University of

Karachi

Morning program

Name: Aiman Amin

Major Department: Sociology
Submitted to: Ma’am Qurat-ul-Ain
Course code: 411
Criminology Assignment
STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES:
PROBLEM SOLVING POLICY:
Gladstone’s framework catalyzed the development of
tools for a problem-oriented approach to crime
reduction and was later supplanted by a four-stage
model called the scanning-analysis-response-assessment
model
SCANNING:
Identifying recurring problems of concern to the public
and the police. Identifying the consequences of the
problem for the community and the police. Prioritising
those problems. Developing board goals. Confirming that
the problem exist. Determining how frequently the
problem occurs and how long it has been taking place.
Selecting problems for closer examination.
ANALYSIS:
Identifying and understanding the events and conditions
that precede and accompany the problem. Identifying
relevant data to be collected. Researching what is known
the problem type. Taking inventory of how the problem
is currently addressed and the strengths and limitations
of the current response. Narrowing the scope of the
problem as specifically as possible. Identifying the variety
of researches that may be of assistant in developing a
people understanding of the problem.
HYPOTHESIS:
Developing a hypothesis why the problem is occurring.
RESPONSE: Rain storming for new intervention searching
for what it is other to communities which similar
problems have done choosing among the the alternative
invention ordering a response plan and identifying
responsible parties staring a specific object for response
plan carrying out plan activities.
ASSESSMENT:
Determining what the plan was implemented collecting
free and post response and qualitative and quantitative
data, determining broad goals and specific objective we
attained.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS:
When the various type of analytic services that were
available to law enforcement agencies increased, so did
the need for assistance. Therefore, to better reflect the
roles of those within the FBI providing the assistance,
profiling was remained criminal investigative analysis.
creating and unknown offender profile has become and
continues to be just one of the many services within this
analytic framework provided to law enforcement to
assist with the investigation of violent crimes. As such,
criminal investigative analysis has become an umbrella
term encapsulating a variety of services, including myriad
behavioral advice provided by the FBI to law
enforcement agencies. While criminal investigative
analysis, now practiced around the world, is most well-
known for the production of offenders profiles, the
practice has expired into a more comprehensive
investigative aid providing a variety of services of law
enforcement agencies.
• Indirect personality assessment.
• Equivocal death analysis
• Investigative suggestions
• Interview strategies
• Media strategies
• Threat assessment
• Search warrant affidavit assistance
• Trial strategies
• Expert testimony
 • Geographic profiling
• Critical incident analysis
To characterize criminal investigative analysis as only
offender profiling is both oversimplified and antiquated.
This perspective is highlighted by the findings from
recent interviews with criminal investigative analysis who
noted that the consultative services go far beyond
providing an offender profile and may, in fact, be more
useful during an investigation.
GOAL OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ANALYSIS:
The primary goal of criminal investigative analysis is to
examine all of the behavioral information and provide
advice to the requesting agency, rather than become
involved in the actual investigative process. Occasionally
a criminal a investigative analyst or term will go out to
the field and assist in the process of testify, but the
investigation is left for the law enforcement agency that
requested the assistance. The FBI does not come in and
take over the case, rather, assistance is provided to an
agency in its investigation.
CRIME MAPPING AND GEOGRAPHICAL CRIME
ANALYSIS:
CRIME MAPPING:
Crime mapping identifies not only where the actual crime
took place, but also looks at where the perpetrator
“lives, works, and plays” as well as where the victim
“lives, works and plays” crime analysis has identified that
the majority of criminals tend to commit crimes within
their comfort zones, and crime mapping is what allows
police and investigators to see where that comfort zone
might be.
PREDICTIVE POLICING THROUGH CRIME MAPPING:
The use of predictive policing is a much more cost-
effective approach to policing that past policies. This is
because predictive policy not only looks at where a crime
is likely to occur but also when the crime is likely to
occur. These patterns can help police identify what time
of day it is necessary to flood an area with officers, rather
than flooding the area twenty-four hours a day.
ROLE OF CITIZEN POLICE:
The primary responsibility of the police is to protest
Citizens from harm and danger, advocate for victims of
crimes and promote the accountability of criminals by
enforcing laws set forth by the city, state and county. The
police are also responsible for responding to 911 calls,
interviewing witnesses and victims of crimes,
investigating crimes in an attempt to secure criminals
and making arrests. The responsibilities of the police also
extend to enforcing laws that exist by ensuring drivers
are obeying traffic laws, patrolling high-traffic areas and
communities within the department’s jurisdiction to
protect the safety to community members and
questioning suspicious activity while on patrol. Police are
also responsible for responding to emergency situations
that require medical attention and may need to perform
first-aid duties until medical assistance arrives on the
scene. Responsibilities of the police are often heightened
during natural disasters. For example, the police may be
called on search homes for survivors following a tornado
or earthquake. In addition, police are also responsible for
maintaining order during riots or protests. To perform
the job duties of a police officer, members of the police
force train frequently on community safety, firearm use,
laws and rules of order and ethics.
FORENSIC EVIDENCE AND JUSTICE SYSTEM:
The collection of forensic evidence and the application of
forensic sciences have become essential to criminal
investigation: prove a crime has been committed or
establish key elements of a crime.
 • Place the suspect in contact with the victims or with
the crime scene. Establish the identity of persons
associated with a crime.
• Exonerate the innocent.
• Corroborate a victim’s testimony
• Assist in establishing the facts or what occurred
• Police personnel devote many hours to the
collection and analysis of forensic evidence.
Starting with the crime scene and continuing through the
entire investigation. Prosecutors prefer cases where
forensic evidence provides the – smoking gunl that
proves guilt beyond a responsible doubt. Many jurors
expect forensic evidence to be presented and failure to
present forensic analysis plants doubt in their minds.
Courts have made physical reliance on statements and
confessions by defendants. One of the main reasons for
the focus of forensic evidence is solving crimes is the
emergence of local, stats, national debates systems with
forensic information.
WEAPONS EVIDENCE:
Weapons evidence consists of forearms (handguns, rifles,
assault weapons, etc.) Ammunition (e.g., spent casings,
fired projectiles, bullet fragments, and unfired bullets),
gunshot residue (GSR) tests, knives. The purpose of a GSR
kit is to determine whether an individual was close to a
firearm at time of discharge.
FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE:
Fingerprint evidence will be divided into complete 10-
prints (fingerprints are available for both hands and
palms as in the case of fingerprinting a victim of suspect)
and latent prints (only partial prints of one or more
fingers are available, usually through a powdering
technical on physical evidence such as a weapon or
vehicle).
DRUG EVIDENCE:
Drug evidence includes drugs (e.g. marijuana, cocaine,
methamphetamine and others), and drug paraphernalia
(pipes spoons, etc.) found at a scene.
IMPRESSION EVIDENCE:
Impressions evidence includes shoeprint impressions tire
tracks, and tool marks.
TRACE EVIDENCE:
Three evidence is a generic term for small, sometimes
microscopic , material. It covers a wide variety of
evidence, including fibers, hairs, building materials
(asbestos, paint, e.t.c), cigarettes, tobacco, glass and
others.
NATURAL/SYNTHETICS MATERIALS:
Natural and synthetic materials include clothing, bed and
bath material, Carpet cuttings, metal objects, plastics,
and paper.
GENERIC OBJECTS:
Generic objects include vehicles, bicycles, containers,
doors wood, and concrete. Electronic/printed data;
electronics and printed data include documents and
electronics (computers, cell phones, etc. ).
OTHER ITEMS:
Other items are a catch-all category for evidence that
does not fit in any of the above categories.
This typology for classifying forensic evidence proved
beneficial in ILJ’s study. For the most part, forensic
evidence collected at crime scenes was easy to classify
into the correct categories possible a variety of resources
that may be of assistance in developing a deeper
understanding of the problem. Developing a working
hypothesis about why the problem is occurring.
RESPONSE:
Brainstorming for few inventions. Searching for what
other communities with similar problems have done.
Choosing among the alternative inventions outlining a
response plan and identifying responsible parties. Stating
the specific objectives for the response plan. Carrying out
the planned activities.
ASSESSMENT:
Determining whether the plan was implemented (a
process evaluation). Collecting pre- and post response
qualitative and quantitative data. Determining whether
board goals and specific objectives were attained.
Identifying any new strategies needed to argument the
original plan. Conducting ongoing assessment to ensure
continued effectiveness.