Lesson 07

• Conditionals
• Zero Conditional
• 1st Conditional
• 2nd Conditional
• 3rd Conditional
• Mixed Conditional
 Zero Conditional
• What IS considered true:
• politicians don’t care if millions die.
(present + present)
• What WAS considered true:
• Whenever the US invaded a country,
it ended up in disaster.
(past + past)
 First Conditional

• A Real present situation:

• Present + will/may/should/can/imperative
• If you’re vaccinated, you may survive Covid.
• They’ll give in if you persist.
• If you don’t like your job, you
should choose another one.
 Second Conditional

• A Hypothetical present situation:

• Past + would/could/might
• If people cared more, it might be a better
world.
(people don’t care enough)
• If I were you, I’d see a doctor!
(I’m not you)
 Third Conditional
• A Hypothetical past situation:
• Past perfect + would/could/might + have
• If I had applied for that job, I would have got
it.
(I didn’t apply)
• I could have called somebody if
I had had a phone.
(I didn’t have a phone)
 Mixed Conditional
• Hypothetical Past
Present Result:
• Past perfect + would/could/might
• If he hadn’t stolen the car, he
wouldn’t be in prison now.
(He did it)
 Mixed Conditional

• Hypothetical Present
Past Events:
• Past + would/could/might + have
• If she were a good doctor, Tom
would have survived.
(She’s a bad doctor, and Tom died!)
 Unless

• Unless = If not
• I won’t talk unless you
apologize.
• I won’t talk if you don’t
apologize.
 Should

• Lowers the probability of the

condition:
• If you should see Alice, tell her
I’m waiting.
• If you should happen to see
Alice, tell her I’m waiting.
 Should

• Invert conditional to sound more

formal:
• If you should have any enquiries, please
don’t hesitate to call us.
• Should you have any
enquiries, please don’t
hesitate to call us.
 But for

• But for + noun / noun phrase

• If the ranger hadn’t helped, we’d
be lost in the woods.
• But for the ranger’s help, we’d
be lost in the woods.
 2nd Conditional – Another Form

• Were to
• If I asked you to marry me,
would you say yes?
• If I were to ask you to marry me,
would you say yes?
 Polite Conditional

• Use will/would in condition:

• If you will/would wait here, the
doctor will see you in a
moment.
 Emphasis in Conditionals

• Use will in condition:

• If you will keep smoking,
you’re going to ruin your skin
and damage your heart.