Art Appreciation Ge6

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A ppreciation
Prepared by:
Jemuel B. Lagarto
MODULE Art Appreciation
Introduction to the Course
Course Description:
Art appreciation is a three- unit course that develops students‟ ability to appreciate,
analyze and critique works of art. Through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches,
this course equips students with a broad knowledge of the practical, historical,
philosophical, and social relevance of the arts in order to hone students‟ ability to
articulate their understanding of the arts. The course also develops students‟
competency in researching and curating art as well as conceptualizing, mounting, and
evaluating art productions. The course aims to develop students‟ genuine appreciation
for Philippine arts by providing them opportunities to explore the diversity and richness
and their rootedness in Filipino culture.
Learning Outcomes
KNOWLEDGE
1. Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including their

function, value and historical significance.
2. Define and demonstrate the elements and principles of design.
3. Explain and evaluate different theories or art.
4. Situate Philippine arts in a global context.
SKILLS
1. Analyze and appraise work of art based on aesthetic value, historical context,
tradition, and social relevance.
2. Create their own works of art and curate their own production or exhibit.
3. Utilize art for self-expression and for promoting advocacies.
VALUES
1. Deepen their sensitivity to self, community, and society.

2. Discover and deepen their identity through art with respect to their nationality, culture,
and religion.
3. Develop an appreciation of the local arts.
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PRE-TEST
Our Color Quiz tests your knowledge of color theory, color terms, color mixing
and color symbolism. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What two colors would you mix to make green?
a. Yellow and Green

b. Violet and Blue
c. Red and Yellow
d. Blue and Yellow
2. What is/are the pantone color of the year 2021?

a. Yellow
b. Orange
c. Gray
d. Both a and c
3. What is the correct order of colors in the rainbow?
a. Green - Blue - Violet - Indigo - Red - Orange – Yellow
b. Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo – Violet
c. Violet - Indigo - Red - Orange - Yellow - Green – Blue
d. Yellow - Green - Blue - Violet - Indigo - Red - Orange
4. Yellow can be used as a symbol o f

?
a. Humility
b. Life
c. Happiness
d. Evil
5. Black can be used as a symbol of............... and

? Tick two of the options.
Death
Evil
Jealousy
Anger
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6. Orange can be used as a symbol of ............. ?

a. Creativity
b. Peace
c. Health
d. Fear
7. Complementary colors are also known as .............

colors.
Opposite
Tertiary
Analogous
Primary
8. Purple can be used as a symbol of ............. ?

Luxury
Peace
Anger
Danger
9 color involves the mixing of colored

lights. Type in the missing word.
a. Transparent
b. Subtractive
c. Polychrome
d. Additive
10. .................... color involves the mixing of colored

pigments and dyes. Type in the missing word.
a. Subtractive
b. Additive
c. Polychrome
d. Transparent
11. You get a color by mixing two primary

colors.
a. Primary
b. Analogous
c. Tertiary
d. Secondary
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12. What kind of colors are highlighted here?

a. Analogous Colors
b. Opposite Colors
c. Tertiary Colors
d. Secondary Colors
13. You get a color by mixing a primary and

a secondary color.
a. Opposite
b. Analogous
c. Tertiary
d. Complementary
14. Brown can be used as a symbol of ?

a. Humility
b. Pride
c. Energy
d. Luxury
15. Colors that you cannot see through are called

............. colors
a. Opaque
b. Gloss
c. Transparent
d. Matte
16. Colors that you can see through are called

............. colors
a. Monochrome
b. Polychrome
c. Transparent
d. Opaque
17. White can be used as a symbol of

Tick two of the options.
a. Love
b. Fear
c. Peace
d. Purity
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18. Which of these mixtures would create a secondary

color?
a. Orange and Green
b. Red and Yellow
c. Green and Yellow
d. Purple and Blue
19. Red can be used as a symbol of .............. and

............. ? Tick two of the options.
a. Calm
b. Nature
c. Passion
d. Danger
20. Grey can be used as a symbol of and

............. ? Tick two of the options.
a. Old Age
b. Boredom
c. Fear
d. Death
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CHAPTER 1: Assumptions and Nature of Art
Objectives:
a.) Understand the role of humanities and arts in man’s attempt at
fully realizing his end;
b.) Clarify misconceptions the art;
c.) Characterize the assumptions of arts; and;
d.) Engage better with personal experiences of an in art.
What is Art?
 Art is something that is perennially around us.

 Some people may deny having to do with arts but it is indisputable that life
presents us with many forms of and opportunities for communion with the arts.
The word ART comes from the ancient Latin, ars which means a “craft or specialized
form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery” (Collingwood, 1938).
Ars in Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It meant “any special form of
book- learning, such as grammar or logic, magic or astrology” (Collingwood, 1983).
The fine arts would come to mean “not delicate or highlyskilled arts, but “beautiful arts”
(Collingwood, 1983
“The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of
expression developed by man” (Dudley et al., 1960). Human history has witnessed how
man evolved not just physically but also culturally, from cave painters to men of exquisite
paintbrush users of the present.
Many other definitions emphasize that

1. Art is subjective and art is more subjective than objective. (Art for art itself)
2. Art is form and content. ( there is always a concept).
3. There is a connection between beauty and art and beauty is the measure of quality of
art.
Purposes and Functions of Art
Living with Art

the role of art in human life is to transform man's widest metaphysical
ideas, by selective reproduction of reality, into a physical form—a
work of art—that he can comprehend and to which he can respond
emotionally.
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Form & Meaning

Order & Structure
Exploring Aesthetic Possibilities
Functions of an artist
• Create places for human purpose
• Create extraordinary version of ordinary objects
• Record & commemorate
• Tangible form to the unknown
• Form to feeling and ideas
• See the world in new ways
Why Study Art?

Expression
Social Values
Human Intelligence
You might even say "Art is subjective, and means something different to every
single person on earth.
Assumptions of Art
ART IS UNIVERSAL
 Literature has provided key words of art.
 lliad and the Odyssey are the two Greek Epics that one’s being taught in school.
 The Sanskrit pieces Mahabharata and Ramanaya are also staples in this fields.
In every country and in every generation, there is always art. Often times, people feel
that what is considered artistic are only those which have been made long time ago. This
is a misconception. Age is not a factor in determining art. “An art is not good because it
is old, but old because it is good” (Dudley et al., 1960)
In the Philippines, the works of Jose Rizal and Francisco

Balagtas are not being read because they are old.
Florante at Laura never fails to teach high school students the

beauty of love, one that is universal and pure.
Ibong Adarna, another Filipino masterpiece, has always

captured the imagination of the young with its timeless
lessons.
When we recite the Psalms, we feel in communion with King

David as we feel one with him in his conversation with God.
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When we listen to a Kundiman or perform folk dances, we still enjoy the way our Filipino
ancestors while away their time in the past.
ART IS NOT NATURE
In the Philippines, it is not entirely novel to hear some consumers of local movies
remark that these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They contend that local movies
work around certain formula to the detriment of substance and faithfulness to reality of
movies.
Paul Cezanne, a french painted a scene from reality entitled Well and Grinding
Wheel in the Forest of the Chateau Noir.
ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE
Getting this far without a satisfactory

definition of art can be quite weird for some. For
most people, art does not require a full definition. Art
is just experience. By experience, we mean the
“actual doing of something” (Dudley et al., 1960) and
it also affirmed that art depends on experience, and
if one is to know art, he must know it not as fact or
information but as an experience.
A work of an art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing. In order to know
what an artworks, we have to sense it, see and hear it.
An important aspect of experiencing art is its being highly personal, individual, and
subjective. In philosophical terms, perception of art is always a value judgment. It depends
on who perceives, his tastes, his biases, and what he has inside.
For further reading please refer to the link provided: Art Appreciation, Meaning and Nature
https://prezi.com/kjne76wspfy4/art-appreciation-meaning-and-nature-of-humanities/
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Visual Art: Definition & Meaning

"Visual Arts" is a modern but imprecise umbrella term for a broad category of art
which includes a number of artistic disciplines from various sub-categories. Its wide ambit
renders meaningless any attempt at definition, so rather than define or compose some
diluted meaning for it, here is a list of its constituent disciplines.
Definitions of visual art usually encompass the following:
1. Fine Arts
Fine art belongs to the general category of visual arts. These include activities such as:
Drawing- In fine art, the term "drawing" may be defined as the

linear realization of visual objects, concepts, emotions, and
fantasies, including symbols and even abstract forms. Drawing
is a graphic art which is characterized by an emphasis on form
or shape, rather than mass and colour as in painting.
(contemporary pen and ink drawing)
Painting- painting consists of the arrangement of shapes, lines,

colours, tones and textures on a two-dimensional surface, thus
creating an aesthetic image. More than that one cannot say, the
sheer variety of possibilities precludes any more precise
definition.
(Detail from Christ Carrying The Cross
(1490), by Hieronymous Bosch.)
Printmaking- printmaking is concerned with the production of

images by varying methods of replication onto paper, parchment,
fabric or other supports. The resulting fine prints (impressions),
while not 'original' in the sense of a fine art painting or drawing,
are considered nevertheless to be works of art in their own right,
even though they exist in multiples.
(Tristesse du Roi, Lithograph, by
Henri Matisse.)
Sculpture- The most enduring and, arguably, the greatest form

of fine art known to man, sculpture has played a major role in the
evolution of Western culture. Its history and stylistic development
are those of Western art itself. It is a key indicator of the cultural
achievements of Classical Antiquity, and became an important
influence on the development of Renaissance art in Italy.
Art Deco Bronze Sculpture
by G Ninin 1990‟s
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Graphic Art- The term 'graphic art' (a derivation from the German
Graphik, originating from graphikos, the Greek for drawing)
commonly denotes those forms of visual expression that depend
for their effect on line and tone (disegno), not colour (colorito). The
main classical type of graphic art is drawing, which includes
cartoons, caricature, comic strips and animation, as well as line
drawings and sketching with pencil or charcoal, and pen and ink
Computerized Graphic Art
Manuscript Illuminations- An illuminated manuscript is a

manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration
as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the
strictest definition, the term refers only to manuscripts decorated
with either gold or silver; but in both common usage and modern
scholarship, the term refers to any decorated or illustrated
manuscript from Western traditions.
Book Illustrations- An illustration is a drawing, painting or printed

work of art which explains, clarifies, illuminates, visually
represents, or merely decorates a written text, which may be of a
literary or commercial nature. Historically, book illustration and
magazine/newspaper illustrations have been the predominant
forms of this type of visual art, although illustrators have also used
their graphic skills in the fields of poster art, advertisements, comic
books, animation art, greeting cards, cartoon-strips.
The Princess and the Pea (1912)
Illustration by Edmund Dulac of the
Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale.
Calligraphy- It is the design and execution of lettering with a

broad-tipped instrument, brush, or other writing instrument. A
contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of
giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious, and skillful
manner. Modern calligraphy ranges from functional inscriptions
and designs to fine-art pieces where the letters may or may not
be readable.
Architecture- is both the process and the product of

planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any
other structures. Architectural works, in the material form
of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and
as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified
with their surviving architectural achievements.
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2. Contemporary Arts
Some define contemporary art as art produced within "our lifetime," recognizing
that lifetimes and life spans vary. However, there is a recognition that this generic
definition is subject to specialized limitations.
Assemblage- Popularized in the United States during the 1950s

and 1960s by artists like Robert Rauschenberg (b.1925) and Jim
Dine (b.1935), Assemblage is a form of three-dimensional visual art
whose compositions are formed from everyday items, usually called
"found objects" (objets trouvés)
Very Hungry God (2006)
By postmodernist artist Sudobh Gupta.
Assemblage made from stainless steel
kitchen utensils, pots and pans.
Collage- In modern art, the word 'collage' describes a composition

made up of a variety of assorted materials - typically, printed matter
like newspaper clippings, photographs, pieces of graphic or digital
art, oddments of textile or fabric, and perhaps solid objects - all
glued to a sheet of paper or board or canvas.
Contemporary Collage (2010)

Made with cigarette butts.
By Dan Mountford.
Conceptual Art- A modern form of contemporary art which gives

priority to an idea presented by visual means that are themselves
secondary to the idea. Conceptual art, while having no intrinsic
financial value, can deliver a powerful message, and thus has
served as a vehicle for socio-political comment, as well as a broad
challenge to the tradition of a 'work of art' being a crafted unique
object.
My Bed (1999) Saatchi Collection By Tracey Emin. An example of
Conceptual as well as feminist art, from a leading Young British artist.
Installation- Installation art is a relatively new genre of

contemporary art - practiced by an increasing number of
postmodernist artists - which involves the configuration or
"installation" of objects in a space, such as a room or warehouse.
The resulting arrangement of material and space comprises the
"artwork".
Obliteration Room (2012) Installation by Yayoi Kusama
Queensland Gallery of Modern Art.Starting with a room painted from top
to bottom in pure white Japanese artistYayoi Kusama then unleashed into it
thousands of kids armed with thousands of coloured stickers.
Happenings- A Happening is a form of avant-garde art - a type of

creative expression, closely associated with performance art,
which itself has its roots in twentieth century theories
of conceptual art, derived largely from demonstrations organized
by exponents of Dada, such as Tristan Tzara
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Performance Art- Performance art is typically intensely

theatrical, often taking acting and movement to extremes of
expression and endurance not permitted in the theatre.
Words are rarely prominent, while music and noises of
various kinds often are.
Photography- Known also as "photographic art", "artistic

photography" and so on, the term "fine art photography"
has no universally agreed meaning or definition: rather, it
refers to an imprecise category of photographs, created in
accordance with the creative vision of the cameraman. The
basic idea behind the genre, is that instead of merely
capturing a realistic rendition of the
subject, the photographer is aiming to produce a more personal - typically more evocative
or atmospheric - impression.
Video Art- The genre known as video art, is a new

type of contemporary art, and a medium of
expression commonly seen in Installations, but also
as a stand-alone art form. Initiated by such
experimental artists as Andy Warhol, Wolf Vostell,
and Nam June Paik, recent advances in digital
computer and video technology, enabling artists to edit and manipulate film sequences,
have opened up a range of creative opportunities and drawn numerous artists into the
genre.
Animation Art- Animation (from the Latin word,

animare, to breathe life into) is the visual art of
making a motion picture from a series of still
drawings. Although twenty first century animation is
dominated by computerized film and video
technology, the creative figure drawing skills and
draftsmanship of cartoonists and graphic artists
remain an integral part of the process.
Land Art- A form of contemporary art, known also

as Earthworks, or Earth Art, this artistic movement
emerged in America during the 1960s when a
number of sculptors and painters - such as Robert
Smithson (1938-73) - determined to heighten public
awareness of Man's relationship with the natural
world by intervening in the landscape in a series of
thought-provoking constructions.
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Graffiti- One of the most radical contemporary art movements,

"graffiti art" (also called "Street Art", "Spraycan Art", "Subway
Art" or "Aerosol Art") commonly refers to decorative imagery
applied by paint or other means to buildings, public transport or
other property.
3. Decorative Arts & Crafts

The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of
objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes interior design, but not
usually architecture.
Decorative Art- The term "decorative arts" is a traditional term

for a rather unwieldy range of artistic disciplines concerned with
the design and ornamentation of items, usually functional, that
do not necessarily have any intrinsic aesthetic qualities.
Nails sculpted with Fruit Sculptures.
A beautiful example of nail art.
Ceramics- Known as an important plastic art, "Ceramics"

(derived from Keramos, Greek for 'potter's clay') refers to items
made from clay bodies and fired in a kiln to obtain the finished
form. Outside of art, due to new technological processes, the
term ceramics now encompasses a wider group of materials,
including glass and cements, so clay is no longer a key
component.
Mosaic Art- Mosaic is the decorative art of creating pictures

and patterns on a surface by setting small coloured pieces of
glass, marble or other materials in a bed of cement, plaster or
adhesive. Employed as a form of interior or exterior decoration,
and originally developed in ancient Greece, mosaics were
developed extensively by Roman craftsmen, mostly in the form
of pavements.
Tapestry Art- Tapestry is an ancient form of textile art which

has been practised all over the world for thousands of years.
Ancient Egyptians and the Incas used woven tapestries as
shrouds in which to bury their dead. The Greeks and Romans
used them as wall-coverings for civic buildings and temples
like the Parthenon.
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4. Applied Art
The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and
essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing.
Fashion design- is the art of applying design, and

natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is
influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has
varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a
number of ways in designing clothing and accessories
such as bracelets and necklaces. Because of the time
required to bring a garment onto the market, designers
must at times anticipate changes to consumer tastes.
Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the

interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more
aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using
the space. An interior designer is someone who plans,
researches, coordinates, and manages such
enhancement projects. Interior design is a multifaceted
profession that includes conceptual development, space
planning, site inspections, programming,
research, communicating with the stakeholders of a project, construction management,
and execution of the design.
Body Art- The term "Body art" describes a type of

contemporary art, in which the artist's own body
becomes the "canvas" or "artwork". Although closely
related to conceptual art and performance art. The term
"Body art" describes a type of contemporary art, in which
the artist's own body becomes the "canvas" or "artwork".
Although closely related to conceptual art and
performance art.
For further reading please refer to the link provided: Understanding Visual Art
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01AaFm88Smk
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Line
A line is an identifiable path created by a point moving in space. However, when
it comes to using the design element of line, there is nearly endless potential. They often
lead a viewer's eye around composition and can communicate messages through their
distinct qualities.
Shape
Shapes play an important role in the creation of art. Different characteristics of
shapes evoke different moods and meanings. They are also an important element of
design in space since they create movement within a piece and lead the eye from one
design element to the next.
Form
Form is sometimes used to describe a shape that has an implied third dimension.
In other words, an artist may try to make parts of a flat image appear three-dimensional.
Notice in the drawing below how the artist makes the different shapes appear three-
dimensional through the use of shading. It’s a flat image but appears three-dimensional.
Space
Many artists are as concerned with space in their works as they are with, say,
color or form. There are many ways for the artist to present ideas of space. Remember
that many cultures traditionally use pictorial space as a window to view realistic subject
matter through, and through the subject matter they present ideas, narratives and
symbolic content.
Texture
At the most basic level, Three-dimensional works of art (sculpture, pottery,
textiles, metalwork, etc.) and architecture have actual texture which is often
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determined by the material that was used to create it: wood, stone, bronze, clay, etc. Two-
dimensional works of art like paintings, drawings, and prints may try to show
implied texture through the use of lines, colors, or other ways. When a painting has a lot
of actual texture from the application of thick paint, we call that impasto.
Value
Value (or tone) is the relative lightness or darkness of a shape in relation to
another. The value scale, bounded on one end by pure white and on the other by black,
and in between a series of progressively darker shades of grey, gives an artist the tools
to make these transformations. The value scale below shows the standard variations in
tones. Values near the lighter end of the spectrum are termed high-keyed, those on the
darker end are low-keyed.
Color
Color is the most complex artistic element because of the combinations and
variations inherent in its use. Humans respond to color combinations differently, and
artists study and use color in part to give desired direction to their work. Color is
fundamental to many forms of art. Its relevance, use and function in a given work depend
on the medium of that work. While some concepts dealing with color are broadly
applicable across media, others are not.
For further reading of the Elements of Art please refer to the link below:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-9/
For further reading please refer to the link provided: 7 Elements of Art
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZPIbqDFLI8
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MULTIPLE CHOICES: Read each statement carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer:
1.) What are the primary colors?

a.) yellow, blue, purple c.) yellow, purple, green
b.) yellow, red, blue d.) yellow, purple, green
2.) What are the secondary colors?
a.) orange, blue, red c.) green, purple, red
b.) green, purple, red d.) green, purple, orange
3.) What are the cool colors?
a.) blue, green, yellow c.) blue, green, red
b.) red, orange, yellow d.) blue, green, violet
4.) What are the warm colors?
a.) orange, red, yellow c.) red, orange, blue
b.) blue, green, yellow d.) blue, green, violet
5.) Which of these is NOT a line?
a.) c.) - - - - - - - - - - -
b.) <<<<<<<<<<<< d.) \/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\

6.) What is the definition of shape?
a.) a three- dimensional object c.) a path of a moving point
b.) a two dimensional outline of an object d.) a geometric figure
7.) Lines can be described as “ Organic”.
a.) True b.) False
8.) What is the darkness or lightness of a color called?
a.) value c.) color
b.) contrast d.) balance
9.) What type of scale shows the range of values from black to white and light to dark?
a.) monetary scale
c.) proportion scale
b.) pentatonic scale
d.) value scale
10.) If we focus on the white area, is it positive space, or

negative space?
a.) Positive Space b.) Negative Space
11.) What type of space showed in the picture?
a.) negative Space b.) Positive Space

12.) What is this called?
a.) color circle c.) wheel of death
b.) color wheel d.) color theory
13.) What happens when you shade a color?
a.) it gets lighter c.) it gets darker
b.) it gets brighter d.) it gets duller
14.) The surface quality of an artwork is called its .
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a.) smoothness c.) texture
b.) edges d.) roughness
15.) An implied sense of texture that artist creates using other elements such as line, value, and color is
called?
a.) fake texture c.) illusion
b.) visual texture d.) optical blending
16.) Forms that are free flowing are called .
a.) organic c.) geometric
b.) geometric d.) rough
17.) Forms that are manmade through careful calculation are called .
a.) color circle
c.) Cube
b.) Algebraic
c.) Organic
d.) Geometric
18.) This texture would be described as .

a.) smooth c.) soft
b.) spongy d.) pebbled
19.) An example of a word describing texture would be .

a.) cold c.) red
b.) bumpy d.) striped
20.) Which option below best describes your feelings about art?
a.) I love art! Let‟s make it art all day!
b.) I don‟t know much about art, but I want to know learn more
c.) I really like art. I don‟t feel good at it, but I like making art.
d.) I‟m just here because I need this class to graduate.
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Show your talent you can choose your own content.
CRITERIA
Song / Poetry
Voice Quality_______________________________________________________________30%
Interpretation and expression __________________________________________________20%
Clarity of voice______________________________________________________________10%
Presentation (Creativity)______________________________________________________40%
Total--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100%
Dance
Costume, concept, Music Choice_________________________________________________20%
Interpretation and expression __________________________________________________10%
Choreography_______________________________________________________________30%
Presentation (Creativity)_______________________________________________________40%
Total---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100%
Theater/ PERFORMANCE
Preparedness (Props, Costume, concept, Music Choice)_______________________________15%
Clarity of voice (Dialogs, intonation)______________________________________________20%
Interpretation and expression ___________________________________________________25%
Performance(Creativity)________________________________________________________40%
Total ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100%
Drawing / Painting
Connectedness to the chosen topic ---------------------------------------------------------------------20

Originality--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Quality------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Total ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100
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CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS OF ART
Objectives:
a.) Explain the basic philosophical foundations of art.
b.) Realize the functions of some art forms in daily life.
c.) Apply theories and concepts on beauty and aesthetics in real life
scenario
d.) Differentiate representational art and non-representational art;
e.) Discuss the difference between an artwor’s subject and its content;
Within art, there exist purposes referred to as functions for which a piece of art
may be designed, but no art can be "assigned" a function either in scholarly studies or
casual conversation outside of the proper context. Art forms exist within very specific
contexts that must be considered when classifying them. Whether a particular piece of art
has existed for centuries or has yet to be created, it is functional in some way all art exists
for a reason and these reasons make up the functions of art.
Physical
The physical functions of art are often the easiest to
understand. Works of art that are created to perform some
service have physical functions. If you see a Fijian war club,
you may assume that, however wonderful the
craftsmanship may be, it was created to perform the
physical function of smashing skulls.
A Japanese raku bowl is a piece of art that performs
a physical function in a tea ceremony.
Conversely, a fur-covered teacup from the Dada
movement has no physical function. Architecture, crafts such as welding and
woodworking, interior design, and industrial design are all types of art that serve physical
functions.
Social
Art has a social function when it
addresses aspects of (collective) life as
opposed to one person's point of view or
experience. Viewers can often relate in
some way to social art and are sometimes
even influenced by it.
Art that depicts social conditions
performs social functions and often this art comes in the form of photography. The
Realists figured this out early in the 19th century.
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Personal
The personal functions of art are often the most difficult to
explain. There are many types of personal functions and these
are highly subjective. Personal functions of art are not likely to be
the same from person to person.
An artist may create a piece out of a need for self-
expression or gratification. They might also or instead want to
communicate a thought or point to the viewer. Sometimes an
artist is only trying to provide an aesthetic experience, both for
self and viewers. A piece might be meant to entertain, provoke
thought, or even have no particular effect at all.
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ART

Aristotle claimed that every particular substance in the world has an end, or telos
in Greek, which translates into “purpose.” Every substance, defined as formed matter,
moves according to a fixed path towards its aim.
Art is an Imitation
• In Plato‟s The Republic, paints a picture of artists as imitators and art as mere
imitation.
• In his description of the ideal republic, Plato advises against the inclusion of art
as a subject in the curriculum and the banning of artists in the Republic.
• Plato was convinced that artists merely reinforce the belief in copies and
discourage men to reach for the real entities in the World of Forms.
• Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artists for two reasons:
• They appeal to the emotion rather to the rational faculty of men
• They imitate rather than lead one to reality
• Poetry rouses emotions and feelings and thus, clouds rationality of people.
• Art is just an imitation of imitation. A painting is just an imitation of nature, which is
also just an imitation of reality in the World of Forms.
• Art then is to be banished, alongside the practitioners, so that the attitudes and
actions of the members of the Republic will not be corrupted by the influence of
the arts.
• For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a petty replacement for the real
entities than can only be attained through reason.
21
Art as a Representation
• Aristotle agreed with Plato that art is a form of imitation.

• However, Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing the truth.
• The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical to the reaching of
fundamental truths in the world.
• Unlike Plato who thought that art is an imitation of another imitation, Aristotle
conceived of art as representing possible versions of reality.
• For Aristotle, all kinds of art do not aim to represent reality as it is, it endeavors to
provide a version of what might be or the myriad possibilities of reality.
• In Aristotelian worldview, art serves two particular purposes:
• Art allows for the experience of pleasure (horrible experience can be
made an object of humor)
• Art also has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience things
about life (cognitive)
Art as a Disinterested Judgment
• Immanuel Kant, in his Critique of Judgment, considered the judgment of beauty,

the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity.
• Kant recognized that judgment of beauty is subjective.
• However, even subjective judgments are based on some universal criterion for the
said judgment.
• The first is clearly a judgment of taste (subjective), while the second is an aesthetic
judgment (objective).
• Making an aesthetic judgment requires us to be disinterested. In other words, we
should try to go beyond our individual tastes and preferences so that we can
appreciate art from a universal standpoint.
Art as a Communication of Emotion

• According to Leo Tolstoy, art plays a huge role in communication to its
audience‟s emotions that the artist previously experienced.
• In the same that language communicates information to other people, art
communicates emotions.
• As a purveyor of man‟s innermost feelings and thoughts, art is given a unique
opportunity to serve as a mechanism for social unity.
• Art is central to man‟s existence because it makes accessible feelings and
emotions of people from the past and present.
22
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AS PRECISELY YET AS

THOROUGHLY AS POSSIBLE.
1.) What art form/artwork has changed something in your life? Why
Account for the experience.
2.) Does art always have a function? Why? Support your response.
Provide your own example.
3.) If an artwork ceased to have a function, will it remain an art? Why?
Look around your house and identify a product of art. In a

short bond paper, paste a picture of that product of art in your
household. Trace the beginning of this item and identify what
functions it has in history (e.g., a painting of the Last Supper
in your dining room or a spoon).
23
SUBJECT and CONTENT of ART
Two types of subject:
1. Representational Art
 These types of art have subjects that refer to objects or events occurring in the
real world. It is also known as “figurative art”.
 A painting or sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it claims to be.
Examples:
a. Mona Lisa (1503) by Leonardo da Vinci

b. Boy Leading a Horse (1905) by Pablo Picasso
c. Palay Maiden (1920) by Fernando Amorsolo
a. b. c.
2. Non-representational Art
 Art forms that do not make reference to the real world, whether it is a person,
place, thing, or even a particular event.
 It is stripped down only to visual elements to translate a particular emotion and
concept.
 Best example of a non-representational art is an abstract art.
Note: Abstract art can be a representational art since even with the abstraction of an
artwork, it can still form a real image through visual elements.
24
SUBJECT OF ART
 The visual focus or the image that may be extracted from examining the artwork; the
“what”
Six (6) main kinds of subject:
1. Still Life – a collection of inanimate objects arranged together in a specific way.

2. Landscape – natural scenery such as mountains, cliffs, rivers, etc.
3. Nature – a focused view or interpretation of specific natural elements.
4. Portraiture – an image of a particular person or animal, or group thereof.
5. Abstract – a non-representational work of art.
6. Day of the Dead – a Mexican holiday with a vibrant artistic tradition.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
CONTENT OF ART
The meaning that is expressed and communicated by the artist or the artwork; the “why”
Three (3) various levels of meaning:
 Factual meaning – Is the most rudimentary level of meaning. Extracted from the
identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork.
 Conventional meaning – Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the
artwork using motifs, signs, and symbols. Established through time,
strengthened by recurrent use and wide acceptance by its audience who study
them.
25
 Subjective meaning – A particular work of art that is consulted and read.

Meanings that came from the viewers or audience‟s circumstances and
experiences. Meanings may not be singular, rather, there are multiple and varied
For further discussion please refer to the link provided: How to analyze the subject
matter of a work of art: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIvzDTsaEPg
Logo Quiz: Play this game and try to guess the brand or name of the logo.
https://logoquiz.net/
26
TEST I: MULTIPLE CHOICES: Read each statement carefully and choose the
letter of the correct answer.
1.) The function art that addresses the aspect of life as opposed to one person’s
point of view or experience.
a.) Physical Function b.) Social Function c.) Personal Function
2.) This function of art is often the easiest to understand.

3.) This function is the most difficult to explain because this is highly subjective.
4.) An artist may create a piece out of a need for self- expression or gratification.
5.) Viewers can often relate in some way to and are sometimes influence by this.
6.) Architecture and industrial design are all types of art that serve this function.
7.) The subject of this kind of art are natural scenery such as mountains, cliffs,
and rivers.
a.) Still Life b.) Landscape c.) Nature
8.) A collection of inanimate objects arranged together in a specific way.

9.) A focused view of interpretation of specific natural elements.

10.) A vibrant artistic tradition like a Mexican Holiday

Portraiture
Abstract
Day of the Dead
11.) An image of a particular person or animal, or group thereof.

a.) Portraiture b.) Abstract c.) Day of the Dead
12.) A non-representational work of art.

a.) Portraiture b.) Abstract c.) Day of the Dead
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13.) These meaning came from the viewer’s or audience’s circumstances and
experiences.
Factual Meaning
Conventional meaning
Subjective Meaning
14.) It pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs,

signs, and symbols.
a.) Factual Meaning b.) Conventional meaning c.) Subjective Meaning
15.) Its meaning is extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the
artwork.
a.) Factual Meaning b.) Conventional meaning c.) Subjective Meaning
TEST II: SIMPLE RECALL: Read the statement and identify the perspective it
describes. Choose the letter of the correct answer form the given choices.
Art is an Imitation
Art as a Representation
Art as a Disinterested Judgment
Art as a Communication of Emotion
1.) It communicates to other people the same as how language does. D

2.) We should try to go beyond our individual tastes and preferences so that we
can appreciate art form a universal standpoint.
3.) The kind of imitation that art does is not antithetical to the reaching of
fundamental truths in the world.
4.) A painting is a direct representation of reality.
5.) Art also has an ability to be instructive and teach its audience things about
life.
28
LET‟S TRY: Evaluate the Paintings and try to guess what its title is. Choose the letter of
the correct answer.
a. The Astronomer
b. Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Pipe
c. The Last Supper
d. Landscape with Cows and Cam
Answer:
a. Self-Portrait with Monkeys

b. The Street, the Yellow House
c. Girl with a Pearl Earring
d. Floral Still Life
Answer:
a. False Mirror
b. Lady with an Ermine
c. Monet's Water Lilies
d. First Steps
Answer:
a. Skull with Burning Cigarette

b. The Scream
c. Peasant Family
d. Gilles
Answer:
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a. Skull with Burning Cigarette

b. The Birth of Venus
c. El Desperado
d. The Potato Eaters
Answer:
a. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

b. Whistler's Mother
c. I and the Village
d. Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Pipe
Answer:
a. Landscape with Cows and Camel

b. Birth of Venus
c. Bildnis Fritza Riedler, 1906
d. Christ Among the Doctors
Answer:

b. The Ninth Wave
c. First Steps
d. Paris street, Rainy Day
Answer:
30
a. Peasant Family
b. I and the Village Peasant Family
c. The Musicians
d. The Death of Marat
Answer:
a. I and the Village

b. Gilles
c. Self-Portrait with Monkeys
d. The Bathers
Answer:
a. Nude Sitting on a Divan

b. Floral Still Life
c. Cubist Self-portrait
d. The Birth of Venus
Answer:
a. Floral Still Life

b. The Cyclops
c. Landscape with Cows and Camel
d. The Musicians
Answer:
a. Cubist Self-portrait
b. Bildnis Fritza Riedler, 1906 Vienna
c. False Mirror
d. The Baptism of Christ
Answer:
31
a. Christ Among the Doctors

b. First Steps
c. The Sleeping Gypsy
d. Gilles
Answer:
a. Cubist Self-Portrait
b. Lady with an Ermine
c. I and the Village
d. Self-Portrait with a Sunflower
Answer:
a. False Mirror
b. Five Bathing Women at a Lake
c. Peasant Family
d. The Garden of Earthly Deligh
Answer:
a. Paris Street, Rainy Day

b. The Street, the Yellow House
c. The Raft of the Medusa
d. The Liver Is the Cock's Comb
Answer:

b. Bathers at Asnieres
c. First Steps
d. Paris Street, Rainy Day
Answer:
32
a. Agnew Clinic
b. I and the Village
c. Five Bathing Women at a Lake
d. Skull with Burning Cigarette
Answer:
A Sunday Afternooon on the Island of La

Grande Jatte
Landscape with Cows and Camel
The Musicians
Cubist Self-portrait
Answer:
a. False Mirror
b. Near the Bed of Death (Fever)
c. The Harlequin's Carnival
d. The Astronomer
Answer:
33
CHAPTER 3: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
Objectives:
a.) Define artists and an artisans medium and technique.
b.) Understand that the artisans work is an end itself and the artist’s
work is a means to its end.
c.) Familiarize with the Famous Philippine Artists
The words artist and artisan are often very confusing for most people although
there is a key difference between the two words. An artist is a person who performs any
of the creative arts. This can range from painting to music. An artisan, on the other hand,
is a skilled worker who makes things by hand. The mere definition of the two words can
be rather confusing because both involve the creation of something.
ARTIST
An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts. This captures all forms
of art. For an example, a person who paints can be referred to as an artist. In the modern
world, the term artist is also used for musicians as well. Here it is important to highlight
that the term artist is not only attributed for those who create art as an occupation, but
also for those who are skilled in a particular activity such as drawing, designing,
composing, etc.
The specialty of an artist is that he is able to create art for the sake of art itself
without needing any ulterior motives. Some artists create their works of art for the
satisfaction of the society in which they live. In this case, they have to confine to the
societal demands and limitations. It is believed that through art the artist can create a
change in society. This is because art appeals to all senses of people.
34
ARTISAN
An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand. This includes various
objects ranging from jewelry to furniture. An artisan should not be confused with an artist
because there is a clear difference in the things that they create. An artisan is able to
produce something that has a functional value; although it should not be limited to its use
value alone. However, it must be stressed that there are cases where the objects created
by an artisan has only decorative value.
Most artisans have the skill of adding aesthetic value to the objects that they
create. This transcends the object from a mere object of utility. This is why most
handmade objects are much more expensive than mass-produced objects.
Definitions of Artist and Artisan:

Artist: An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts.
Artisan: An artisan is a skilled worker who makes things by hand.
Characteristics of Artist and Artisan:
Artistic Value:
Artist: The object has a clear artistic value.
Artisan: The object has an artistic value.
Functional Value:
Artist: The object has no functional value.
Artisan: The object has a functional value.
Object:
Artist: The object has a lot of aesthetic value and is appreciated for this quality as it
pleases the individual.
Artisan: The object though utilitarian has certain aesthetic attributes to it.
For the examples of Artists and Artisans please refer to the link below
:https://new.edmodo.com/view-office-online/edit/1139563077/pptx/ARTIST%20AND%20ARTISAN
35
Find an artist in any field and ask at least 1 artist the following
questions, submit your answer through our group chat.
1. What’s your background?
2. What does your work aim to say?
3. How does your work comment on current social or political issues?
4. Who are your biggest influences?
5. How have you developed your career?
6. How do you seek out opportunities?
7. Which current art world trends are you following?
36
The 10 Most Famous Filipino Artists and their Masterworks
Philippine art reflects a wide range of influences, from the country‟s colonial past to
contemporary culture.
Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972)

Labelled the country‟s first National Artist in 1972 by then President Marcos,
Fernando Amorsolo is often known as the „Grand Old Man of Philippine Art‟. The
Spanish-trained realist developed a backlighting technique, where his colorful depictions
of local people reflect the radiance of the Philippine sun. The figures and illuminated
landscapes magically glow on the canvas. Despite his deteriorating health and failing
eyesight, he remained prolific until the end, producing up to 10 paintings a month until his
death at the age of 80. Amorsolo‟s creativity defines the nation‟s culture and heritage to
this day.
„The Fruit Gatherer‟, 1950 © Fernando Amorsolo
José Joya (1931-1995)

A Filipino pioneer of Abstract expressionism, multi-media painter José Joya uses
bold and vibrant colours with a variety of painting techniques, layering, loose impasto
strokes and controlled drips. His harmonious colours are influenced by Philippine
landscapes and tropical wildlife. His mastery lies in gestural paintings, where the paint is
applied spontaneously on canvas, sometimes directly out of the tube or through the use
of broad strokes with brushes.
37
Pacita Abad (1946-2004)

Born on the northern island of Batanes, the internationally revered artist first
obtained a degree in Political Science at the University of the Philippines. Her staunch
activism against the Marcos regime in the 1970s, led her to move to San Francisco to
initially study law – but she found her true calling with art. Her paintings consist of vibrant
colors and a constant change of patterns and materials. Earlier work dealt with socio-
political depictions of people, indigenous masks, tropical flowers, and underwater scenes.
She is noted to have worked on more than 5,000 pieces of art – her masterwork being Alkaff
Bridge, Singapore, a 55-meter bridge covered in over 2,000 colourful circles. It was completed a
few months before she passed away from lung cancer in 2004.
Ang Kiukok (1935-2005)

Born to Chinese immigrants, Ang Kiukok is the pioneer of Philippine modern
figurative expressionism. Rewarded as the country‟s National Artist in 2001, he was one of
the most successful commercial figures on the local art scene from the 1960s until his
death from cancer in 2005. Like Amorsolo, his paintings are popular at auctions and have
received exceptionally high bids at Sotheby‟s and Christie‟s. He is known for his distinct
cubist and surrealist portrayals of the crucifixion of Christ and mother and child.
“The Fishermen‟, 1981 © Ang Kiukok
38
Benedicto Cabrera (1942-present)

Fondly known as „BenCab‟ in the Philippines, Cabrera
is the best-selling commercial painter of his generation and a
prominent head of the local contemporary art scene. His fruitful
career has spanned five decades, where his paintings,
etchings, sketches, and prints have been exhibited across Asia,
Europe, and the US. He currently resides in the chilly northern
hill station of Baguio, where he established his own four-level
BenCab Museum on Asin Road that features an eclectic
selection of indigenous artifacts, personal works, and an
overwhelming collection of paintings from contemporary Filipino
artists.
“Sabel in Blue‟, 2006 © Bencab
Kidlat Tahimik (1942-present)

A close friend of BenCab and Baguio native is critically acclaimed director Kidlat
Tahimik. Known as the father of Philippine independent film, the government recently
conferred upon him the Order of National Artist for Film in October 2018. Born Eric de
Guia, Kidlat Tahimik means „silent lightning‟ in Tagalog.
His work is associated with Third Cinema, a film movement that denounces neo-
colonialism and the capitalist system. His films have been prominent at film festivals
across America, Europe, and Asia.
Eduardo Masferré (1909-1995)

Further north of Baguio, in the mountainous province of
Sagada, Eduardo Masferré was born to a Filipino mother and
Spanish soldier. He is regarded as the Father of Philippine
photography. He documented with great detail the everyday lives
of indigenous people of the Cordilleras. The self-taught
photographer processed his own film in a makeshift darkroom
and managed to even produce prints without electricity. His
photographs capture the culture of the people in his community
and serve as a documentation of their customary practices and
rituals.
Sagada, 1952 © Masferre
Agnes Arellano (1949-present)
Born to a family of prominent male architects, sculptress
Agnes Arellano is best known for her surrealist and
expressionist work in plaster, bronze and cold-cast marble. Her
sculptures highlight the female body and draw from themes
surrounding sexuality, religion, and mysticism. Borrowing from
the term of poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, Agnes attributes her
work to „inscapes‟, that assert an internal unity among various
elements in her installations and sculptures.
“Carcass-Cornucopia‟, 1987 © Agnes Arellano
39
Roberto Chabet (1937-2013)

Born Roberto Rodriguez,
he used his mother‟s maiden
name Chabet when he began his
career in art. He was a mentor to
many students at the University of
the Philippines, where he taught
for over 30 years, and is
acknowledged as the father of
conceptual art in the Philippines.
Chabet initially studied
architecture but his conceptual art
installations, collages, and
sculptures in the 1960s and 70s
made him a rebellious figure on the local art scene. He was the founding museum director
of the Cultural Center of the Philippines from 1967-1970, where he established the 13
Artists Awards that highlight the achievements of young artists whose works show a
contemporary view of art-making and thinking.
Napoleon Abueva (1930-2018)

Noted as the Father of Modern Filipino
sculpture, Abueva attended the University of the
Philippines with Joya and was mentored by noted
sculptor Guillermo Tolentino, at the College of Fine
Arts. Born in Bohol, he is also the youngest National
Artist awardee appointed by then President Marcos,
at the age of 46. His expertise was seen in a wide
array of materials such as hard wood, abode, steel,
cement, marble, and bronze.
Abueva is adept in traditional representation
and modern abstract forms of sculpture. A trip around
the University of the Philippines will show you a
number of his works, such as the University Gateway
and Nine Muses near the old faculty centre.
The Cross at Mt. Samat. Bataan

Completed in 1970 © Abueva /
1Bataan
Please refer to the link below for a Documentary about: TUKLAS: Sining Saysay -
Philippine History in Art: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZN75VyLipIU
40
TEST I: ALTERNATE REPONSE: Identify if the given statement describes and ARTIST
or an ARTISAN.
1.) The specialty of this is that he is able to create art for the sake of art itself without
needing any ulterior motives
Artist
Artisan
2.) A person who performs any of the creative arts.
a..) Artist b.) Artisan
3.) A skilled worker who makes things by hand.
a.) Artist b.) Artisan
4.) May create a piece out of a need for self- expression or gratification.
5.) They can produce something that has a functional value.
6.) May create a piece that has only decorative value.
7.) The object has no functional value.
8.) The object has a functional value..
9.) The object has a lot of aesthetic value and is appreciated for this quality as it pleases
the individual.
10.) The object though utilitarian has certain aesthetic attributes to it.
TEST II: MATCHING TYPE: Match the Filipino Artists in Column A to its
description in Column B.
A. B.
1.) Fernando Amorsolo a.) Founding museum director of CCP
2.) Jose Joya b.) Pioneer of Phil. Modern Figurative Expressionism
3.) Pacita Abad c.) Father of Modern Filipino Sculpture
4.) Ang Kiukok d.) Grand Old Man of Philippine Art
5.) Benedicto Cabrera e.) Filipino pioneer of Abstract Expressionism
6.) Kidlat Tahimik f.) Father of Philippine photography
7.) Eduardo Masferre g.) Painted the Alkaff Bridge in Singapore
8.) Roberto Chabet h.) The best-selling commercial painter of his generation
9.) Napoleon Abueva i.) Attributes her work to “inscapes” that assert unity.
10.) Agness Arellano j.) Father of Philippine Independent Film
41
CHAPTER 4: ART AND ARTISANS; PRODUCTION, MEDIUM,

TECHNIQUE, CURATION
Objectives:
a) Identify the elements and principles of elements of visual design;
b) Give the significance of elements and principles of visual design in
real life application;
c) Create a photo collage using elements and principles of visual
design.
Elements of Art:
The Elements of Art are simply the visual symbols used to create an artwork. The basic Elements
are: line, shape, color, form, space, value and texture. Some other elements that might be
considered are: light, motion, direction, scale and dimension. Every artwork is made up of one or
more of these elements. Considering the fact that even a blank, white canvas is made up of shape,
space, texture and color, it is easy to see how these elements are the basis for the creation of all
art. In addition, each Element has qualities of their own (a line can be light or dark, curved or
straight or thick or thin, for example). Added together the Elements and their individual qualities
present the artist with an almost endless variety of possibilities for creating art.
Lines
a) Vertical- Represents dignity, formality, stability and strength.
b) Horizontal- Represents calm, peace and relaxation.
c) Diagonal- Represents action, activity, excitement and movement.
d) Curved- Represents freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness and
creates a soothing feeling or mood.
a) b) c) d)
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Color
Color has an immediate and profound effect on a design. Colors can affect how
humans feel and act.
a) Warm Colors
- Reds, oranges, yellows
b) Cool Colors
- Blues, purples, greens
Form/Shape
The shape, outline, or configuration of anything.
• Squares • Ellipses •Rectangles
• Circles • Ovals • Triangles
Space
It can enlarge or reduce the visual space.
Types
a) Open, uncluttered spaces
b) Cramped, busy
43
a) b)
Texture
The surface look or feel of an object.
Types
a) Smooth surface
- Reflects more light and, therefore, is a more intense color.
b) Rough surface
- Absorbs more light, appears darker.
a) b)
Value
The relative lightness or darkness of a color
Methods
a) Shade
- Degree of darkness of a color
b) Tint
- A pale or faint variation of a color
a) b)
44
Five principles that encompass an interesting design.
Balance
Parts of the design are equally distributed to create a sense
of stability. There can be physical as well as visual balance.
Rhythm
It is the repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern.
Emphasis
Emphasis is the most personal aspect of
a design. The feature that attracts viewers. It
can be achieved through size, placement, color
and use of lines.
Proportion and Scale

It is the comparative relationships between elements in a
design with respect to size.
45
TEST I: MATCHING TYPE: Match the Filipino Artists in Column A to its

description in Column B.
A. B.
1.) Vertical a.) Also known as open space.
2.) Curved b.) Represents peace and relaxation.
3.) Warm colors c.) Blue, Violet, Purple
4.) Tint d.) Represents stability and strength.
5.) Uncluttered e.) Faint variation of a color
6.) Smooth surface f.) Reflects more light and, therefore, is a more intense color.
7.) Shade g.) Represents freedom.
9.) Horizontal h.) Degree of darkness of a color
10.) Cool colors i.) Reds, oranges, yellows
11) Balance j.) Comparative relationships between elements in a
12) Rhythm design with respect to size.
13) Proportional scale k) Design are equally distributed to create a sense of
1 14) Ellipse stability
15) Emphasis l) Most personal aspect of a design.
m) Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern.
n) A regular oval shape
o) Having Rounded and slightly elongated shape.
Create a poster for your favorite film.

1. Using the elements and principles of art as a guide, redesign the poster of your favorite film.
2. The poster must clearly reflect the use of the elements and principles of art. It is not required that all
elements and principles be presented in the poster.
3. Indicate what elements and principles of arts you use.
46
CHAPTER 5: HISTORY OF ART
Objectives:
a) Describe history of Asian, Western and Philippine Art
b) List relative artists and artworks per periods from Asian, Western
and Philippine Art.
c) Appreciate the history of art by looking for ways to promote it.
History of Asian Art
Asian art is diverse and rich, spanning thousands of years and dozens of countries. It
is known for its ritual bronzes, beautiful ceramics, jades, textiles, poetic painted landscapes,
garden design, elaborate goldwork, extraordinary temples, shrines, pagodas and stupas,
woodblock prints, shadow puppets and the highest art form in East Asian art—calligraphy.
Enduring Asian treasures include works such as Fan Kuan’s Travellers among Mountains and
Streams, Katsushika Hokusai’s Fugaku sanjurokkei (‘Thirty-six views of Mt Fuji’) series, and
Basawan’s Akbar Restraining the Enraged Elephant Hawa’i. Today the impact of Asia on
contemporary art is immense. Since the 1990s, Asian contemporary art has grown
exponentially due to a mushrooming of regional biennials and triennials, new contemporary
art museums, and the international recognition of artists such as Chinese-born Cai Guo-Qiang,
Japanese-born Miwa Yanagi, Korean artist Suh Do- Ho, and the Thai artist Rirkrit Tiravanija.
For further reading, you may visit the link below:

https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/asian-art
History of Western Art
Art historians describe the history of Western art in terms of successive periods and or
movements, including Classical, Medieval, Byzantine, Romanesque, Renaissance, Baroquem
Rococo, Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Modernism and
Postmodernism.
For further readings and to see relative images please visit this website:
https://www.invaluable.com/bog/art-history-timeline/
Art Timeline: Western Art Movements and Their Impact.
47
History of Philippine Arts

The history of Philippine art is described according to Philippine Art Period
Timeline
 Pre-colonial art period
 Spanish colonial art period
 American colonial art period
 Post-colonial art period
 Contemporary Art period
Pre-colonial art period

 Age of Horticulture/Neolithic period (6185 to 4400 BC)
 Metal Age (3190 to 190 BC)
 Iron Age (200BC to 1000BC)
 Local communities are being established and art starts to go beyond mere craft
such as stone weapons and jewelry but starts to have decorative elements,
meaning and context.
 Pre-colonial traditional art has religious symbols, everyday activity such as
fishing, farming, etc., or a specific decorative art pattern to the community
 It has either the influence of local region (animistic) or Islamic based.
 There is also an exchange of art aesthetics and art processes with the Chinese
and other Asian countries who frequents as traders with our indigenous groups.
 Other pre-colonial art are pottery, weaving, tattoo, jewelry, carving and metal
craft.
Spanish Colonial Art Period (1521-1898)

 Introduced formal painting, sculpture and architecture which was inspired by the
Byzantine, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo art styles.
 Most art works are religious(Catholic) based.
 Spanish colonialism lives on with the Filipino “antique” furniture and carving designs.
 In the formation of elite Filipino class, the illustrado, pave way for the rich locals to
study abroad, a more “academic” and “western” has been learned.
 The Filipino Classicism is formed that borrows the Neo-Clacissim,
 Romanticism, and even a hint of Impressionism.
48
American Colonial Art Period (1898-1946)

 The American brought in Education and Value Formation, with both following the
“American way of life (Allice Guillermo,Sining Biswal,1994,p.4)
 Art illustration, advertising and commercial design gained popularly and incorporated
in Fine arts.
 Painting themes still largely favored genre paintings, landscapes and still life; portraits
are reserved for high ranking officials with a more academic approach to make the
subject more formal.
“Women working in the Rice Field” “Palay Maiden” “Oblation” “Pegaraw-pegasus”

by Fabien dela Rosa by Fernando Amorsolo by Guillermo Tolentino by Napoleon Abueva
Post-Colonial Art Period (1946-1986)

Art after the War: The growing and Expanding Philippine Art
 Philippine Modern Art (1946 to 1970)
 Philippine Post Modern Art (1970-1980s)
 Pop Art, Installation Art and Performance Art were dominating the postmodern period
of the Philippine Art
Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present)

1. The on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and new technology created a
new art medium for the arts and human expression. But there were also countless
revivals of old style being done. This started a new direction for the art.
49
TEST II: SIMPLE RECALL: Read the statement and identify the
perspective it describes. Choose the letter of the correct answer form the
given choices.
a) Pre-colonial art period

b) Spanish colonial art period
c) American colonial art period
d) Post-colonial art period
e) Contemporary Art period
1. Introduced formal painting, sculpture and architecture which was inspired by the
Byzantine, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo art styles.
2. Painting themes still largely favored genre paintings, landscapes and still life;
3. Art illustration, advertising and commercial design gained popularly and incorporated
in Fine arts.
4. Art starts to go beyond mere craft such as stone weapons and jewelry.
5. Installation Art and Performance Art were dominating.
6. Formation of elite Filipino class, the illustrado.
7. Pottery, weaving, tattoo, jewelry, carving and metal craft.
8. Introduced formal painting, sculpture and architecture.
9. Sudden rise of personal computers and new technology created a new art medium for
the arts and human expression.
10. Most art works are religious(Catholic) based.
50
CHAPTER 6: SOUL MAKING
Objectives:
a) Define soul-making and identify art improvisation and art
appropriation;
b) Give the significance of soul-making;
c) Perform Spoken Poetry.
Soul-making is an alternative venue for knowing ourselves and looking into the
depths and real meaning of what we are doing for everyday life. It develops our inner
artist and it helps us to communicate with people, understanding culture and
embodying tolerance and peace. It opens door for multiple intelligences and
expressions.
Soul-Making: Making and Deriving Meaning from Art
 In order for the human to make sense of language and derive meanings from
words, semantic, and grammatical rules are important elements to be
considered.
 In order to people to make sense of the work, it require understanding the visual
elements where art was the grounded on, specially the principle of design,
 Important to note the audience of the said artwork must have certain level of
awareness to the style, artwork, form, and content of the said work.
 Form- is the totally of the artwork, which includes the textures, colors, and
shapes utilized by the artist.
 The content of an artwork includes not only form but also its subject matter and
its underlying meanings or themes.
Improvisation
 Doing something without prior preparation.

 There is a decision to act upon something that may not necessarily be planned.
51
 Some would say that it is a reaction against the stiffness in the arts during the
twentieth century, because it blurs the line of reality and that origin of that
imagination.
 Infusing spontaneity and improvisation adds up to the totality of the work of art.
 It allows the artist to explore and think about how the audience can actually be
a part of the work in itself.
Appropriation
 The practice of using pre-existing objects and images in an artwork without

really altering the originals.
 This notion paved the way for the emergence of appropriation artist who seem
to promote the idea that authorship relies on the viewer.
 Traditionally, forgery can be classified into two forms: outright copies of
existing works and pastiches, which are works that bring together elements
from a work and infusing them to a new work.
 The intentions of the appropriation artist are often questioned since issues of
plagiarism or forgery sometimes arise, because some would argue that the
reason behind this is that they want the audience to recognize the images they
copied.
Webpage reading:
What is soul making by Michael Bogar (February 24,2007)
https://michaelbogar.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-is-soul-making_9405.html? m=1
52
CHAPTER 7: MEDIEVAL PERIOD
The Medieval Period of music is the period from the years c.500 to 1400. It is the longest “period”
of music (it covers 900 years!!) and runs right through from around the time of the fall of the
Western Roman Empire to the beginning of the Renaissance. Here is an overview of several
features of Medieval music that is good for you to have an understanding of.
MONOPHONIC MUSIC
The vast majority of medieval music was monophonic – in other words, there was only a single
melody line. (“mono-phonic” literally means “one sound”). The development of polyphonic music
(more than one melody line played at the same time (“poly-phonic” means “many sounds”)) was
a major shift towards the end of era that laid the foundations for Renaissance styles of music.
GREGORIAN CHANT
Gregorian chant, consisting of a single line of vocal melody, unaccompanied in free rhythm was
one of the most common forms of medieval music. This is not surprising, given the importance of
the Catholic church during the period. The Mass (a commemoration and celebration of The Last
Supper of Jesus Christ) was (and still is to this day) a ceremony that included set texts (liturgy),
which were spoken and sung.
Have a listen to this example of Gregorian Chant:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2bf7esUaYI
Play Procedamus in Pace
By Paterm (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons]
The chants were also based on a system of modes, which were characteristic of the medieval
period. There were 8 church modes – (you can play them by starting on a different white note
on a piano and playing a “scale” of 8 notes on just the white notes. For example, if you start
on a D and play all the white notes up to the next D an octave higher, you will have played the
“Dorian Mode”).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYPHONIC MUSIC
As the Medieval Period progressed, composers began to experiment and polyphonic styles
began to develop.
ORGANUM
Organum was a crucial early technique, which explored polyphonic texture. It consisted of 2
lines of voices in varying heterophonic textures.
The 3 main types of organum are:

1) Parallel organum (or “strict organum”)
53
- One voice sings the melody, whilst the other sings at a fixed interval – this
gives a parallel motion effect.
Have a listen to this synthesized example of parallel organum:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67qSXkksrz4
2) Free organum
- The 2 voices move in both parallel motion and/or contrary motion.
Have a look at this example of free organum and listen to the track of
the beginning being played on a synthesized choir sound:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGVQJeWNozE
3) Melismatic organum
- An accompanying part stays on a single note whilst the other part
moves around above it.
Have a listen to this synthesised example – notice how the 2nd voice
stays on the same note whilst the 1st voice “sings” the melody:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgDqB8YMz6w
SHEET MUSIC IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
The Catholic Church wanted to standardise what people sung in churches across the
Western world. As a result, a system of music notation developed, allowing things to move
on from the previously “aural” tradition (tunes passed on “by ear” and not written down).
NUEMES
These were signs written above chants giving an indication of the direction of movement of pitch.
Here is an example of an 11th century manuscript containing nuemes:
54
As the medieval period progressed, nuemes developed gradually to add more indication of
rhythm, etc.
INSTRUMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
There were a number of characteristic instruments of the Medieval Period including:
FLUTES (made of wood)

Medieval flutes looked more like the
modern day recorder as they had holes
for fingers rather than keys.
DULCIMER
The medieval dulcimers were originally plucked, but then hit with
hammers as technology developed.
LYRA
The lyra is considered to be one of the first known bowed
instruments
Other medieval instruments included the recorder and the lute. The period was also
characterized by troubadours and trouvères – these were travelling singers and performers.
SECULAR STYLES OF MEDIEVAL MUSIC
Ars Nova (“new art”) was a new style of music originating in France and Italy in the 14th
century. The name comes from a tract written by Philippe de Vitry in c.1320. The style was
characterised by increased variety of rhythm, duple time and increased freedom and
independence in part writing. These experimentations laid some of the foundations for further
musical development during the Renaissance period. The main secular genre of Art Nova was
the chanson. Examples of Art Nova composers include Machaut in France and G. Da Cascia,
J. Da Bologna and Landini in Italy.
55
CHAPTER 8: BAROQUE PERIOD
History of Baroque Music and Origins
Baroque theatre in Český Krumlov
Teatro Argentina (Panini, 1747,Musée du Louvre)
Baroque music is a style of Western art music composed from approximately 1600 to 1750. This
era followed the Renaissance, and was followed in turn by the Classical era. The word “baroque”
comes from the Portuguese word barroco meaning misshapen pearl, a negative description of the
ornate and heavily ornamented music of this period. Later, the name came to apply also to the
architecture of the same period.
Baroque music forms a major portion of the “classical music” canon, being widely studied,
performed, and listened to. Composers of the Baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach,
George Frideric Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell,
Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arcangelo Corelli, Tomaso Albinoni, François
Couperin,Denis Gaultier, Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jan
Dismas Zelenka, and Johann Pachelbel.
56
The Baroque period saw the creation of tonality. During the period, composers and performers
used more elaborate musical ornamentation, made changes in musical notation, and developed
new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity
of instrumental performance, and also established opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto, and sonata
as musical genres. Many musical terms and concepts from this era are still in use today.
MUSICAL PERIOD
57
The term “Baroque” is generally used by music historians to describe a broad range of styles from
a wide geographic region, mostly in Europe, composed over a period of approximately 150 years.
Although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in
fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the première in
October 1733 of Rameau’s Hippolyte et Aricie, printed in the Mercure de France in May 1734. The
critic implied that the novelty in this opera was “du barocque,” complaining that the music lacked
coherent melody, was filled with unremitting dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and
speedily ran through every compositional device.
The systematic application by historians of the term “baroque” to music of this period is a relatively
recent development. In 1919, Curt Sachs became the first to apply the five characteristics of
Heinrich Wölfflin’s theory of the Baroque systematically to music. Critics were quick to question
the attempt to transpose Wölfflin’s categories to music, however, and in the second quarter of the
20th century independent attempts were made by Manfred Bukofzer (in Germany and, after his
immigration, in America) and by Suzanne Clercx-Lejeune (in Belgium) to use autonomous,
technical analysis rather than comparative abstractions, in order to avoid the adaptation of theories
based on the plastic arts and literature to music. All of these efforts resulted in appreciable
disagreement about time boundaries of the period, especially concerning when it began. In English
the term acquired currency only in the 1940s, in the writings of Bukofzer and Paul Henry Lang.
As late as 1960 there was still considerable dispute in academic circles, particularly in France and
Britain, whether it was meaningful to lump together music as diverse as that of Jacopo Peri,
Domenico Scarlatti, and J.S. Bach under a single rubric. Nevertheless, the term has become
widely used and accepted for this broad range of music. It may be helpful to distinguish the
Baroque from both the preceding (Renaissance) and following (Classical) periods of musical
history.
HISTORY
The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Although they
overlap in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1630, from 1630 to 1680, and from
1680 to 1730
 Early baroque music (1580–1630)

The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists,
musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance
Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count
Giovanni de’ Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts,
especially music and drama. In reference to music, they
based their ideals on a perception of Classical (especially
ancient Greek) musical drama that valued discourse and
oration. As such, they rejected their contemporaries’ use of
polyphony and instrumental music, and discussed such
Claudio Monteverdi in 1640 ancient Greek music devices as monody, which consisted of
a solo singing accompanied by a kithara. The early
realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peri’s Dafne
and L’Euridice, marked the beginning of opera, which in turn
was somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque music
58
realizations of these ideas, including Jacopo Peri’s Dafne and L’Euridice, marked the
beginning of opera, which in turn was somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque music.
Concerning music theory, the more widespread use of figured bass (also known as thorough bass)
represents the developing importance of harmony as the linear underpinnings of polyphony.
Harmony is the end result of counterpoint, and figured bass is a visual representation of those
harmonies commonly employed in musical performance. Composers began concerning
themselves with harmonic progressions, and also employed the tritone, perceived as an unstable
interval, to create dissonance. Investment in harmony had also existed among certain composers
in the Renaissance, notably Carlo Gesualdo; However, the use of harmony directed towards
tonality, rather than modality, marks the shift from the Renaissance into the Baroque period. This
led to the idea that chords, rather than notes, could provide a sense of closure—one of the
fundamental ideas that became known as tonality.
By incorporating these new aspects of composition, Claudio Monteverdi furthered the transition
from the Renaissance style of music to that of the Baroque period. He developed two individual
styles of composition – the heritage of Renaissance polyphony (prima pratica) and the new basso
continuo technique of the Baroque (seconda pratica). With the writing of the operas L’Orfeo and
L’incoronazione di Poppea among others, Monteverdi brought considerable attention to the new
genre of opera.
 Middle baroque music (1630–1680)
The rise of the centralized court is one of the economic and political features of what is often
labelled the Age of Absolutism, personified by Louis XIV of France. The style of palace, and the
court system of manners and arts he fostered became the model for the rest of Europe. The
realities of rising church and state patronage created the demand for organized public music, as
the increasing availability of instruments created the demand for chamber music.
The middle Baroque period in Italy is defined by the emergence in

the cantata, oratorio, and opera during the 1630s of the bel-canto
style. This style, one of the most important contributions to the
development of Baroque as well as the later Classical style, was
generated by a new concept of melody and harmony that elevated
the status of the music to one of equality with the words, which
formerly had been regarded as pre- eminent. The florid, coloratura
monody of the early Baroque gave way to a simpler, more polished
melodic style, usually in a ternary rhythm. These melodies were
built from short, cadentially delimited ideas often based on stylized
Jean-Baptiste Lully dance patterns drawn from the sarabande or thecourante. The
harmonies, too, were simpler than in the early Baroque monody,
and the accompanying bass lines were more integrated with the
melody, producing a contrapuntal equivalence of the parts that later
led to the device of an initial bass anticipation of the aria melody.
This harmonic simplification also led to a new formal device of the
differentiation of recitative and aria. The most important innovators
59
of this style were the Romans Luigi Rossi and Giacomo Carissimi, who were primarily composers
of cantatas and oratorios, respectively, and the VenetianFrancesco Cavalli, who was principally
an opera composer. Later important practitioners of this style include Antonio Cesti, Giovanni
Legrenzi, and Alessandro Stradella.
The middle Baroque had absolutely no bearing at all on the theoretical work of Johann Fux, who
systematized the strict counterpoint characteristic of earlier ages in his Gradus ad Paranassum
(1725). One pre-eminent example of a court style composer is Jean-Baptiste Lully. He purchased
patents from the monarchy to be the sole composer of operas for the king and to prevent others
from having operas staged. He completed 15 lyric tragedies and left unfinished Achille et
Polyxène.
Musically, he did not establish the string-dominated norm for orchestras, which was inherited from
the Italian opera, and the characteristically French five-part disposition (violins, violas—in hautes-
contre, tailles and quintes sizes—and bass violins) had been used in the ballet from the time of
Louis XIII. He did, however, introduce this ensemble to the lyric theatre, with the upper parts often
doubled by recorders, flutes, and oboes, and the bass by bassoons. Trumpets and kettledrums
were frequently added for heroic scenes.
Arcangelo Corelli is remembered as influential for his achievements on the

other side of musical technique—as a violinist who organized violin
technique and pedagogy—and in purely instrumental music, particularly
his advocacy and development of the concerto grosso. Whereas Lully was
ensconced at court, Corelli was one of the first composers to publish widely
and have his music performed all over Europe. As with Lully’s stylization
and organization of the opera, the concerto grosso is built on strong
contrasts —sections alternate between those played by the full orchestra,
and those played by a smaller group. Dynamics were “terraced”, that is
Arcangelo Corelli with a sharp transition from loud to soft and back again. Fast sections and
slow sections were juxtaposed against each other.
Numbered among his students is Antonio Vivaldi, who later composed

hundreds of works based on the principles in Corelli’s trio sonatas and
concerti. In contrast to these composers, Dieterich Buxtehude was not a
creature of court but instead was church musician, holding the posts of
organist and Werkmeister at the Marienkirche at Lübeck. His duties as
Werkmeister involved acting as the secretary, treasurer, and business
manager of the church, while his position as organist included playing for
all the main services, sometimes in collaboration with other
instrumentalists or vocalists, who were also paid by the church. Entirely
outside of his official church duties, he organised and directed a concert
series known as theAbendmusiken, which included performances of
sacred dramatic works regarded by his contemporaries as the equivalent
of operas.
60
 Late Baroque Music (1680 -1730)
Through the work of Johann Fux, the Renaissance style of

polyphony was made the basis for the study of composition.
A continuous worker, Handel borrowed from others and often

recycled his own material. He was also known for reworking pieces
such as the famous Messiah, which premiered in 1742, for available
singers and musicians.
George Frideric Handel
Johann Sebastian Bach, 1748
Timeline of Baroque Composers
61
Baroque Instruments
Strings
 Violino piccolo
 Violin
 Viol
 Viola
 Viola d’amore
 Viola pomposa
 Tenor violin
 Cello
 Contrabass
 Lute
 Theorbo
 Archlute
 Angélique
 Mandolin
 Guitar
 Harp
 Hurdy gurdy
Woodwinds
 Baroque flute
 Chalumeau
 Cortol (also known as Cortholt, Curtall, Oboe family)
 Dulcian
 Musette de cour
 Baroque oboe
 Rackett
 Recorder
 Bassoon
 Clarinet
62
Brasses
 Cornett
 Natural horn
 Baroque trumpet
 Tromba da tirarsi (also called tromba spezzata)
 Flatt trumpet
 Serpent
- Sackbut (16th- and early 17th-century English name for FR: saquebute,
saqueboute; ES: sacabuche; IT: trombone;
- MHG: busaun, busîne, busune / DE (since the early 17th century) Posaune)
 Trombone (English name for the same instrument, from the early 18th century)
Keyboards
 Clavichord
 Tangent piano
 Fortepiano – early version of piano
 Harpsichord
 Organ
Percussion
 Baroque timpani
 Wood snare drum
 Tenor drum
 Tambourine
 Castanets
STYLES AND FORMS
The Baroque suite
The Baroque suite often consists of the following movements:
 Overture – The Baroque suite often began with a French overture (“Ouverture” in
French), which was followed by a succession of dances of different types, principally
the following four:
 Allemande – Often the first dance of an instrumental suite, the allemande was a
63
very popular dance that had its origins in the German Renaissance era, when it was
more often called the almain.[citation needed] The allemande was played at a
moderate tempo and could start on any beat of the bar.
 Courante – The second dance is the courante, a lively, French dance in triple
meter. The Italian version is called the corrente.
 Sarabande – The sarabande, a Spanish dance, is the third of the four basic dances,
and is one of the slowest of the baroque dances. It is also in triple meter and can start
on any beat of the bar, although there is an emphasis on the second beat, creating
the characteristic ‘halting’, or iambic rhythm of the sarabande.
 Gigue – The gigue is an upbeat and lively baroque dance in compound meter,
typically the concluding movement of an instrumental suite, and the fourth of
its basic dance types. The gigue can start on any beat of the bar and is easily
recognized by its rhythmic feel. The gigue originated in the British Isles. Its
counterpart in folk music is thejig.
These four dance types (allemande, courant, sarabande, and gigue) make up the majority
of 17th-century suites; later suites interpolate one or more additional dances between the
sarabande and gigue:
 Gavotte – The gavotte can be identified by a variety of features; it is in 4/4 time

and always starts on the third beat of the bar, although this may sound like the first
beat in some cases, as the first and third beats are the strong beats in quadruple
time. The gavotte is played at a moderate tempo, although in some cases it may be
played faster.
 Bourrée – The bourrée is similar to the gavotte as it is in 2/2 time although it starts
on the second half of the last beat of the bar, creating a different feel to the dance.
The bourrée is commonly played at a moderate tempo, although for some
composers, such as Handel, it can be taken at a much faster tempo.
 Minuet – The minuet is perhaps the best-known of the baroque dances in triple
meter. It can start on any beat of the bar. In some suites there may be a Minuet I and
II, played in succession, with the Minuet I repeated.
 Passepied – The passepied is a fast dance in binary form and triple meter that
64
originated as a court dance in Brittany. Examples can be found in later suites such as
those of Bach and Handel.
 Rigaudon – The rigaudon is a lively French dance in duple meter, similar to the
bourrée, but rhythmically simpler. It originated as a family of closely related
southern-French folk dances, traditionally associated with the provinces of Vavarais,
Languedoc, Dauphiné, and Provence.
Other features
 Basso continuo – a kind of continuous accompaniment notated with a new music

notation system, figured bass, usually for a sustaining bass instrument and a
keyboard instrument.
Genres
Vocal
 Opera
- Zarzuela
- Opera seria
- Opéra comique
- Opera-ballet
 Masque
 Oratorio
 Passion (music)
 Cantata
 Mass (music)
 Anthem
 Monody
 Chorale
Instrumental
 Chorale composition
 Concerto grosso
 Fugue
 Suite
- Allemande
- Courante
65
- Sarabande
- Gigue
- Gavotte
- Minuet
 Sonata
- Sonata da camera
- Sonata da Chiesa
- Trio sonata
 Partita
 Canzona
 Sinfonia
 Fantasia
 Ricercar
 Toccata
 Prelude
 Chaconne
 Passacaglia
 Choral
66
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Introduction to the Course

1. Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of arts in general, including their

1. Deepen their sensitivity to self, community, and society.

1. What two colors would you mix to make green?

a. Yellow and Green

2. What is/are the pantone color of the year 2021?

4. Yellow can be used as a symbol o f

5. Black can be used as a symbol of............... and

6. Orange can be used as a symbol of ............. ?

7. Complementary colors are also known as .............

8. Purple can be used as a symbol of ............. ?

9 color involves the mixing of colored

10. .................... color involves the mixing of colored

11. You get a color by mixing two primary

12. What kind of colors are highlighted here?

13. You get a color by mixing a primary and

14. Brown can be used as a symbol of ?

15. Colors that you cannot see through are called

16. Colors that you can see through are called

17. White can be used as a symbol of

18. Which of these mixtures would create a secondary

19. Red can be used as a symbol of .............. and

20. Grey can be used as a symbol of and

CHAPTER 1: Assumptions and Nature of Art

 Art is something that is perennially around us.

Many other definitions emphasize that

Purposes and Functions of Art

Living with Art

Form & Meaning

Why Study Art?

In the Philippines, the works of Jose Rizal and Francisco

Florante at Laura never fails to teach high school students the

Ibong Adarna, another Filipino masterpiece, has always

When we recite the Psalms, we feel in communion with King

ART IS NOT NATURE

ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE

Getting this far without a satisfactory

Visual Art: Definition & Meaning

Definitions of visual art usually encompass the following:

Drawing- In fine art, the term "drawing" may be defined as the

(contemporary pen and ink drawing)

Painting- painting consists of the arrangement of shapes, lines,

Printmaking- printmaking is concerned with the production of

Sculpture- The most enduring and, arguably, the greatest form

Computerized Graphic Art

Manuscript Illuminations- An illuminated manuscript is a

Book Illustrations- An illustration is a drawing, painting or printed

Calligraphy- It is the design and execution of lettering with a

Architecture- is both the process and the product of

Assemblage- Popularized in the United States during the 1950s

Collage- In modern art, the word 'collage' describes a composition

Contemporary Collage (2010)

Conceptual Art- A modern form of contemporary art which gives

Installation- Installation art is a relatively new genre of

Happenings- A Happening is a form of avant-garde art - a type of

Performance Art- Performance art is typically intensely

Photography- Known also as "photographic art", "artistic

Video Art- The genre known as video art, is a new

Animation Art- Animation (from the Latin word,

Land Art- A form of contemporary art, known also

Graffiti- One of the most radical contemporary art movements,

3. Decorative Arts & Crafts

Decorative Art- The term "decorative arts" is a traditional term