and the
lower and upper slot width (Sw) dimensions were modified and adjusted to operate at 2.4
GHz. The results of the parameter sweep, which displays the adjusted dimensions, can be
found in Chapter 4.4.
A. Front View
B. Back View
Figure 4.77.1 Design No. 4: Patch Antenna Geometrical Shape Using Coaxial
Line Feed Technique R04OO3C Substrate.
145
4.4.1 Patch length Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4 Patch Antenna.
Table 4.16 Patch Length Adjustments of The MPA Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
with R04003C Substrate.
27.5 2.423 1.6367878 16.4698 12.341609
28.0 2.419 1.3943399 22.9360 -15.666301
28.5 2.414 1.1940996 27.6581 -21.064632
29.0 2.408 1.0311906 30.3565 -36.274545
29.5 2.402 1.1590668 32.3803 -22.653729
30.0 2.395 1.3409873 32.1718 -16.733216
30.5 2.394 1.376095 35.3264 -16.011324
31.0 2.398 1.7074607 26.8527 -11.657196
31.5 2.377 2.092154 NA -9.0395445
32.0 2.368 2.6691036 NA -6.8415336
32.5 2.356 2.4196432 NA -7.6360318
comprises the simulations of the Microstrip patch Antenna that operates in 2.356 GHz-
2.4230GHz. Table 4.16 shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed
Microstrip Patch Antenna using microstrip line feed technique with R04OO3C substrate.
bandwidth.
146
The Optimized Patch Length of Design no. 4.
32.380 MHz
Figure 4.78 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Technique with R04003Csubstrate.
Figure 4.79 VSWR of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
R04003C Substrate.
147
22.653729dB.
Figure 4.80 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Feed Technique with
R04OO3C Substrate.
Figure 4.81 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Length Co-Axial Line Feed Technique with
R04003Csubstrate.
148
Figure 4.82 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Co-Axial Line Feed Technique with
R04003C Substrate.
Figure 4.83 Farfield of The Optimized Patch Length Using Co-Axial Line Feed

149
4.4.3 Patch width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4 Patch Antenna.
30.5 2.966 1.3801384 54.5330 -15.933209
31.0 2.909 2.1522377 NA -8.7415376
31.5 2.572 2.9284901 NA -6.1801649
32.0 2.516 2.1992652 NA -8.5227001
32.5 2.455 1.6866998 25.8105 -11.849045
33.0 2.395 1.3409867 31.7109 -16.733230
33.5 2.300 1.5336747 18.0086 -13.529484
34.0 2.238 1.8390929 8.12110 -10.587391
34.5 2.170 2.4028714 NA -7.6965533
35.0 2.112 2.9711991 NA -6.0838234
35.5 2.051 3.7726800 NA -4.7172513
2.42749335 GHz. This antenna may be suitable for applications that require operation
over multiple frequencies or where the frequency of operation may vary. However, it's
2.9660 GHz. Table 4.17 shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed
Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with R04OO3C substrate.
bandwidth.
150
151
The Optimized Patch Width of Design no. 4.
31.709 MHz
Figure 4.84 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.85 VSWR of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
with R04003c Substrate.
152
1.3409867. The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 31.7109MHz., which means
Figure 4.86 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Co-Axial Line Feed Technique with
R04003Csubstrate.
Figure 4.87 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using CO-axial Line Feed Technique
153
Figure 4.88 Polar Plot of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Technique with R04003C Substrate.
Figure 4.89 Far Field of The Optimized Patch Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed

154
4.4.5 Upper slot width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4Patch Antenna.
Table 4.18 Upper Slot Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Microstrip Line Feed
4.0 2.402 1.2892649 32.7064 -17.968007
4.2 2.400 1.2962933 32.9923 -17.786110
4.4 2.399 1.3082596 32.1566 -17.487361
4.6 2.397 1.3201085 32.1536 -17.204222
4.8 2.396 1.3296244 31.9545 -16.985331
5.0 2.395 1.3409867 31.8041 -16.733230
5.2 2.393 1.3525353 31.2517 -16.486670
5.4 2.392 1.3572135 31.4842 -16.389422
5.6 2.390 1.3640276 31.4064 -16.250366
5.8 2.398 1.3711346 31.1489 -16.108496
6.0 2.397 1.3763040 30.8407 -16.007264
comprises the simulations of the Microstrip patch Antenna that operates in 2.397 GHz-2.
GHz. Table 4.18 shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed Microstrip
Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with R04OO3C substrate. The table
shows the resonant frequency of the designed antenna, return loss , VSWR, and
bandwidth.
155
4.4.6 4 S-Parameter, VSWR, Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field
of The Optimized Upper Slot Width of Design no. 4.
32.992MHz
Figure 4.90 S-Parameter of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.91 VSWR of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Techniquer04003c Substrate.
156
has a good match to the transmission line at 2.4 GHz with a VSWR value of 1.2962933.
The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 32.9923MHz., which means that it is
optimized for a specific frequency range. Finally, the Return loss value of -17.786110 dB
Figure 4.92 E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
157
Figure 4.92 E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Using Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 4.93 Polar Plot of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed
158
Figure 4.94 Farfield of The Optimized Upper Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
4.4.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4Patch Antenna.
Table 4.19 Lower Slot Width Adjustments of The MPA Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Lowe Sw Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss
4.0 2.388 1.4535906 29.3735 -14.662761
4.2 2.39 1.4315642 29.7699 -15.016807
4.4 2.391 1.4072232 31.2437 -15.433678
4.6 2.392 1.3841174 31.5384 -15.857272
4.8 2.393 1.3669048 31.0898 -16.192548
5.0 2.395 1.3409873 32.2676 -16.733218
5.2 2.396 1.3166932 32.7995 -17.284596
5.4 2.397 1.2962911 32.6222 -17.786166
5.6 2.398 1.2745143 32.4449 -18.366474
5.8 2.399 1.2529954 33.1541 -18.992955
159
6.0 2.401 1.2329086 32.7995 -19.633708
2.401 GHz. Table 4.18 shows the summarized simulation results for the proposed
Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed technique with R04OO3C substrate.
bandwidth.
160
The Optimized Lower Slot Width of Design no. 4.
32.799 MHz
Figure 4.95 S-Parameter of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.96 VSWR of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed
Techniquer04003c Substrate.
161
1.3166932. The antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 32.7995MHz., which means
Figure 4.97 E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
with R04003Csubstrate.
Figure 4.98 H-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed Technique
162
Figure 4.99 Polar Plot of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Co-Axial Line Feed
Figure 4.100 Far Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width Using Co-Axial Line Feed

163
4.4.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial Line Feed with
R04OO3C Substrate.
Antenna that operates in 2.4GHz-2.405GHz. Table 4.20 shows the summarized
simulation results of the proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna using co-axial line feed
technique with R04OO3C substrate. The table shows the resonant frequency of the
designed antenna, return loss , VSWR, gain and bandwidth.
Table 4.20 S-Parameters, Gain and VSWR of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial
Feed with FR-4 Substrate.
Area (GHz) (MHz) (-dB) (dBi)
Length 2.402 1.1590668 32.3803 -22.653729 5.893
Width 2.395 1.3409867 31.7109 -16.733230 5.864
Upper slot 2.400 1.2962933 32.9923 -17.786110 5.870
Lower slot 2.396 1.3166932 32.7995 -17.284596 5.860
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.101 S-Parameters of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial Line Feed with
R04OO3C Substrate
164
-Patch Width
-Upper Slot width
-Lower Slot width
-Patch Length
Figure 4.102 VSWRs’ of Optimized Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial Line Feed with
R04OO3C Substrate.
Table 4.20 shows the S-parameters, gain and VSWRs’ of optimized patch antenna
using microstrip line feed with FR-4 Substrate. The Adjusted Length has a resonant
frequency of 2.395 GHz and a VSWR of 1.0681528, indicating that it is well-matched to
a 50-ohm transmission line at that frequency. It also has a relatively wide bandwidth of
45.8478, which means it can operate over a range of frequencies around its resonant
frequency. The return loss of -29.641983 indicates that the antenna has good impedance
matching and low reflection. The gain of 4.797 dBi indicates that this antenna is
directional and can provide a gain in the direction it is pointed. Overall, this antenna
design appears to have good performance. And also, the Adjusted Width has a resonant
frequency of 2.4 GHz and a VSWR of 1.0496221, indicating good impedance matching
to a 50-ohm transmission line at that frequency. It also has a relatively wide bandwidth of
45.6751, which means it can operate over a range of frequencies around its resonant
frequency. The return loss of -32.319970 indicates that the antenna has good impedance
matching and low reflection. The gain of 4.783 dBi indicates that this antenna is
165
directional and can provide a gain in the direction it is pointed. Overall, this antenna
design also appears to have good performance. In addition, the Adjusted Upper slot has a
resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz and a VSWR of 1.0681528, indicating good impedance
matching to a 50-ohm transmission line at that frequency. It also has a relatively wide
bandwidth of 45.8478, which means it can operate over a range of frequencies around its
resonant frequency. The return loss of -29.641983 indicates that the antenna has good
impedance matching and low reflection. The gain of 4.795 dBi indicates that this antenna
is directional and can provide a gain in the direction it is pointed. Overall, this antenna
design also appears to have good performance. Lastly, The Adjusted Lower slot;
Fo(GHz): 2.408; VSWR: 1.1059647; Bandwidth: 45.6098; Return loss : -25.965799;
Gain(dBi): 4.806): This antenna design has a resonant frequency of 2.408 GHz and a
VSWR of 1.1059647, indicating good impedance matching to a 50-ohm transmission line
at that frequency. It also has a relatively wide bandwidth of 45.6098, which means it can
operate over a range of frequencies around its resonant frequency. The return loss of -
25.965799 indicates that the antenna has good impedance matching and low reflection.
The gain of 4.806 dBi indicates that this antenna is directional and can provide a gain in
the direction it is pointed. Overall, this antenna design also appears to have good
performance.
4.5 Proposed Antenna Simulation Results
operates in 2.395GHz-2.417GHz. Furthermore, the simulation results of the proposed
Microstrip Patch Antenna using two distinct feeding technique with FR4 and R04OO3C
166
substrate. The antenna was modified its patch length, patch width, upper slot width, and
lower slot width to get the optimum antenna. It also shows the resonant frequency of the
designed antenna, return loss , VSWR, bandwidth, gain, E-field, H-field, and radiation
pattern.
Table 4.21 Simulation Results of Proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna

Feed
Design Technique Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss Gain
and Substrate (GHz) (MHz) (-dB) (dBi)
Material
Design 1 Microstrip line 2.402 1.0449049 78.7892 -33.167582 1.899
feed (FR4)
Design 2 Microstrip line 2.395 1.0681528 45.8478 -29.641983 4.797
feed
(R04OO3C)
Design 3 Co-Axial line 2.405 1.1654574 108.204 -22.337271 3.517
feed (FR4)
Design 4 Co-Axial line 2.400 1.2962933 32.9923 -17.786110 5.870
feed
(R04OO3C)
-Design no. 1
Line feed FR-4
-Design no. 2
Line feed R04OO3C
-Design no. 3
Co-axial FR4
- Design no. 4
Co-axial R04OO3C
Figure 4.103 S-Parameters of Optimum Patch Antennas

167
-Design no. 1
Line feed FR-4
-Design no. 2
Line feed
R04OO3C
-Design no. 3
Co-axial FR4
- Design no. 4
Co-axial
Figure 4.104 VSWR of Optimum Patch Antennas
Table 4.21 shows the optimum antenna of the proposed design. The VSWR and S-
parameters of the antenna is shown in Figure 4.103 and figure 4.104. The Design 1 has a
relatively low VSWR, which indicates a good impedance match between the antenna and
the feedline. It also has a relatively wide bandwidth, which means it can operate over a
large frequency range. However, the gain of 1.899 is relatively low, which may limit the
coverage area of the antenna. While Design 2 has a slightly higher VSWR than Design 1,
but still within an acceptable range. It has a narrower bandwidth than Design 1, which
means it may not be able to operate over as large a frequency range. However, it has a
higher gain of 4.797, which means it can provide better coverage over a longer distance.
In addition, Design 3 has a higher VSWR than Design 1 and 2, which may indicate a
poorer impedance match. However, it has a wider bandwidth than both designs, which
means it can operate over a larger frequency range. The gain of 3.517 is also higher than
Design 1, but lower than Design 2. Lastly, Design 4 has the highest gain of all four
168
designs, which means it can provide the best coverage over a longer distance. However, it
has a relatively high VSWR and a narrow bandwidth, which means it may not be as
effective over a wide frequency range.
Overall, each design has its strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of the best
antenna design will depend on the specific application and the trade-offs between VSWR,
bandwidth, return loss , and gain.

169
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
In this study, various antenna designs were analyzed based on parameters such as
gain, bandwidth, return loss , and VSWR. Each design had its strengths and weaknesses,
and the best antenna design depended on the specific application and trade-offs between
the parameters. Design 3 appeared to have the best overall performance based on the
parameters provided in the table, with the highest gain, relatively wide bandwidth, and
low return loss , but with a higher VSWR compared to other designs. Regarding substrate
materials, FR4 substrate is commonly used for antenna design due to its low cost and
availability, while RO4003C is a higher-end substrate that may offer advantages in
dielectric properties and performance at high frequencies. However, the higher cost of
RO4003C may not be justified for many applications where FR4 is sufficient. Thus, if
cost is a significant consideration, it may be more practical to use FR4 substrate. The
specific choice of substrate material should be based on careful consideration of the
performance requirements, availability, ease of manufacturing, and environmental
factors. Ultimately, the best antenna design and substrate material should be based on a
careful analysis of the requirements and trade-offs of each parameter in the specific
application.
In conclusion, the choice of the best antenna design will depend on the specific
requirements of the application, and a careful analysis of the parameters is necessary to

170
make an informed decision. Based on the parameters provided in the table, Design 3
appears to have the best overall performance. It has the highest gain among the designs,
while also having a relatively wide bandwidth and low return loss . However, its VSWR
is relatively high compared to the other designs, which may be a concern in some
applications. When it comes to the choice of substrate material, FR4 is a cost-effective
solution that is widely used in the electronic industry, while RO4003C is a higher-end
substrate that may offer better performance at high frequencies but may not be justified
for many applications due to its higher cost.
Ultimately, the choice of the best antenna design will depend on a careful
consideration of the specific requirements of the application, as well as factors such as
cost, availability, and ease of manufacturing.
Table 5.1 Summary of Conclusion

Design Observation
Design No.1 Has a relatively low VSWR and a wide bandwidth, but a relatively low
gain
Design No.2 Has a slightly higher VSWR, a narrower bandwidth, but a higher gain
than design 1.
Design No.3 Has a higher VSWR, a wider bandwidth than both designs, and a higher
gain than design 1 but lower than design 2.
Design No.4 Has the highest gain of all four designs, but a relatively high VSWR
and a narrow bandwidth.
Recommendations
Based on our analysis, we recommend that future research on antenna design
should focus on;

171
1. Developing designs that offer a balance between the parameters of gain,
bandwidth, return loss , and VSWR. This can be achieved through innovative
design techniques such as metamaterials, which have shown promising results in
improving antenna performance.
2. Considering a real-world factor such as environmental conditions and interference
when testing antenna designs, as these factors can have a significant impact on the
performance of the antenna.
3. The researcher suggests manufacturing the designed antenna and evaluating its
performance through a comparison.
4. It is recommended to conduct further testing and analysis of the selected antenna
design and substrate material to validate their performance in the specific
application and ensure that they meet the desired requirements.

172
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175
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................83
4.1 Parameter Sweep Results of Microstrip Line Feed Technique with
FR-4 Substrate Using CST Suite Studio........................................................................83
4.1.1 Modified Patch Length (Pl) Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1...................84
4.1.2 S-Parameter, VSWR, Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field,
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no. 1......................85
4.1.3 Modified Patch Width (Pw) Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1...................89
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna of Design no.1...................................90
4.1.5 Upper Slot Width Parameter Sweep of The Design no.1 Patch........................93
and E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width of Design No.1.............................94
4.1.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.1 Patch.........................97
and E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width of Design no.1..............................98
4.1.9 Optimum Antennas of Modified Dimension of Design no.1..........................101
4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line Feed Technique with
R04OO3C Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results........................................103
4.2.1 Patch length Parameter Sweep of the Figure 4.26.1 Design no.2...................104
176
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no.2.....................106
4.2.3 Patch Width Parameter Sweep of the Figure 4.26.1 Design no.2...................109
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna Width of Design no.2......................110
4.2.5 Upper Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.2..................................113
and E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width of Design No.2...........................114
4.2.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.2.................................117
and E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width of Design no.2............................118
4.2.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Microstrip Line
Feed with R04OO3C Substrate................................................................................121
4.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Co-axial line Feed Technique with
FR-4 Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results.................................................123
4.3.1 Patch Length Parameter Sweep of The Design no.3.......................................125
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no. 3....................126
4.3.3 Patch Width Parameter Sweep of The Design No.3........................................129
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Antenna Width of Design no. 3.....................130
177
4.3.5 Upper Slot width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.3..................................133
and E-Field of The Optimized Upper slot width of Design no. 3............................134
4.3.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of The Design No.3...............................137
and E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot width of Design no. 3...........................138
4.3.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial Line
Feed with FR-4 Substrate.........................................................................................141
4.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Co-axial line Feed Technique with
R04OO3C Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results........................................143
4.4.1 Patch length Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4..........................................145
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no. 4..................................146
4.4.3 Patch width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4...........................................149
and E-Field of The Optimized Patch Width of Design no. 4....................................150
4.4.5 Upper slot width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4...................................153
4.4.6 4 S-Parameter, VSWR, Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field,
and E-Field of The Optimized Upper Slot Width of Design no. 4...........................154
4.4.7 Lower Slot Width Parameter Sweep of the Design no.4.................................157

178
and E-Field of The Optimized Lower Slot Width of Design no. 4...........................158
4.4.9 Optimized S-Parameters’ of Patch Antenna Using Co-Axial
Line Feed with R04OO3C Substrate........................................................................161
4.5 Proposed Antenna Simulation Results...................................................................163
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................167
REFERENCES................................................................................................................170

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83

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

also presented in this chapter.

Substrate Using CST Suite Studio.

that functions within the frequency range of 2.395GHz-2.417GHz. The simulations

specific requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no. 1

4.1.2.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

Figure 4.1 S-Parameter of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

Figure 4.2 VSWR of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

of a component operating at a resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. The component has a

4.1.2.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

Figure 4.5 E-Field of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

Figure 4.6 H-Field of The Optimized Patch Length of Design no.1

depicted in Figures 4.5 and 4.6.

requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna of Design no.1

4.1.4.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

(Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) of the component is 1.0184664, indicating a good

use at 2.405 GHz.

4.1.4.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

H-field are also depicted in Figures 4.11 and 4.12 respectively.

Upper Sl Fo VSWR Bandwidth Return loss

antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna Upper Slot Width of Design No.1

4.1.6.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

acceptable range for an antenna.

4.1.6.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

field are also depicted in Figures 4.17 and 4.18.

antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna Lower Slot Width of Design no.1.

4.1.8.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

within an acceptable range for an antenna.

4.1.8.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

field are also depicted in Figures 4.23 and 4.24.

4.1.9 Optimum Antennas of Modified Dimension of Design no.1 Antenna

This segment comprises the optimized simulations of the Microstrip patch

return loss , VSWR, gain and bandwidth.

indicating better performance in terms of reflected power. The bandwidth is slightly

is slightly higher at 1.899 dBi.

Overall, the four configurations exhibit similar performance in terms of resonant

but slightly higher gain.

R04OO3C Substrate CST Suite Studio Simulation Results.

dimensions can be found in Chapter 4.2.1.

VSWR, and bandwidth.

antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna Length of Design no.2

4.2.2.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

antenna has a narrow bandwidth of around 44.4485MHz, which means that it is

acceptable range for an antenna.

4.2.2.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

field are also depicted in Figures 4.31 and 4.32.

antenna meets the specific requirements of the application.

The Optimized Patch Antenna Width of Design no.2

4.2.4.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

acceptable range for an antenna.

4.2.4.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field

field are also depicted in Figures 4.37 and 4.38.

(mm) (GHz) (MHz) (-dB)

The Optimized Patch Antenna Upper Slot Width of Design No.2

4.2.6.1 S-Parameter and VSWR

within an acceptable range for an antenna.

4.2.6.2 Radiation Pattern (1D And 3D), H-Field, And E-Field