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 GDP per capita demand for fish
(% Year) (X)00($) (Y)000(Mt.) X2 XY
2015 8.0 84.231 56.5504 633.41712
2016 9.0 95.561 72.7609 815.13533
2017 10.04 97.792 100.8016 981.83168
2018 10.34 101.166 106.9156 1046.05644
2019 11.0 103.354 126.7876 1163.76604
2020 11.96 109.909 143.0416 1314.51164

∑XY=5955
n=6 ∑x=60 ∑y=592 ∑X2= 607

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(%) (\ ) (%) (\ ) (%) (\ )
R O / ; /*/ u/ )R
2 41 1-41 41 41- 1 31 1-211
,O > % .o /*n

* [ :
R O / ,O 31-51 \ K* @G GHj@R * %N ,O ; + / @ > tR •
S / M R )* ? %U @% N @" / S * ; ; + Ud B”
' • F/ 2:2 ; ,O ) . Š J c O % @% N

,O / F • G :{ J S / / * S / ; W / / tO Zd
S “/ S :" / M B” ' % N

,O U @ $ O */ &FM
&FM :
• ,O U @ # >Z > ¯ > FM H / # F@R 9 F / N
/ $ O K T' % [ M I % F k+ K @G S / N
• / $ O ZR ‚ : J J S / ;>Z M 211-
51 \ 9* @ + 9* /F R O U @ F ˆ/ @% N
• # * / /FT 51 \ * K O L@ “ /: ” Q J N / 9* /
/ O )* @G&'O > S > 'u :, F:-, , ,
R F , *, / + ,¦ * :c + )* FM F S /
' @% )* U >) B F @% N
• ,O / M R O /• I> {/€ K : J S / @ / " / “Z / / M ”
k@ J * @% @ ; >Z * O ; /> / $O 9
; @% N

18
@ % \OFM:
\OFM
• -3, , > # > * , !"
, ) *, + ,¦N

• -2 ( 16 /168), F " , ,
> @• , — # > > * B
% , !"
, ) *, + ,¦N

• [ # ZO ( 1 8/1 7), ,
, !" # $% &' !, !" , ) *, + ,¦N

✣✣✣

19
 m # / FM O / U I
/
;> H , # >Z ;>Z ( :–6
: 6), ; Z K K
; Z > @• , #@ 2, F , "

> 9o A, >)I / { k@ / > * O F/N > , 9o A,

?)/>, k@FM / # > #* ् @% N M F
% M @") : –
J / " o #I > / F" % @G / > #* ्
S W > % F* S / N i %>Z J ' U @ [ F
FM P S F/N

> Q #* OFM P , > /, F 9 /X (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) * O

[ M > )c" #‚ N / K , )R O÷)R ,>
)~ > N " S / / " /, : U / F" /, ID, > *
– > @d F ् Wd
N F" +T /, °+ @K */,O *d , : R / / Fd@
o : 9 / / Z % @G N Swim Bladder / $ F S /
;Gj * > j F / " ZR ‚ : % N

Swim Bladder / $ F S / ;Gj * > j , > @ ; >Z

S S / * & . ): > ZR J ' U @ % F S / F
/ " ZR ‚ ‰ J N " ZR ‚ : •, #> D > @
; >Z k@@ O / ' ; Y F / R / ` #> ; J > Q
# / FM m F N > Q / m@ / J ; >Z w
-mucus_ F , FM / { .˜/ F , : .o , W d )F > > G , WF #> ;MGI K
W e Y @ ; d@R , /™ d ” -gill_, …: H ,% F ,
O WX / G ) K ‰ j W@" * &'FM @G N m / /
R FI U I % +T / W> % /j O) : )~ N

20
 * m ‚ / FM ) G&• * " k@KS / N
B / FM0
2. L :J ): m / FM
) Bacillary necrosis of pangas (BNP) :
/ / E. ictaluri L :J ): m W> % ž a /' F T' % > / F/N
/ / @G U ; ? / m S > FM m@ T @ U~I
F N % / " / O / B 8 C )
@ S / ; / u
; >Z #> D S / / # / : N

&'F|0
&'F|0
• B> / " / O / F " D>, N
• / J FM / { .˜/ F N
• / B> K / GI F@ % */, D Š "F / /Š FM
@G N

U I / / 0
• B> / " / O K 11-511 .\ . I #> Fj: # / " / " K
>) B> % N
• K W e ; > @ k@ @% N
• / " / O ~ . ‰ > ;> W e N
• / " : J S / / u F > ‰ @% N
• K R # / (stress) % k@ Fd@R N
• oxytetracycline or sulfonamides

21
 ) K. T.S . / EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome):
/ / S / / (Aeromonas sp.) G* ') : m N K ; >Z I Ud@ c O
@% / K / / > % D ): % m@ )c" @G N 9 / K , :
>,G** (Red spot disease), 9 /: \ T / :/> (mycotic granulomatosis) ; :
K /> (ulcerative mycosis) ¨ > GI> N / # / ): / U @ O F
S / FM K # & M W> % &> %Ud N

&'F|0
&'F|0
• B> / ,:U / …: / * uU K ) : Yœ F N
• / J FM / { .˜/ F N
• / > ¨ ⁄ ¨ (vent) / F GQ R F… / )O { / @ %
J N
• : m J N
• B> / J F / u UFM @G N
• B> / J J D u}@R * N
• B> WF #> ;MGI F N

U I / /
• B> / " / O K 11-511 .\ . I #> Fj: # / " / " K
>) B> % N
• K W e ; > @ k@ @% N
• / " / O ~ . ‰ > ;> W e N
• / " : J S / / u F > ‰ @% N
• Ciphalexin 81 > .\ . #> . G*. / J J D / ; @ > K, R
711 S .S . Kohrsolin-TH #> Fj: (2 > : O / F K) / " F• S
k@ / @ @K F• ? # / •N
• > :> -> 1.5 \ #> .*O. @ 21 @G 25 k@ ? k@ N

22
 ) )± *O)OFM
) / /G*> TF
/ /G*> TF ™d ” ) > Q *O O* / FM @G N
*O O* / FM # ् % GI / D @G N

&'F|0
&'F|0
• B> / " / O / F " D>, N
• / ): B> / J ): ; >Z w (GIo / @ ) F N
• B> O U €S WX / J ): *O O F: U # @% N
• FM / { .˜/ FM GQS K i > k+ K F N
• B> WF #> ;MGI K */ F@Ÿ * L :J / FM m
? )b N
• B ' )b@R * d@ F FM % j N

U I / /
• / *O O > ' S ? F @/ / k@ 25 . .S . . %> # / % %N
> % . %> / # / ) : ;Gj * / O F ? S / K # / /
3 uA: > ~ . O K @R > 51% B> O U
@% N / " @ / # / R J S / . %> / # / % Fd@R N
• B> / " / O K 11-511 .\ . I #> Fj: # / " / " K
>) B> % N
• K W e ; > @ k@ @% N
• / " / O ~ . ‰ > ;> W e N
• / " : J S / / u F > ‰ @% N

) > j*/)/ *O OFM

> j*/)/ *O OFM / J / > O ) F "
@ R ;{FM F N

23
 &'F|0
&'F|0
• B> / J )O* ' J S / / > %FM -cysts_ F N

U I / /
• / / U I S / B> K / ") : GH *> > • @% N
• / *O O m k@ / " ‰ ; R 511 .\ . #> F. / @ I # /
% %N
• K > WF k@ @% N

) ¬ K />,> S> (Trichodiniases)

/ / ¬ K />, (Trichodina sp.) *O O) : m N / " / O / ' >)> «S /
/ u ; >Z S / ; *O O / # / )c" F N / *O O ‚
/ ) / ; m @% N

&'F|0
&'F|0
/ ): B> / J / { .˜/, " / D O, / & ', J ):
; >Z w (GIo / @ ) , B> / ( > : FM) @G j@ N
B> / FM / { .˜/ FM ) j / K K i > k+ K F N
; >Z B> O U €S WX / J ) : ¬ K />, *O O F: U # @% N /
G* O / B ' )b@R S > FM : ™ ” F FM @ %
o N / G* O / # / ) : k@ k@ R • @ )b@R * u> ; / " #
)R 4-5 k@ > ्
% N

U I / /
• B> K -4% O ( -4 \ #> 211 O. ". O) 41-61
, ? ‰ @% N U I J S / K B ' S / ; V / " ‰
@% N
• . • Go,F K, (. %> , 4 -32%) 25 . .S . (25 #> 21
O ) > # / % N . %> # / @ % 4 k@ / ; :
U I % @% N > % . %> / # / ) : ;Gj * / O F ? S /
K # / / 3 uA: > ~ . O K B> O ? O 51%
#> k@ U @% N / " @ / # / R J S /
. %> / # / % Fd@R N

24
 • B> / " / O K 11-511 .\ . I #> Fj: # / " / " K
>) B> % N
• K W e ; > @ k@ @% N

u) 9 : 9> S> (Epistyliasis)

/ / 9 : 9> (Epistylis sp.) *O O) : m N / *O O ‚ ,
: ) N / *O O > # / m @% N

&'F|0
&'F|0
FM / { .˜/ F FM ) j / K K i > k+ K F , WF #> ;MGI
F F / # T &' F N

9 : 9> *O O ): B>

U I / /
• B> K -4% O ( -4 \ #> 211 O. ". O) 41-61
, ? ‰ %N O U I J S / K B ' S / ; V / "
‰ @% N
• / *O O K > ' % . %> 25 . .S . @ # / % >
N . %> # / @ % 4 k@ / ; : U I % @% N > %
. %> / # / ) : ;Gj * / O F ? S / K # / / 3 uA:
> ~ . O K B> O 51% #> k@ ? O U
@% N / " @ / # / R J S / . %> / # / % Fd@R N
• B> / " / O K 511 .\ . I #> Fj: # / % @% N
• K W e ; > @ k@ @% N

25
p) / /Š / (Ichthyophthiriasis)
/ / 9j / > J S Go: .> (Ichthyophthirius multifilis) *O O) : m N / " /
O / B @ Z R )c / u ; >Z S / ; *O O /
# / )c" F N / G* O / *O IB I ' F N F / I ' J j ; F/
@/˜/ I ' ; J j ;) F/N J j ;) G* OFM ” / > O F
F ् / /Š / M {/ W F % N J j ; 9 G* O
™ ” / > O F ? > j F@ > U I . F@R N / *O O ‚ ,
: ) # / m @% N

&'F|0
&'F|0

9 G* O ( ) J j ; ( ) 9 G* O / *O IBN

/ ): B> / J , : FM / y /Š , B> /
@G N B ' ; >Z S / ; ? T' % J / > %FM (Nodule/cysts)
c N ; >Z B> / " / >, > WX / J u « O U €S WX /
J ) : 9j / > J S *O O F: U # @% N *O O Wd ; J Wd
/o ; Z/ U j@ N G* O / ; >Z B ' S / " FM -4 k@
> @% ्
N

U I / /
• B> K -4% O ( -4 \ #> 211 O. ". O) -4 > :
? ‰ %N / U I S F• ? % @% N
• K 6.1 . .S . K: >\ / H/ WZ uA: ,) U N

26
 • . %> 51 . .S . 1.1 . .S K: >\ O > S ) KS / H/
41-61 , ? B> K O B ' S / / " ‰ / *O O
> ' S ? F @/ / k@ > Uo G J 25 . .S . . %> # / %
%N > % . %> / # / ) : ;Gj * / O F ? S / K # /
/ 3 uA: > ~ . O K @R > 51% B> O U
@% N / " @ / # / R J S / . %> / # / % Fd@R N
• / *O O m k@ / " ‰ ; R 511 .\ . #> Fj: / @ I # /
% @% N

4) ; *O)OFM
) 9B/ /J >,
*O)OFM Z R +T / W> % /j O > B> / d > W ! , /
' ± o Ud N GH > / " K “ " K I % Z R F@ ?
G* O / B ' K > ' % @ %Ud N

) > j*/)/
> j*/)/ ् @G G* F/N B> K GI F@ % )O* '
J S / / > %FM @G N D G* O / )c" B ' @G N
G* O / £ ZO g > / S > GH > / " K “ " K I %
Z R F@ ? G* O / B ' K > ' % @ %Ud N

) ¬ / /
G* O R F OØ /j O %U F@ d K W> % ž a /' F '% > @Ÿ N
GH > / " K “ " K I % Z R F@ ? G* O / B ' K
> ' % @ %Ud N

R - B / FM0
. / . : > ‹/
/ / K m @% N / . : '% Y FM @G N / /
B ' K ' F ) Ud@ N / / '> / / ' m @% N
B> / " / O ? O 515 #> k@ K ~ . O Fo @%
B> K S F• ? @ k@ /j @% N

27
 . S / . : > ‹/

/ / K m @% , J % SU: S / Fd@
/ K > ‹/ > S / F/ / / B ' R G* O L j: / B ' > @G
j N

/ / B ' Fd@ / D u} , O WUd / { F… / Fd@R * N

/ { F… / .˜/ F , */ / { F… /- R /-FJ / F " F… / O J >
/ / &' F/N / / / / > / " ;Gj * / O F k@
Fd@R N

@ % \O:
\O:
• ; Z J ³ ( %) वारा क शत व भ न जनलह ।

✣✣✣

28
 K : / j J % Tamoxifen /
# J
9i " > F F /,
/, )RE > (S -2)
; Z !,, >
! ",
", /:

J I

: FM / U > ;€” P % F/N / > GI> ´O (Cichlidae family) •

F FM / F F/N K * " J ) # / •
> N J FM P : K Sµ 9 / L@" / ) @ Fg/ T'%
> S / N : F / J ) 1 #* > FM ,् * P D #* > :
FM K U / J S ् *
N P K : ‚ M % N
/ / @ / : U @ J ) 84% N / J ) 85
@ FM K F / N

Tamoxifen F / >,?)\ O ™ U I / > # / J N / 2 ;o. > 9

: :/ : / (17α-methyl testosterone) @ ZR / G* R U LZ N

/ O : R ?
Sj oI G > : / D J j / > 3 @G 5 F 51 \ @
#• @% N : / " W.R )~I U @ @% N SU: / O F 4-3
: @ )c" #* ् % j N " / / " W.R Z R ‚ )~I U @ •
S / W e ‚ @ )c" K / " + U / #> @ % )c ¶ , * @%
/ 9* + / F@R “/ )* U U@R N / / j ) U@ / O @ K
)c" # > k@K N : / O > / 5% > :/ )b
Metabolic U* % $ .% # F F / O #* ् .% %N

@ ) U J :

Tamoxifen Citrate Tablets IP 20 mg (Cytotam20; Cipla Ltd., India) K 211% 9 / u/o

/ ‚ U, @ “/ > U > K J /+ / B
/• % 9 / T' % M ्
U,/ N

29
@ k@ J :

7 k@ > / •I K Tamoxifen > S / @ k@ I : U %N @ k@

>)F / :11 )*, >)F / 22:11 )*, k@ / :11 )* H / 5:11 )* "J D /
1%,25% 21% k@ % ¬/ \T K . > 41-31 k@ ? k@ %N

Tamoxifen > # / •?

(Pandit et al; 2018) ; Tamoxifen @ # / J S / ; Z :-

; Z (%)
Tamoxifen @251 S .*O/ .*O. @ 6 .6±1.7
Tamoxifen@ 11 S .*O/ .*O. @ .3±1.5
Tamoxifen@ 51 S .*O/ .*O. @ 83.5±2.8
Tamoxifen@ 411 S .*O/ .*O. @ 8 .5±2.3
Tamoxifen@ 451 S .*O/ .*O. @ 87. ±2.1
Tamoxifen@ 511 S .*O/ .*O. @ 71.1±2.4
Tamoxifen@ 2111 S .*O/ .*O. @ 76. ±2.

; Z D (\ / ) )~ @ :(%)
:(%)
Tamoxifen @251 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.5±1.1 7 .8±3.3
Tamoxifen@ 11 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.6±1.2 88.1±4.
Tamoxifen@ 51 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.5±1.1 83.8±3.
Tamoxifen@ 411 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.5±1.1 71.8± .
Tamoxifen@ 451 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.5±1.2 86.1±2.1
Tamoxifen@ 511 S .*O/ .*O. @ 1.6±1.1 84.5±4.2
Tamoxifen @ 2111 S .*O./ .*O. @ 1.6±1.2 84.7±3.

; Z ; 2111 S .*O/ .*O. Tamoxifen @ > S U@ )R @ # "

@G S / N

30
 J /* / ‚ y
J /* / ‚ y / [ : / > # >Z J K
F / % ; 0 * @% FM To UGI U LZ 9 @ / U @
$ % F/N

B $ OFM (Activity wise methodology)

2. @ ) U \O WF •
. WF / > : w ' • (proximate analysis)
4. U [
4.2 / " / "
4.2.2 / " / O > •: / " S / )R > o ;M I F #* > FM
K > o N
4.2. / " / >, , O / # > ¨ % •N
4.2.4 : FM F o : / " S F> FM, * " FM, ¥
FM K % / > # / % %
4.2.3 / " U : U ‰ @ F / " K S F• ? “/ d S
.9 % @% N ;M * > FM ् > OFM K F: U N
4.2.5 / " I Fo : I / @ :/ / O.SI. ; Fo N
4.2.6 @ Fo : / " / / U LZ G > ; # J >
/ # / •N
4.2. / " O % %N

4. F ‰
K* 5-6 > .> . S / 2 > : ID, K, > : ?) K 2 > : F K S / F
#* / > # / J N > / / " G S / F / O K tS ‰
%| k@ U 11 \ ? / 4 : #> F / @ ‰ k@ / @ )c"
: / @ ‰ @% N > F K #* / > U Y '
> U @% N

31
4.4 U / ,O > (Conditioningof brood fish)
#* F ‰ @ ; >, @K F• ? ¯, K G ,G % @% ) : /
U K 41% B, #/ : S / > @ k@ @K : " / D / -4% /
@ U @% N

4.3 / } (mouth clipping of males)

k@ / O @ 41% )c" / O K )I U #* F Fo ; >,

/ } • F N > o / °+ F: U @ ; >, K )F/ ) U @% *
@% F N > J > uU S :" GŠ: # / • (e.g. Betadine, 10 percent

solution).

4.5 Ÿ> J j o •
,O > J > / O / "J W > (morphology) F ; , k@ R
Q *I % @% N U K k@S / G > ¹ ' % :

¹ ' "J W > / FM Spawning F m k@

; , k@ Ÿ> Š .R> S / )O @G 4-
/ F , Ÿ> Š R /> S / F
R d,O @ GQS / @G
> S / Ÿ> Š )O @G / F , 5-21
Ÿ> Š ;> > /> S / F R
d,O ;> > GQS / @G
; , k@ Ÿ> Š . @G / 2-41
F / F , d,O Z ' @G
; , k@K / Ÿ> Š / F , d,O G?IS / 25-41
GI F

4.6 / (mating) >,* 9 #

)R I J S U K /* / /* " N SU: K
@K : / O d / ¶ # / J N

#
2) @ M / O K #* F G N
) > ; , k@ ; F / / O d G N

32
 4) *) U @ F , > M R K / F ) : F: S ; V / O S / F
G N
3) #* / ) / K @ k@ F@R N

3. )R : / U @ •
3.2 ; , # >Z
: / / O > GI ; , ‚ N ' / O /
F• S @G @K : ? P % *I % @% ; , K ): %
%N
3. ; , / K* ; \>, •
K* / K SU: 9 ™): > Q K* / K tS ‰
@% N / % > R W e M I/:" :* @G R F V > /
@ U @% , * / ;P / ‚ F/N
3.4 @ ) U U
Tamoxifen Citrate Tablets IP 20 mg (Cytotam20; Cipla Ltd., India) K 211%
9 / u/o / ‚ U, @ “/ > U > K
J /+ / B /• %N

U / ) : *? / ;A, K 9 ) ‰ 7 k@ > / •I
K Tamoxifen > S / @ k@ %N @ k@ I : U %N >)F /
:11 )*, >)F / 22:11 )*, k@ / :11 )* H / 5:11 )* "J
D / 1%,25% 21% k@ % ¬/ \T K . > k@ N
3.3 > { > Z % ' •
Gurrero and Shelton, 1974 ; / , -> ;> [ GY / > Z % ' J N
/ ¨ G* R @G j:/ . / ? : K GIJ N
S / R / , K > K, O ,K / / F> N > / , >
G O > IO N " ) S / / , K Fd ' (testis), ; ,
(ovary) @ R *I J N ;> + / / *I % V
' (testis), ; , (ovary) @ R # : @‰ N

@ % \OFM
\OFM:
FM:
• 2, — # > > * B
% , ) *N
• E i • , , GI > Q # FMN
✣✣✣

33
 )O / W e
% * t K
E

)O / n T O
; ' F j */G / &> T ¹ / > )O / ; Z ' | S / F/N R >
L , L O F j W> % */G F| K &> T ¹ • P / M )O /
; Z ' WS / F/N W> % / @ F k@ U›e ? */G / [ % /
> )O / ; Z ' I> WS / N )O SU: O ; Z ' > F/ * ?
*/G / &> T ¹ @K & / WZ J F N # > O u: , @u%: O
#> ; • */G / &> T ¹ % F R FI " / F ' / U R )O /
‚ ; Z ' F/N )O */G ,% / ,% [ F/ % K % › @% N
? */G / F ' % / > *O / , ` / ,L / /j O
; R > # FM / W> % &> T ¹ • U )O / ‚ y F / F N

*)@G > L J F
% M % M o / ) O / & U FM / /G* M •
B )O / # ? S / > N > )>) / O º 9 T % O F* % F
L "FM / *F * F I/ ", , R O ;M &> / J T ¹ % / , J S / 9 N R
" 9 T % ;+ % ;Gu ))O / O * ) S k! L F I/ "
; /j O / &> T ¹ % S > SN 9 T % % ;Gu >\ /
O> M J S / 9 N ) > 9 T % )ˆ % F )O / M S / i
J N 9: " F@"FM . U U›e ् 2 11 > k! L / >
WZ> )O / #I M > SN ) ् 2511 / M 9 ् 2 11
? W9 m@ / , ; J , SG , ;€ ; FM > )O / S /
> N F / WS )O SU: gO /) • ‚ / M i J
9 F / N

)O / > »
S W T' % i / > » )O / > Z %J F N O, */G
&> T ¹ )R WZ T * "FM ` WZ J S )O U & / W> % F &>
S &> / > G¡ ? &> T ¹ k@ @% N )O ) : &> K O ?HD WZ &
• @/F/ / &> T ¹ U " )O J N )O • U & )OI @

34
 F > $ ; 9S / F N &> / & k@9 O : J S */G > : ्
u: ) : F &> / G*? " > k@ > $ )O ; 9S / F N

)O / J
*O ; F| # / , */G FM W9 F ् L
N O, O %,
U•/ O, L " • > ' ) F */G FM) : ) " " ? GgFM /
&> K W> % & #@ • $> K R )O > N )O / L O */G / &
k@ > )OI S / SU: @K &O ?HD F/ * S & )O ()O ? O) ; V
& )O> ()O • [ GY ) > / )O o / WZ )O > G¡ J S
*/G FM / ') : F &> ) : )O> K % WU W> % / G*? " k@S / F N
; % ् )O • [ GY K > ' ) F R > */G ): ) " " ? GgFM /
&> S )O o > / F@ ? / &> T ¹ k@ #> $ * 9S / F N

)O
U @ * R0 , , ;Q) ", ", . .T , D ", ~ U, , @) " £•/>
) "FM / F O /j O S / W> % &> T ¹ > J )O K )O > N
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 df%f e/f
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cGo v]tL Joj;fosf] nflu lapsf] cfjZostf eP h:t} df%f kfng Joj;fosf] nflu
klg ;do d} pGgt hftsf] aLp cfjZostf kb{% . dT:o kfng Joj;fosf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ aLpnfO{ dT:o aLh -Fish seed_ elgG% . pGgt hftsf] dT:o ljh
pTkfbg ug{ jf x"sf{pg ckgfOg] ;Dk")f{ ultljwLnfO{ dT:o jLh g;{/L Joj:yfkg
k|ljlw -Fish Seed Nursery Management Practices_ elgG% . o; Joj:yfkg k|ljlwdF
7-8 ld=ld= ;fO{hsf] 4-5 lbg] e";"gfnfO{ -Hatchlings_ gl;{é u/L 15-30 lbg ;Dd
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf x"sf{O{ 3 ;]=dL= ;fO{hsf] e"/f -Fry_ pTkfbg ug"{nfO{ e"/f gl;{é
elgG% . 3 ;]=dL= ;fO{hsf] e"/fnfO{ l/ol/é kf]v/Ldf 4-6 dlxgf ;Dd x"sf{O{ 8-20
;]=dL= ;fO{hsf] lkmé/lné pTkfbg ug"{nfO lkmé/lné -Fingerling_ l/ol/é elgG% .
o; n]vdf ljz]if u/L e"/f gl;{ésf] af/]df j)f{g ul/Psf] % . lsgeg] e"/f gl;{édf
Xofrlné b]lv gl;{é ug"{ kbf{ bfgf cfxf/fdf ljz]if Wofg k"¥ofpg" kg]{ / d[To"b/ klg
olx a]nf a(L x"g] ub{% . e"/f pTkfbg kl% lkmé/lné pTkfbg ug{ ;lhnf] x"G% .
e"/f gl;{é tyF l/ol/édf lgDg s"/Fx?df WoFg k"ofpg" kb{% .
1_ g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] tof/L
s_ kf]v/L ;"sfpg]
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6_ k|ltkÔL hLjaf^ /f]syfd
7_ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg

40
8_ ljleGg sf/)faf^ df%f e"/fsf] a[l$ tyf af+Rg] b/df x"g] c;/x?
s_ df%f e"/fnfO{ bfgf glb+bf df%fsf] a[l$ tyf af+Rg] b/df x"g] c;/x?
v_ df%f e"/fsf] a[l$b/df tfkqmdsf] c;/
u_ df%f e"/fnfO{ #"lnt clS;hgsf] cfjZostf

1_ g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] tof/L

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kf]v/Lsf] If]qkmn 0=05 b]lv 0=2 x]= ;Ddsf] x"g" kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/L w]/} &"nf] x"g"
x"+b}g . w]/} &"nf] ePdf xfjf rNbf kf]v/Ldf &"nf] %fn cfO{ df%f e"/fnfO{ rf]^k^s
nfUg], e"/f df%fnfO{ bfgf cfxf/f vfg cK&\of/f] x"g], k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] pTkfbgdf
sdL x"g], / kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u")f:t/ /fd|f] l:yltdf sfod /fVg cflb ;d:of cfO{
k%{ . g;{/L kf]v/L w]/} ;fgf] klg x"g" x"+b}g . w]/} ;fgf] ePdf g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf]
tfkqmd / u")f:t/ ;lhn} kl/jt{g x"G%, / To:tf] kf]v/Lsf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] ;txsf]
kfgL lar cbnfabnL x"+b}g . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgL /fVg -Inlet_ / kfgLsf] lgsf; -
Outlet_ sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x"g" kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgL r"lxg] ;d:of x"g" x"+b}g .
o;f] ePdf df%f e"/f aflx/ hfg] / kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] u")f:t/ sfod /fvL k|fs[lts
cfxf/f pTkfbg ug{df sl&gfO{ x"G% .
g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] ;tx ;Dd k/]sf] x"g" kb{%, h;df df%f e"/f ;+sng ug{ ;lhnf]
x"G% . kf]v/Lsf] ;txdf dlnnf] df^f]sf] ;tx 10-15 ;]=dL=sf] x"g" kb{% . o:tf]
df^f]n] kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] u")f:t/ /fd|f] cj:yfdf sfod u/L oy]i^ dfqfdf k|fs[lts
cfxf/fsf] pTkfbgdf d@t ub{% . w]/} ulx/f] dlnnf] df^f] ePdf dnsf] pj{/fzlQmnfO{
;f]:g] / dn s"xfpg a(L dfqfdf #"lnt clS;hgsf] vkt eO{ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf #"lnt
clS;hgsf] dfqf #^\g ;S% .
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf hnLo emf/kft x"g" x"+b}g . hnLo emf/kft ePdf k|fs[lts cfxf/f
pTkfbgsf] nflu k|of]u u/]sf] dnvfbsf] pkof]u hnLo emf/kftsf] a[l$df x"g uO{,
kfgLsf] u")f:t/ klg lau|g hfg] x"G% . o;sf] ;fy ;fy} g;{/L kf]v/Ldf hfn tfGg
ufx«f] x"G% .
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf k|fs[lts cfxf/f oy]i^ dfqfdf pTkfbg x"gsf] nflu /fd|f] ;+u #fd
nfUg] x"g" kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/L glhs &"N&"nf ?v, #/, cflb x"g" x"+b}g . g;{/L kf]v/L
glhs ?vx? ePdf kftklté/ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf embf{ cfp^n]^ y"lgg hfg] / e"/f df%f
;+sng ubf{ kftklté/ ;+u ldl;g uO{ e"/f df%f ;+sng ug{ ufx«f] kb{% .

41
s_ kf]v/L
/L ;"sfpg]
g;{/L kf]v/Laf^ k"/} dfqfdf kfgL lemsL ;"sfpg" kb{% . kf]v/Lsf] ;txnfO{ #fdaf^
k"/} ;"Sg lbg" kb{% . kf]v/Ldf ePsf ls/fx? / lhjf)f"x? dfg"{ kb{% h;n] ubf{ kl%
uP/ df%f e"/fnfO{ c;/ gu/f];\ . g;{/L kf]v/LnfO{ 7 lbg ;Dd /fd|/L ;"sfP/ /fVg"
kb{% .
v_ r"g÷ls^gfzs
÷ls^gfzs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]
of]u
e"/F pTkfbgsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] g;{/L kf]v/Ldf #/ kF]Tg] r'g 500 s] hL k|lt
x]S^/sf b/n] kF]v/Lsf] lkwdf rf/}lt/ %g"{ kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf xfgLsf/s sL/fx?,
h+unL df%f, Eofu"tf, cflb dfg{ ls^gfzs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . ls^gfzs
cf}iflw k|of]u ug{sf] nflu 10 lbg cufj} g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgL #^fO{ 5-10 ;]=dL=sf]
ulx/fO{ sfod ug"{ kb{% . To;kl% ls^gfzs cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf Quicklime cyjf
Bleaching Powder sf] k|of]u ug"{ kb{% .
dfqfM Quicklime 30-35 s]=hL=÷0=1 x]S^/
Bleaching Powder 20-30 s]=hL=÷0=1 x]S^/
Bleaching Powder sf] c;/ Quicklime eGbf /fd|f] x"G% / o;n] %f]^f] cjlwdf g}
c;/ ub{% . o;/L ls^gfzs cf}iflw k|of]u u/]/ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf #fd nfu]sf] lbg
% eg] csf]{ lbg ef]nLkN^ kfgL eg"{ kb{% . olb kfgL k/]sf] % eg] 2-3 lbg kl%
dfq kfgL eg"{ kb{% . o;/L g;{/L kf]v/Ldf Quicklime k|of]u ul/Psf] % eg] 3-5
lbg kl% dfq g;{/L kf]v/Ldf dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug{"{ kb{% . oL ls^gfzs cf}ifwL
afx]s lgDg cf}ifwL k|of]u u/L g;{/L kf]v/L ;/;kmfO{ ug{ ;lsG% .
• Tea seed cake
• Rotenone
• Ammonia Solution
• Croton seed
oL cf}ifwLx?n] s]lx xfgLsf/s ls/fx? dfq dfg{ ;S%g\ . t/ xfgLsf/s JofS^]l/of,
hLjf)f" dfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;sf/)f g;{/L kf]v/L Quicklime / Bleaching Powder k|of]u
ug"{ g} pko"Qm x"G% .
u_ kf]v/Ldf kfgL eg]{
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf ls^gfzs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u kl% kfgL eg"{ kb{% . kfgLnfO{ 30-40 d];
;fO{hsf] hfnLn] %fg]/ kf]v/Ldf 60-80 ;]=dL= ulx/fO{ ;Dd eg"{ kb{% . kfgLsf]
ulx/fO{ sd ePdf ljz]if u/L jiff{tsf] ;dodf kf]v/Lsf] tfkqmd ;lhn} a(\g] tyf
#^\g] ub{% . To;sf/)f kf]v/Lsf] ulx/fO{ sfod ug"{ kb{% . kf]v/Lsf] pTkfbsTj klg
kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ tyf tfkqmdn] c;/ kf/]sf] x"G% . kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ w]/}

42
ePdf klg sdhf]/ df%fsf aRrf kfgLsf] ulx/fO{df / dflyNnf] ;txdf ;lhn} cfjt
hfjt ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . ulx/f] kfgLsf] k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] #gTjnfO{ klg #^fp+b% .
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgL /fVg" cuf*L Ogn]^df hfnL /fv]/ kfgL %fgL k&fpg" kb{% .
o;n] df%f e"/fsf] k|ltklIf hLjx? -Predators_ h:t}M h+unL df%f, ls/fx?, Eofu"tfsf
k"mn, ;k{, &"nf Snf*f];]/f, sf]k]kf]*f cflb kf]v/L leq hfgaf^ /f]Sb% .

2_ dnvfbsf] k|of]u
g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgL e/]kl% dnvfbsf] k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf b"O{
lsl;dsf] dn k|of]u ug{ ;lsG%M k|féfl/s dn -Organic manure_ / /;folgs dn -
Inorganic fertilizer_
s_ k|féfl/s dnM g;{/L kf]v/Ldf ufO{j:t"sf] uf]a/dn, s"v"/fsf] ;"nL / e^df;sf] b"w
lgDg b/df k|féfl/s dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% .
• uf]a/ dnM 1000 s]=hL=÷x]S^/÷xKtF
• s"v"/fsf] ;"nLM 500 s]=hL=÷x]S^/÷xKtF
• e^df;sf] b"wM 15 s]=hL=÷x]S^/ -k|lt lbg_
k|féfl/s dn kf]v/Ldf k|of]u ug"{ cuf*L dnnfO{ s"xfO{ -ferment_ sDkf]i^ dn
agfpg" kb{% . dnnfO{ To;} l;w} kf]v/Ldf k|of]u ubf{ dn s"lxgnfO{ #"lnt
clS;hgsf] vkt a(L eO{ kf]v/Ldf #"lnt clS;hgsf] dfqf #^\g ;Sb% /
df%fnfO{ JofS^]l/of /f]u nfUg ;Sb% . sDkf]i^ gagfPsf] dn l;w} k|of]u ubf{
kf]v/Ldf k|fs[lts cfxf/f pTkfbg x"g l(nf] x"G% .
v_ /;folgs dnM /;folgs dnsf] ?kdf o'l/of 2 s]=hL= / l* P lk 21 s]=hL=
k|lt x]S^/ k|lt xKtF sf] b/n] k|of]u ug"{ kb{% . olb g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] tfkqmd
20-25 l*=;]= % eg] dnvfbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] 7-8 lbg kl% g;{/L kf]v/Ldf
k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] pTkfbg eO{ w]/} dfqfdf /f]l^km/ -Rotifer_ pTkfbg x"G%, h"g
cfxf/f ;a} hftsf df%fsf] e";"gfsf] k|f/lDes cfxf/f xf] . kfgLsf] tfkqmd a(L
26-30 l*=;]= % eg] k|fs[lts cfxf/f 4-6 lbgdf g} pTkfbg x"G% . o;/L
kf]v/Ldf oy]i^ dfqfdf /f]l^km/ pTkfbg eP kl% df%fsf e";"gf :^s ug"{ kb{% .

3_ Xofrlné :^lsé ug]

ug]{
a(L #gTjdf 5-7 nfv k|lt 0=1 x]S^/ b/n] :^s ug]{ . a(L #gTjdf Xofrlné
:^lsé ug{sf] nflu g;{/L kf]v/Ldf oy]i^ dfqfdf k|fs[lts cfxf/f
pTkfbg eO{ s[lqd cfxf/f klg lbg" kb{% . a(L #gTjdf Xofrlné
:^s ubf{ 15 lbg kl% e"/fsf] ;fO{h 20 ld=ld= k"Ub% /

43
 g;{/Lkf]v/Laf^ s]lx df%fsf e"/f hfnn] lemsL csf]{ kf]v/Ldf ;fg"{
kb{% .
sd #gTjdf 1-1=5 nfv k|lt 0=1 x]S^/sf] b/n] :^s ug]{ . kf]v/Ldf k|fs[lts
cfxf/f pTkfbg x"g] tyf s[lqd cfxf/f pknJw u/fpg ;lsg] cfwf/df
Xofrlné :^s ug]{ ;+Vof lgwf{/)f ug"{ kb{% . o;/L sd #gTjdf
Xofrlné :^s ubf{ To; kf]v/Laf^ df%f e"/f hfn tfgL lemSg" kb}{g
/ To;} kf]v/Ldf df%f e"/fnfO{ x"sfO{ lkmé/lné df%f e"/f pTkfbg ug{
;lsG% .

Xofrlné ;fg]{ tl/sf

g;{/L kf]v/Ldf Xofrlné gl;{é ug"{ cufj} g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd /
Xofr/Ldf Xofrlné x"s{]sf] OGs"j]zg ^}ssf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd dfkg ug"{ kb{% . oL
b'O{ kfgLsf] tfkqmdsf] lar w]/} cGt/ ePdf Xofrlné dg]{ ;Defjgf x"G% .
To;sf/)f oL b"O{ kfgLsf] tfkqmd ;dfg x"g" kb{% cyjf slDtdf 2 l*=;]= eGbf sd
dfqsf] leGgtf x"g" kb{% .
Xofr/Ldf OGs"j]zg ^}saf^ Xofrlné ;+sng u/L Knfli^s Jofudf clS;hg Uof;
;lxt Kofs ug"{ kb{% . o;/L Kofs ul/Psf] Knfli^s JofunfO{ g;{/L kf]v/Lsf]
kflgdf 10-20 ldg]^ ;Dd *"afO{ /fVg" kb{% . o;/L Knfli^s Jofu leqsf] kfgLsf]
tfkqmd / g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd ;dfg ePkl% Knfli^s Jofusf] d"v vf]nL
g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgLnfO{ Knfli^s Jofu leq lj:tf/} hfg lbg" kb{% . Knfli^s Jofudf
kfgL e/] kl% Jofu leqsf] XofrlnénfO{ lj:tf/} g;{/L kf]v/LdF cfk}m hfg lbg"
kb{% . kl% Knfli^s Jofusf] tNnf] efunfO{ lj:tf/} dfyL prfln Knfli^s Jofu
leqsf] Xofrlné ;a}nfO{ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf cfkm ;] cfkm hfg lbg" kb{% .

4_ k|Fs[lts cFxf/Fsf] Joj:yf

g;{/L kf]v/Ldf dnvfbsf] k|of]u kl% oy]i^ dfqfdf k|f)fLhGo hLjf)f"x?sf] pTkfbg
x"G%g\ h;df qmd};+u klxn] /f]l^km/ -Rotifer_ snf*f];]/f -Cladocera_ / sf]k]kf]*
-Copepod_ cflb x"g\ . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf df%f e"/fsf] vfg] afgL klg km/s x"+b}
hfG%g\ . ;fgf] x"+bf z"?df /f]l^km/ vfG%g\ eg] &"nf] x"+b} uPkl% qmd};+u Snf*f];]/f,
sf]k]kf]*f / cGo vfgf vfG%g\ . To;sf/)f g;{/L kf]v/Ldf pTkfbg x"g] k|fs[lts
cfxf/fn] df%f e"/fsf] a[l$df dxTjk")f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf] x"G% .

44
df%f e'/fsf] a[l$sf] ;fy ;fy} vfg]afgLdf kl/jt{g
qm;+ zl//sf] nDafO{ -ld=ld_ d"Vo cfxf/f
1 l;Ne/ sfk{
7=0 - 8=0 /f]l^km/, sf]k]kf]*fsf] gfplKn;
10=3 - 11=9 /f]l^km/, ;fgf] Snf*f];]/f
12=0 - 14=0 /f]l^km/, *]^«fO{^;, jg:ktLhGo hLjf)f"
15=1 - 26=2 jg:ktLhGo hLjf)f", /f]l^km/, Snf*f];]/f
> 27=0 jg:ktLhGo hLjf)f", k|f)fLhGo hLjf)f"
2 ljux]* sfk{
sfk{
8=6 - 10=6 /f]l^km/, sf]k]kf]*fsf] gfplKn;, ;fgf] Snf*f];]/f
12 ;fgf] Snf*f];]/f, /f]l^km/, sf]k]kf]*fsf] gfplKn;,
> 13=5 Snf*f];]/f, sf]k]kf]*, /f]l^km/, jg:ktLhGo hLjf)f"
3 u|f; sfk{
sfk{
7=2 - 10=0 /f]l^km/, sf]k]kf]*fsf] gfplKn;, Snf*f];]/f
12=0 - 17=0 /f]l^km/, Snf*f];]/f
19=0 - 21=0 Snf*f];]/f, sdnf] emf/kft
24=0 - 28=0 ;fgf ls/fx?, Snf*f];]/f, *slj*, sdnf] hnLo
emf/kft
> 31 sdnf] hnLo emf/kft
4 sdg sfk{
sfk{
7=0 - 9=0 /f]l^km/, sf]k]kf]*fsf] gfplKn;,
10=0 - 12=5 Snf*f];]/f, lsl/gf]ld*, ;fgf] dn:s
13=0 - 17=0 Snf*f];]/f, lsl/gf]ld*, a]Gy;
18=0 - 24=0 lsl/gf]ld*, u*\of}nf, a]Gy;
> 30 a]Gy;, *]^«fO{^;, emf/kftsf ^"qmfx?

g;{/L kf]v/Ldf pTkfbg ePsf k|fs[lts cfxf/f vfg]afgLsf cfwf/df e"/f df%fnfO{
ltg txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] % .
-s_ /f]l^km/ vfg] tx -Rotifer Stage_ M e"/f df%f kfng ul/Psf] 1-5 lbg;Dd
d"Vo cfxf/f /f]l^km/ x"g / o;nfO{ /f]l^km/ :^]h elgG% .
-v _ kfgLsf ls/f vfg] tx -Water Flea Stage_ M 6 b]lv 10 lbg ;Dd d"Vo
cfxf/f Snf*f];]/f x"g .
-u_ /fd|f] vfgf vfg] tx -Excellence Food Stage_ M 10 b]lv 15 lbg ;Dd
k|f)fLhGo hLjf)f" vfG%g\ .

45
5_ s[lqd cFxf/Fsf] Joj:yf
g;{/L kF]v/LdF x"sF{OPsF XofrlnénfO{ klxnf] xKtfdf k|To]s 2 nfv uf]^f
Xofrlnésf] nflu 2 uf]^f s"v"/Fsf] c)*F k|To]s lbg 2 k^ssf b/n] 7 lbg;Dd
v"jfpg" kb{% . XofrlnénfO{ v"jfpg] c)*FnfO{ dgtftf] kfgLdF /Fd|f];+u km]^]/ ld;fpg"
kb{% . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] pQm c)*Fsf] #F]ndf 5 u|fd lkm;ldg /Fd|f];+u ld;FP/
g;{/L kF]v/Lsf] lsgf/} lsgf/df %g"{ kb{% .
e"/f pTkfbgsf nFlu g;{/L kf]v/Ldf x"sF{OPsF XofrlnénfO{ bf];|f] xKtfdf 75 k|ltzt
e"^]sf] e^df;sf] lk&F] / 25 k|ltzt ux" sf] lk&F] ld;FP/ tof/ kFl/Psf] 500 u|fd
bfgfdf 5 u|fd lkm;ldg /Fd|f];+u ld;FP/ k|To]s 2 nfv uf]^f Xofrlnésf] nflu
k|To]s lbg 2 k^ssf b/n] 7 lbg;Dd v"jfpg" kb{% .
t];|f] xKtfdf bfgfsF] dfqf a(FO{ pNn]lvt ;+Vofsf] XofrlnénfO{ 1 lsnf]u|fd bfgfdf
5 u|fd lkm;ldg ld;FP/ k|To]s lbg 2 k^ssf b/n] 7 lbg;Dd / rf}yf] xKtfdf
pNn]lvt bfgfsF] dfqf 1=5 lsnf]u|fd k|To]s lbg 2 k^ssf b/n] 7 lbg;Dd v"jfpg"
kb{% .

g;{/L kf]v/Ldf e^df; tyf e^df;sf] b"wsf] k|of]u

e^df; tyf e^df;sf] lkgfnfO{ 25 l*=;]= tfkqmddf 5-7 #)^f;Dd kfgLdf lehfP/
To;nfO{ lk;]/ e^df;sf] b"w agfO{G% . o; k|lqmofdf 1 s]=hL lkl;Psf] e^df;df
10-15 s]=hL= kfgL ld;fP/ b"w agfO{G% . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] e^df;sf] b"wnfO{
kf]v/Lsf] rf/}lt/ %s{g" kb{% . o;/L %ls{Psf] e^df;sf] b"wn] df%f e"/fsf] nflu
cfxf/f tyf dnvfb b"a}sf] ?kdf sfd ub{% .
o;/L g;{/L kf]v/Ldf e^df;sf] b"w k|of]u ubf{ klxnf] 5 lbg ;Dd 45-60
s]=hL=÷x]S^/sf] b/n] lbgdf 2-3 k^s %s{g" kb{% . To;kl% qmd};+u 75-90
s]=hL=÷x]S^/ ;Dd a(fp+b} n}hfg" kb{% .

6_ k|ltkÔL hLjaf^ /f]syfd

g;{/L kf]v/Ldf Eofu"tfsf] k"mn kf/L ;d:of pTkGg u/fp+b% . To;sf/)f df%fsf
e";"gf :^s ug"{ cufj} kf]v/Ldf 24 d]; ;fO{hsf] hfnLn] hfn tfgL kf]v/Ldf ePsf]
Eofu"tf, Eofu"tfsf] k"mn / &"nf Knfª\s^g cflb lemSg" kb{% . Eofu"tfsf] aRrf
r]kfuf*f -Tadpol_ df%fsf e";"gf jf Xofrlné eGbf l%^f] a(\b% . ha r]kfuf*f 3
;]=dL= ;fO{hsf] x"G% To;a]nf Xofrlnésf] ;fO{h 1=5 ;]=dL= ;Dd dfq a[l$ x"G% /
r]kfuf*fn] Xofrlné ;lhn} vfg ;Sb% . r]kfuf*fn] Xofrlnésf] bfgf cfxf/f vfP/
klg gf]S;fg ub{% .

46
7_ g;{/L kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg
z"?sf lbgx?df g;{/L kf]v/Ldf rf+*f] k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] pTkfbg u/fpgsf] nflu
kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ 60-70 ;]=dL= ;Dd /fVg" pko"Qm x"G% . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf df%f e"/f
:^s u/]kl% e"/fnfO{ lbPsf] bfgf cfxf/f dWo] gvfO{ v]/ uPsf] bfgf cfxf/f /
dnd"qn] kfgLsf] u")f:t/ lau|g ;Sb% . kfgLsf] u")f:t/df ;"wf/ Nofpg g;{/L
kf]v/Ldf kfgL yKb} hfg" kb{% . g;{/L kf]v/Ldf df%f &"nf] x"+b} a[l$ x"+b} hfg] ePsf]n]
df%fnfO{ &fp+ klg a(L rflxg] ePsf]n] kfgL yKb} kf]v/Lsf] hnfzo a(fp+b} n}hfg"
kb{% . o;/L kl% uP/ g;{/L kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ 1=5 dL^/ ulx/f] ;Dd sfod
ug"{ kb{% .

8_ ljleGg sf/)faf^ df%f e"/fsf] a[l$ tyf af+Rg] b/df x"g] c;/x?
s_ df%f e"/fnfO{ bfgf glb+bf df%fsf] a[l$ tyf af+Rg] b/df x"g] c;/x?
• olb df%f e"/fnfO{ 1 lbg dfq bfgf glbO{ ef]s} /fVbf df%fsf] a[l$ 3 lbg
;Ddsf] nflu /f]lsG% .
• olb df%f e"/fnfO{ 2 lbg -48 #)^f_ ;Dd cfxf/f glbO{ ef]s} /fv]df
o a[l$b/ 50 k|ltztn] #^b%,
o af+Rg] b/df 30 k|ltztn] sdL cfp+b%,
v_ df%f e"/fsf] a[l$b/df tfkqmdsf] c;/
• u|f;sfk{ df%f e"/fnfO{ 18-20 l*=;]= tfkqmddf x"sf{Psf] eGbf 24-28 l*=;]=
tfkqmddf x"sf{pbf bf]Aa/ a[l$ x"G% .
• l;Ne/ / ljux]* sfk{ df%f e"/fnfO{ 19-23 l*=;]= tfkqmddf x"sf{OPsf] eGbf
26-29 l*=;]= tfkqmddf x"sf{pbf zl//sf] nDafO{df 10 u")ffn] / zl//sf]
tf}ndf 2-3 u")ffn] a[l$ x"G% .
• df%f e"/fsf] a[l$ b/df kf}li^s tTjx? tyf df%f e"/fsf] :^lsé #gTjn] klg
c;/ u/]sf] x"G% .
u_ df%f e"/fnfO{ #"lnt clS;hgsf] cfjZostf
• lkmé/lné / oc/lné cj:yfsf] df%f e"/fnfO{ eGbf k|mfO{ cj:yfsf] df%f
e"/fnfO{ 5-10 u")ff a(L #"lnt clS;hgsf] dfqfsf] cfjZostf kb{% .
• g;{/L kf]v/Ldf #"lnt clS;hgsf] dfqf k|fo u/L 3 ld=u|f=÷ln^/ eGbf a(L
x"g" kb{% .

47
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
x?M
• c?)F k|;Fb j}B 2068= g;{/L Joj:yfkg= "TCP/ NEP/ 3304 (D): Improving
National Carp Seed Production System in Nepal" cGt{ut dT:o ljsf; tyf tflnd
s]Gb| hgsk"/df ;+rflnt 3 lbg] -31 May-2 June, 2011_ " National Training
Workshop on Good Hatchery and Nursery Management Practices" tflnddf k|:t"t
ul/Psf sfo{kqx? k]h g+= 26-32
• c?)F k|;Fb j}B 2068= g;{/L Joj:yfkg= dT:o kfng k|ljlw ;+ufnf], dT:o
kfng >[vnf 17, k]h g+= 44-49
• uug jxfb"/ Gx"%] k|wfg dT:o jLh g;{/L Joj:yfkg k|ljlw, dT:o kfng
>[vnf 4, k]h g+= 82-86

✣✣✣

48
 dT:o k|hgg\ sfo{sf nflu kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg
H, ;>Z ,
!" # $% &' !,, )
! *,
*, + ,¦

df5f hnr/ k|f0fL ePsfn] kfgL / To;sf] jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0f df5fnfO{ ;'xf+pbf] lsl;dsf] x'g'
kb{5 . k|fs[lts hnfzox?M glbgfnf, 3f]ntfn, l;Flrt wfgv]t cfbL cg]sf+} hnfzox?df /x]sf
:yflgo hftsf df5fx? ToxL k|fs[lts hnfzodf x's{g], a9g], cfkm\gf] j+z a[l¢ ug]{ u5{g, ToxfFsf]
kfgLsf] u'0f Toxf /xg] df5f tyf cGo lhjx?sf nfuL pko'tm g} x'G5 . To:tf hnf;ox?df x'g]
kfgLsf] u'0fsf] ;fgf] kl/jt{gn] tTsfn pgLx?df vf;} gsf/fTds c;/ kfb}{g, lsg eg] ToxfF
df5fsf] 3gTj lgs} sd x'g'sf ;fy} cGo lhjx?sf] ;d]t pkl:ytL k|fs[lts ?kn] ;Gt'lnt
x'G5 . t/ ;fdfGo dT:o kfng, Joj;flos tyf ;3g dT:o kfng ubf{ xf]; jf dT:o k|hggsf
nfuL dfp Joj:yfkg, df5fe'/fsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ xf];, ;fgf] If]qdf w]/} df5f /flvg] / df5fsf
k|fs[lts u'0fx? Pj+ cfgLjfgLx?nfO{ s[ltd ?kdf ;[hgf ul/g] kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's'n
u/fpg] sf]l;; ul/G5 . o;/L ;[lht jftfj/0f÷kfgLsf] u'0fdf x'g] ;fgf]–ltgf] kl/jt{g jf tn–
dflyn] klg df5fnfO{ 7"nf] k|efj kfg{ ;S5,,df5fsf] 7"nf] ;V+ofsf] d[To"n] b'3{6gf ;d]t lgDTofpg
;Sb5, To;}n] x/ ;do kfgLsf] u'0f df5fsf] cfgLjfgL, cfxf/ ljxf/ Pj+ ro–kro s[ofx? ;Fu d]n
vfg] ul/ Joj:yfkg ul/ /fVg' kb{5 .
kfgLsf] ;d'lrt pkof]unfO{ c;/ kfg]{ kfgLsf ef}lts, /f;folgs / h}ljs u'0fx? dfq xfd|f]
rf;f]sf ljifox? x'g\ . oL u'0fx?n] df5fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{gdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] c;/
kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ .
kfgLsf log} ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs u'0fx? h;n] kfgLsf] pkof]udf df5fnfO{ c;/ kfb{5,
nfO{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ -Water Quality_ elgG5g .
dfyL pNn]v ul/P h:t} df5f kfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nfuL cfj:os kfgLsf u'0fx?nfO{ lgDg
cg';f/ j0f{g ug{ ;lsG5 Ù
-!_ ef}lts u'0f -Physical Qualities_
-@_ /f;folgs u'0f -Chemical Qualities_
-#_ h}ljs u'0f -Biological Qualities_

kfgLsf] ef}lts u'0f M

kfgLsf d'Vo ef}lts u'0fx? h:n] df5f kfng sfo{nfO{ k|efljt ub{5,tL x'g Ù
-s_ ;"o{sf] k|sfz -SunLight_
-v_ kfgLsf] tfkqmd -Water Temperature_
-u_ kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ -Water Depth_
-3_ kfgLsf] /+u -Water Color÷Turbidity_

49
-ª_ kfgLsf] jxfj -Water Current_
s= ;"o{sf] k|sfz -Sun Light_ M
o; a|Xdf08df /x]sf x/]s lhjx?nfO{ cfkm\gf b}lgs s[ofsnfkx?sf nflu zlQm -Energy_ sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . kfgL leq /xg] df5f ckjfb leq kb}{g . kfgLdf /x]sf x/]s hLjn] pkof]u ug]{
zlQmsf] d'n >f]t ;f}o{ zlQm g} xf] . dT:o kfngdf o;sf] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] dxTj 5 . kfgLdf
/x]sf ;'Id jg:kltx?n] ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f -Photosynthesis_ k|s[ofaf6 ;f}o{
zltmnfO{ /;folgs phf{ -Chemical energy_ df kl/0ft u/L cfkm\gf] vfgf agfp+b5 . o;k|sf/ ;f}o{
phf{ -Solar Engergy_ /;folgs phf{df kl/jt{g x'g] k|s[ofaf6 Toxf+ /x]sf ;a} hLjx?n] kfpg]
cfxf/fsf] z'?jft x'g] ub{5 . /;folgs efiffdf o;nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd JoQm ul/G5 .
6Co2 + 6H2O ;"o{sf] k|sfz C6H12O6 + 6O2
xl/ts0f
oxL vfgf agfpg] k|s[ofdf kfgL leq a:g] hLjx?sf] nflu rflxg] cfjZos k|f0fjfo' -clS;hg_ klg
pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . o;/L kfgLdf 3'lnt Uof; -clS;hg_ sf] d'Vo >f]t klg ;"o{ g} xf] . o;k|sf/
;f}o{zlQm h'g ;"o{sf] k|sfzaf6 k|fKt x'G5, o;n] bf]xf]/f] e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . klxnf] cfxf/fsf]
>[+vnfsf] z'?jft / csf]{ clS;hgsf] cfk"lt{df d2t ub{5 .

cfxf/fsf] >[+vnf tn lrqdf b]vfP cg';f/ rNb5

;'o{sf] k|sfz

;"Id jg:ktL

;"Id hLj

lk+wdf /xg] hLj

df%f

ctM dT:o kfngdf ;f}o{ phf{sf] cfjZostf clgjfo{ x'+bf x'+b} klg w]/} udL{eO{ kfgL tft]sf] cj:yf,
nfdf] ;do ;Dd afbn nfu]sf]] cj:yf / kf]v/L sf] l8nsf] rf/} lt/ ;"o{sf] k|sfz 5]Sg] jf]6
lj?jfx? ePsf] cj:yfdf kfgL leq df5fsf] k|fs[lts cfxf/f / k|f0fjfo" clS;hg pTkfbg k|s[of
/f]lsg ;S5, kmn:j?k clS;hgsf] sldn] df5f Kofs Kofs ug]{ / df5f dg{ uPsf] klg kfOG5 .
rsf]{ 3fd nfUg], nfdf] ;do ;Dd afbn nfUg] h:tf k|fs[lts rqmx?df xfd|f] lgoGq0f geP klg
3fd nfu]sf] a]nfdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf kg{ lbg] s[ofdf xfd|f] cxd e"ldsf x'g ;Sb5 .
kf]v/Ldf ;"o{sf] k|sfz laxfg b]lv a]n'sLM ;"o{ gc:tfP ;Dd kg{ lbg' kb{5 . o;df cj/f]w cfpg

50
lbg' x'+b}g . kf]v/Ldf x'g] dnx?sf] ;8g ungn] klg clS;hgsf] a9L pkof]u
ub{5 .

-v_ kfgLsf] tfkqmd -Water Temperature_ M

Gofgf] kfgLdf a:g] sfk{ hftsf df5f kfgLsf] @%–#@0;]=;Ddsf] tfkqmddf cTolws km:6fpg]
ub{5g . ck|Toflzt df};d afx]s ;fdfGotof xfd|f] t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z / dWo] kxf8 sf]
jftfj/0fdf, kf]v/Ldf nueu o;} lsl;dsf] tfkqmd /lx/xg] x'+bf sfk{ hftsf df5f oxf+ nf]slk|o
ePsf 5g\ . To:t} lr;f]kfgLdf a:g] 6«fp6, ;x/, c;nfdf5fx? !)–!*0;]= ;Ddsf] tfkqmddf /fdf]
a[l4 / ljsf; ub{5g .
df5fsf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;f]xL kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd cg';f/ 36g] a9\g] ub{5 . ctM kfgLsf]
tfkqmd 36]sf] a]nf df5fsf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd 36g] ub{5 / a9]sf] a]nf z/L/sf] tfkqmd a9g] ub{5
. of] k|s[of lj:tf/} e}/x]sf] 5 eg] df5fn] cfkm\gf] ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf;Dd tfkqmd 36]df jf a9]df
;xg ;Sb5g\ . t/ of] kl/jt{g PSsf;L ePdf / o;/L ePsf] tfkqmdsf] km/s %) ;]=jf a9L] ePdf
df5f dg{ klg ;Sb5g\ .
tfkqmdn] kfgL leqsf k|To]s /;folgs tyf h}ljs k|s[ofnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ ub{5 . kf]v/Lsf]
kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} uPdf, ;fdfGotof o;/L a9g] k|To]s !)) ;]= df kf]v/Ldf x'g] h}ljs tyf
/;folgs k|s[ofx? bf]Aa/ ultn] x'g] ub{5, h:tf] kfgLdf /x]sf hLjx?n] kfgLsf] tfkqmd @)) ;]=
ePsf]df k|of]u ug]{ clS;hgsf] dfqf eGbf kfgLsf] tfkqmd #));]= k'u]sf]df bf]Aa/ dfqfdf k|of]u
ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;f]xL cg'?k /;folgs k|s[ofx? klg bf]Jj/ ultn] x'g] ub{5 -af]o8, !(*)_ . kfgLsf]
tfkqmd 36]sf] a]nf df5fsf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd klg 36g u} ;d:t s[ofsnfkx? -Metabolism_ 36g]
ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfdf df5fsf] Zjf; lng -Respiration_, vfgf vfg] -Food intake_, kfrg k|0ffnL -
Digestive system_, a[l4 ljsf; -Growth_, k|hgg\ cflb ;d:t s[ofsnfkx? 36\g] ub{5g\ . sfk{
df5fsf kf]v/Lsf] kfgL !)) ;]= eGbf lr;f] ePdf df5fn] cfxf/f vfg g} aGb ub{5 / cTolws
lr;f] ePdf dg{ klg yfNb5g\ . o;/L g} kfgLsf]tfkqmd #@) ;]= eGbf klg a9g yfn]df o;n]
k|lts'n c;/ kfb{5 / c? tfkqmd a9b} uPdf df5f dg{ yfNb5g\ . kfgLsf] tfkqmdn] 3'nglzn
clS;hg ;+u klg ulx/f] ;DaGw /fVb5 . kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9b} hf+bf To; kfgLdf clS;hgsf]
3'nglzntf sd x'b} hfG5 . o; k|sf/ Gofgf] kfgLdf /xg] df5fx?sf nflu clS;hgsf] ;d:of
lr;f] kfgLdf a:g] df5fsf t'ngfdf w]/} x'g] ub{5 . /;folgs dnx? klg Gofgf] kfgLdf l56f] 3'Ng]
/ emf/kft lgoGq0f ug{ cf}ifwLn] l56f] c;/ ub{5 eg] dT:o ljif /f]6]gg Gofgf] kfgLdf l56f]
x/fp+b5 -Degrades_ . lr;f] tfkqmd ePsf] kfgLdf a:g dg k/fpg] df5fnfO{ eg] kfgLsf] tfkqmd
%) ;]= b]lv tn / !* ) ;]=eGbf dfyL k'u]df k|lts'n c;/ kfb{5 . lr;f] kfgLsf] bf+hf]df tftf]
kfgLsf] 3gTj sd x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] tftf] kfgL xn'sf] x'G5 / dflyNnf] ;txdf a:g] ub{5, h;n]
ubf{ dflyNnf] ;txsf] kfgL w]/} tftf] e};Sbf klg tnsf] kfgL lr;f] g} /xg] ub{5 . o;k|sf/
kf]v/Lsf] kfgL tftf] ;tx / lr;f] ;txdf ljeflht x'g] cj:yfnfO{ yd{n :6«fl6lkms];g -Thermal
Stratification_ eGb5g\ . dflysf] tftf] kfgLsf] efunfO{ OlklnDgLcg
-Epilimnion_ / tNnf] lr;f] efunfO{ xfOkf]lnDgLcg -Hypolimnion_ elgG5g\ . oL b'O{ txsf]
aLrdf hxf+ kfgLsf] tfkqmd cToGt lta| qmddf abln/x]sf] x'G5, pQm txnfO{ ydf]{SnfOg

51
-Thermocline_ elgG5 . o; cj:yfdf df5f cfk'mn] ?rfPsf] kfgLsf] txdf /xg] ub{5g\ t/ df5f
PSsf;L cflQP/ csf]{ txdf uPdf jf s'g} afx\o sf/0fn] -hfn tfGbf, w]/} hf]8n] xfjf rn]/ jf c?
s'g} sf/0fn]_ o;/L ljleGg tfkqmd ePdf oL kfgLsf ;txx? ldl;g uPdf ldl;Psf] kfgLsf]
tfkqmd %0;]= tn jf dfly ePsf] cj:yfdf df5fx? dg{ yfNbbg\ . o; lsl;dsf] ;d:of kf]v/L
w]/} ulx/f] ePsf] cj:yfdf cfpg] ub{5 . ctM cgfjZos ?kdf kf]v/L ulx/f] klg agfpg' x'+b}g .

-u_ kf]v/Ldf kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ -Water Depth_ M

kfgLsf] ulx/fOn] kf]v/Lsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ c;/ kfb{5 . ;dfg If]qkmn -Area_ ePsf hnfzosf]
ulx/fO{ km/s ePdf ulx/f] hnfzosf] cfotg a9L x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ Toxf+ h}ljs pTkfbgn]
a9L 7fp+ kfpg] ub{5 . cfj:os eGbf sd ulx/fO{ x'+bf cfxf/f pTkfbg tyf r/0f If]q sd x'g],kfgL
l5§} tfTg] u5{ eg] cfj:os eGbf a9L ulx/fO{ x'+bf ;"o{sf] k|sfzsf] k|efj 7"nf] If]qdf k'Ug kfpb}g
/ cfxf/f pTkfbgdf c;/ kg'{sf ;fy} cGo ef}lts sfo{x?-dnbfgf lbg], hfn rnfpg] cfbL sfo{x?_
df cK7\of/f] kb{5 . kf]v/Lsf] k|fs[lts cfxf/f pTkfbg x'g] If]qnfO{ o'kmf]l6shf]g
-Euphotic Zone_ elgG5 / Toxf+ x'g] xl/of] kfgLnfO{ hLljt kfgL -Living Water_ elgG5 . o; If]q
eGbf d'lg hxf+ s'g} k|fs[lts cfxf/f pTkfbg x'+b}g -Dead zone_ cg'Tkfbs If]q elgG5 . of] cj:yf
kf]v/Lsf] kfgL !=%–@=) dL6/ eGbf ulx/f] If]qdf x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{
!=%–@=) dL6/ eGbf a9L kfgLsf] ulx/fO{ sfod x'g] ul/ ulx/f] agfpg Joj;flos b[li6sf]0fn]
kmfObfhgs x'+b}g . t/ udL{ofddf kfgL tft]/ df5f dg]{ 8/ x'g] x'+bf kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] ulx/fO{
!–!=% dL6/ eGbf sd x'g lbg' klg x'+b}g .

-3_ kfgLsf] /+u -Water Color_÷wldnf]kg -Turbidity_ M

kfgLdf t}l/g] lsl;dsf lrhx?sf] pkl:yltn] kfgLdf ;'o{sf] k|sfz lx8\g] jf6f]df cj/f]w pTkGg x'g]
ub{5 . o;n] ub{f kfgLsf] kf/blz{tf sd x'G5 jf w]/} tnsf j:t'x? b]lvb}gg . o;nfO{ kfgLsf]
wldnf]kg elgG5 . kfgL wldnf] x'g'sf ljleGg sf/0fx? x'G5g\ Ù
c= h}ljs pkl:ytL -Planktonic turbidity_
cf= sfj{lgs t}l/g] j:t'x?sf] pkl:ytL -Vegetative suspension_
O{= df6f]sf s0fx?sf] pkl:ytL -Clay turbidity_

c= h}ljs pkl:ytL -Planktonic turbidity_

s'g} klg hnfzo s]xL lbg ;Dd ;'o{sf] k|sfzdf v'Nnf /x]df Toxf+ h}ljs k|s[ofx? z'? x'g yfNb5g\
. o; k|s[ofaf6 Toxf+ pTkGg ePsf hLjx?sf] afx'Notf -Dominance_ n] pQm kfgLnfO{ cfkm\g}
lsl;dsf] /+Ë k|bfg ub{5 . jg:klthGo hLjx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf] kfgLsf] /+Ë xl/of] x'G5 eg] ;''Id
k|f0fL lhjx?sf]-Zooplankton_ afx'Notfdf kfgLsf] /+Ë v}/f] b]vf kb{5 .
jg:klthGo hLjn] kfgLdf /x]sf csfj{lgs nj0f -Inorganic Salt_, sfj{g8fcS;fO8 -Co2_, kfgL /
;'o{sf] k|sfzsf] d2tdf cfkm\gf] nflu vfgf agfp+b5 . ;'Id k|fl0fhGo lhj -Zooplankton_ x?n] oL
kmfO6f]Knfª\s6gsf ;fy} ;–;fgf sfj{lgs s0fx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfxf/fsf] ?kdf k|of]u ub{5g .

52
JofS6]l/ofn] ;a} lsl;dsf d[t sfj{lgs j:t' pkof]u ug]{ ePsf]n] cfxf/fsf] >[+vnfdf Knfª\s6g
-Plankton_ x?sf] lgs} dxTj x'G5 . oL k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] k|lt OsfO{ hnfzodf pTkfbg b/n] ;f]xL
cg'?k df5fsf] k|lt OsfO{ pTkfbg b/nfO{ b;f{p5 . To;}n] oL hLjx?sf] hlt w]/} pTkfbg x'G5,
df5fsf] pTkfbg klg Tolt w]/} x'+b} hfg] ub{5-:jLªun, 1938_ .
t/ Knfª\s6gsf] pTkfbg b/, kf]v/Ldf /x]sf] df5fn] pkof]u ug{] Knfª\s6gx?sf] b/ eGbf a9L
ePdf, a9L x'g] Knfª\s6g kfgLsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf t}l/g yfNb5 . o;k|sf/ Ps afSnf] tx
-Bloom_ sf] ?k lnO{ ;s]kl5 kfgL leq k|sfzsf] k|j]zdf cj/f]w Nofp+b5, h:n] ubf{ kfgL leq
clS;hg pTkfbg x'g g;Sg], ;fy} /ftL, oxL ;txdf ePsf] Knfª\s6gn], a9L clS;hgsf] pkof]u
ug]{ x'+bf kfgL leq clS;hgsf] dfqfdf lgs} sdL x'g] ub{5 . ;txdf ePsf Knfª\s6gx?sf] PSsf;L
d[To' -Planktonoic die off_ e} ;8\g uPdf t emg c? clS;hgsf] ;d:of hl6n x'guO{ df5fsf]
d[To' ;d]t x'g] ub{5 . ctM oL z'IdhLjx?sf] pTkfbg b/ / df5fn] pkof]u ug]{ b/df ;Gt'ng
sfod /fVg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu kf]v/Ldf df5fsf] ;+Vof, hft / dnvfb lbg] sfd elgP cg';f/
ug'{ kb{5 .

cf= sfj{lgs t}l/g] j:t'x?sf] pkl:ytL -Vegetative suspension_

w]/} kf]v/Lx?df ljleGg >f]tx?jf6 cfpg] kfgLsf ;fy ;fy} kft, kltË/x? / cGo j:t'x? klg;+u}
au]/ cfpg] ub{5g . o:tf j:t'x? -Humates_ x?n] ljleGg lsl;dsf] kbfy{ -Extract_ kfgLdf
5f8\g] ub{bg\ / oL kbfy{ -Extract_ x?n] To; kfgLnfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] /Ë k|bfg ub{5g\, h:n] ubf{
pQm kfgLsf]/Ë uf9f lrofsf] jf xnsf slkm /Ësf] jf o:t} j:t' cg';f/sf] /+usf] x'g] ub{5 .
of]/Ën], df5fnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ gu/] klg /Ën] ubf{ k|sfz kfgL leq hfg] k|s[ofdf cj/f]w cfO{
k|fs[lts cfxf/f pTkfbgdf x«f; Nofp+5 .
cTolws dfqfdf jg:klthGo j:t'sf] pkl:ylt eP kfgLnfO{ clDno agfp+b5 / cNsflnlgl6
-Alkalinity_ 36fp+b5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kfgLdf r'gsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

O{= df6f]sf s0fx?sf] pkl:ytL -Clay turbidity_

kf]v/Ldf af9Lsf] kfgL k;]df,clws lrDf6ofO{nf] df6f]df kf]v/L lgdf{0f ePsf] cj:yfdf jf cGo s'g}
sf/0faf6 kfgLdf df6f]sf s0fx?sf] cTolws pkl:ylt /x]df kfgL wldnf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/sf]
cj:yfdf ;'o{sf] k|sfz kfgL leq l5g{ kfp+b}g . kmn:j?k k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] pTkfbgdf sdL
cfpb5 . k|ToIf ?kdf o;n] df5fnfO{ tTsfn s'g} k|efj gkf/] klg lb3{sfndf cfxf/fsf] pTkfbg,
kf0fjfo' clS;hgsf] pTkfbg Pj+ khgg sfo{jf6 lg:sg] df5fsf] c08fdf gf]S;fg k'¥ofp+b5 .
oL df6f]sf s0fx? C0f ljB't rfh{o'Qm -Negatively Charged_ x'g] ePsf]n] Ps csf{n] cfk;df
ljsif{0fsf sf/0fn] lk+wdf lyu|Lg -Settle_ lb+b}g / kfgL wldnf] e} /xG5 . o; cj:yfdf klg r'g /
k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

-ª_ kfgLsf] jxfj -Water Current_M

53
 kfgLsf] jxfjn] dT:o k|hggdf dfpdf5fsf] c08f;osf] ljsf;df lta|tf Nofpgsf ;fy}
h}ljs k|s[of -Metabolism_ a9fpg] / ;+lrt kf}li6s tTjx?nfO{ c08f;osf] ljsf;df k'¥ofpg
d2tug]{ ub{5 . c08f;osf] ljsf;sf ^j6f txx? dWo] rf}yf] txdf k'u]kl5 To; kl5sf]
ljsf;sf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{df kfgLsf] jxfjn] 7'nf] d2t k'¥ofpb5 .
kfgLsf] jxfjn] df5fsf] dl:tis -Brain_ sf] xfO{kf]y]nfd; -Hypothalamus_ nfO{ pQ]lht kf/L
Toxf+jf6 No'l6gfOlhË l/lnlhË xdf]{g -LRH_ sf] pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf d2t ub{5 . ;f] LRH xdf]{gn]
Hypothalamus nfO{ pQ]lht kf/L k|hgg c+u pQ]lht kfg]{ xdf]{g -Sex Stimulating Hormone_
pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf d2t ub{5 . To; kl5 dfp df5fx? pQ]lht -Estrus_ eO{ k|hgg sfo{ ub{5g
.
dfp df5f kflnPsf] kf]v/Ldf ;Dej ePdf aif{el/ g} ;do ;dodf gof+ kfgL yKg],olb g;lsPdf
sd;]sd k|hgg ;dosf] Ps dlxgf cufj} b]lv !–@ lbg lj/fP/ gof+ kfgL yKg] u/]df dfpdf5fsf]
c08f;osf] ljsf;df /fd|f] c;/ kb{5 .

kfgLsf] /f;folgs u'0f M

kf]v/Lsf] ;du pTkfbg Ifdtf To;sf] kfgLdf pkl:yt cg]sf} /;folgs u'0fx?sf] pknAwtfdf
;d]t lge{/ ub{5 . ljz]if dxTj /fVg] s]xL /;folgs u'0fx?dfÙ
c= kfgLdf 3'lnt clS;hg -DO_
cf= kfgLsf] clDnokgf -pH_
O= kfgLdf 3'lnt sfj{g8fcS;fO8
O{= kfgLsf] s7f]/tf -Hardness_
p= kfgLsf] Iff/Lokgf -Alkalinity_ pNn]Vo u'0fx?df kb{5g .

c= kfgLdf 3'lnt clS;hg -Dissolved Oxygen_

kfgLdf 3'lnt clS;hg Ps cToGt ;+j]bgzLn tTj xf] h:n] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . kfgL
leq a:g] k|Tos hLjn] ;f; k]mg{sf nflu tyf kfgL leq x'g] ljleGg /;folgs k|s[ofdf oxL
clS;hg k|of]u x'g] ub{5 .
jfo'd08n clS;hgsf] Ps a[xQ e08f/ ePtf klg o;af6 cToGt ;fgf] dfqfdf dfq clS;hg
kfgLdf ldl;g] ub{5 . kfgLdf x'g] 3'lnt clS;hgsf nflu kfgL leq /x]sf jg:klthGo hLjx?n]
;f}o{ zlQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] vfgf agfpg] k|s[ofdf k|of]u ubf{ pTkGg x'g] clS;hg g} d'Vo >f]t x'g]
ub{5 .
kfgLdf clS;hg 3'Ng] k|s[of / kfgLsf] tfkqmdsf] Ps cfk;df pN6f] ;DaGw 5 . clS;hg kfgLdf
3'Ng] k|s[of kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9\b} uPdf sd x'g] / / kfgLsf] tfkqmd sd x'+b} uPdf a9\g] ub{5 .
To;}n] udL{ofddf kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf clS;hgsf] sdL x'g] ub{5 . kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9L ePsf]
cj:yfdf df5f nufot ;Dk'0f{ h}ljs k|s[of tyf /;folgs s[ofdf ;d]t a9L clS;hg k|of]u x'g]
ub{5 . o;n] kfgLdf /x]sf] clS;hgsf] dfqfdf l56f] x«f; Nofpg] ub{5 . o;k|sf/sf] cj:yf /ftL

54
clS;hgsf] pTkfbg ;d]t gx'g] x'+bf laxfg 3fd gnfu] ;Dd cToGt gfh's kl/l:ytL /xg] ub{5 .
kf]v/Ldf clS;hg sd ePsf] cj:yf k6s k6s bf]xf]l/g uPdf df5f pTkfbgdf k|lts'n c;/ /
nfdf] cjlw ;Dd /xg uPdf df5f dg]{ ub{5g\ .
tn b]vfP cg';f/ kfgLdf clS;hgsf] dfqf % ld=u|f÷ln6/ eGbf a9L ePdf /fd|f] ;+u km:6fpg
;Sb5g\ . olb of] dfqf @.% b]lv $ld=u|f÷ln6/sf aLrdf nfdf] cjwL ;Dd /xg uPdf df5fsf]
a[l4 /f]lsg] / /f]u cflbsf] cfqmd0f a9L x'g df5fsf nflu 3fts x'g] ub{5 .

;fgf df%f nfdf] cjlw df%f af+Rg]

s]xL ;do ;Dd /x]df pTkfbs sd
;Dd dfq df%f dg]{
af+Rg] df%fsf] nflu

0 0=3 1 2 3 4 5 cfjZos dfqf

o;k|sf/sf] cj:yf b]lv aRgsf nflu kf]v/Ldf kfgL sDtLdf klg !=%–@.) ld6/ ulx/f] x'g' kb{5 /
udL{ofddf kf]v/lsf] kfgL tfTg glbg] pkfox? ug'{ kb{5 . laxfg ;'of{]bo eGbf klxn] ;kmf kfgL
yKg] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . 3fd gnfu]sf lbgx?df kf]v/Ldf uf]a/ dn cflb k|of]u ug'{ x'+b}g .

cf= kfgLsf] lk=Pr -pH_

lk=Pr= kf]v/Lsf] kfgLsf] /;folgs u'0fx? dWo] Ps dxTjk'0f{ u'0f xf] . kfgLsf] clDnokg cyjf
Iff/Lokgsf] l:yltnfO{ kfgLsf] lk=Pr= elgG5 . lk=Pr=sf] :s]n ) b]lv !$ ;Ddsf] l;dfdf /xG5 /
& n] Neutral point cyf{t :jfb /lxt kfgLnfO{ c+lst ub{5 .& eGbf sd lk=Pr=dfg x'bf+ kfgL
cDnLo / a9L x'bf Iff/Lo x'G5 .
kfgLsf] lk=Pr= To; kfgLdf /x]s]f xfO8«f]hg cfogsf] concentration dfly lge{/ ub{5 . kfgLdf
xfO8«f]hgsf] concentration a9\b} uP jf & eGbf d'gL lk=Pr=dfg ePdf clDno u'0fsf] a[l4 x'+b} hfg]
ub{5 . clDno kfgL df5fkfngsf] nflu xflgsf/s x'g] x'+bf o; kIfdf a9L Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
k|fs[lts cj:yfdf kfgLsf] lk=Pr= sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf dfly lge{/ ub{5 . lsgsL of]
clDnokg a9fpg] lrh xf] . kmfO6f]Knfª\s6g tyf cGo kfgLdf kfOg] jg:jltn] kfgLdf /x]sf]
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f -Photosynthesis_ s[ofdf k|of]u u/L 36fO{ lbg] x'+bf lbp+;f]
lt/ kfgLsf] lk=Pr= a9\g hfg] ub{5 . t/ of] k|s[of /ftL gx'g] x'+bf lk=Pr= 36\g hfg] ub{5 ;fy}
pQm ;dodf jg:klt Pj+ df5f tyf cGo lhjn] Respiration af6 sfj{g8fO cS;fO8 Uof; yk
lgsfNg] ePsf]n] /ftL lk=Pr= a9L 36\g] ub{5 .
kfgLdf olb cNsflnlgl6 sd 5 eg] laxfg pQm kfgLsf] lk=Pr= ^ b]lv &=% ;Ddsf] /xG5 . t/
Knfª\s6gsf] dfqf w]/} ePdf Photosynthesis n] ubf{ lbp+;f] eg] lk=Pr=!) ;Dd k'Ug ;Sb5 . t/

55
kfgLsf] cNsflnlgl6 olb w]/} 5 eg] lk=Pr=df o; lsl;dsf] 36a9 x'+b}g / of] &=% sf] cf;kf;df
g} /xG5 . ctM lk=Pr= gfk ug{sf nflu laxfg / lbp+;f] ck/fGx lt/ gfk ug'{ kb{5 .

d[To' sd a[l4 /fd|f] a[l4 sd a[l4 d[To'

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

kf]v/Lsf df5fdf lk=Pr -pH_ sf] c;/

O= kfgLdf 3'lnt sfj{g8fcS;fO8

of] Uof; :jf; k]mg]{ k|s[ofdf aGb5 . of] kfgLdf cTolws 3'ngzLn x'G5 . kfgLdf obL
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] dfqf w]/} 5 eg] klg df5fn] ;xg ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ % lk=lk=Pd= eGbf a9L
ePsf] eg] ?rfp+b}g . ^) lk=lk=Pd= ;Dd 3'lnt sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 5 eg] klg df5f af+Rg
;Sb5 . t/ pQm kfgLdf clS;hg eg] kof{Kt dfqfdf x'g' kb{5 . clS;hg sd ePdf a9L 3'lnt
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8n] df5fsf] Zjf; k]mg]{ -Respiration_ k|s[ofdf cj/f]w pTkGg ub{5 . t/ cK7\of/f]
s] 5 eg] sfj{g8fO cS;fO8 a9L ePsf] a]nfdf clS;hg sd x'g] ub{5, lsgeg] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8
a9\g' eg]sf] kmf]6f];]Gy]l;; k|s[of gx'g' xf] . ctM o; lsl;dsf] pN6f] ;DaGwn] df5fnfO{ k|lts'n
jftfj/0f tof/ u/L/x]sf] x'G5 .
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 a9\gfn] lk=Pr nfO{ 36fpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ctM kfgLsf] clDnokgdf a[l4
x'+b} hfG5 . o; cj:yfdf c? sfj{g8fO cS;fO8 kfgLdf a9\b} hf+bf df5fnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kg]{
ub{5 / kmf]6f];]Gy]l;; afx]s cGo hLjx?sf] k|s[ofaf6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 a9\g] ub{5 h'g s'/f
sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] cycle af6 b]lvG5 .
sfj{g8fO cS;fO8 kfgLdf /x+bf tLg lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf /xg] ub{5 . Co2, HCO3 / Co3 kfgLdf
logsf] pkl:ylt kfgLsf] lk=Pr= dfly lge{/ ub{5 . lk=Pr= obL ^=% eGbf sd 5 eg] CO2 sf]
?kdf g} kfgLdf /xG5 . ctM o; lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf CO2 kfgLdf c? 3'Ng g;Sg] ePsf]n]
df5fsf] Zjf; k|s[ofaf6 lg:s]sf] of Uof; kfgLdf hfg g;ls df5fsf] z/L/ leq g} /xg yfNb5 .
o; cj:yfdf df5fnfO{ Zjf; k]mg{ ufx«f] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] cj:yfdf w]/} nfdf] ;do ;Dd /xL
/x]df df5f dg{ yfNb5g\ sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf sf/0f kfgLsf] lk=Pr= sxLn] klg $=% eGbf tn
cf]n{g kfp+b}g .
(Co2 +, H2 O) = H2CO3 = H ++HCO3 - HCO3 = H++ Co3)

O{= kfgLsf] s7f]/tf -Hardness_

d'naf6 kfgL lg:s]/ df6f] 9'Ëf, r§fg cflb dfly au]/ hf+bf Toxf+ /x]sf ljleGg kbfy{x?nfO{ 3'lnt
cj:yfdf aufP/ n}hfg] ub{5 . o;} qmddf kfgLdf nj0fx?sf] pkl:yltn] kfgLnfO{ s7f]/
-Hard_ agfp+b5g\ . oL nj0fx?sf] dfqfn] To; kfgLsf] s7f]/tf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . d'Vo ?kdf @
wgfj]zo'Qm wft'sf c0f'sf] -SoflN;od Ca++, DofUg]l;od Mg++_pkl:yltnfO{ SoflN;od sfjf]{g]6

56
-CaCo3_ sf] ;dt'No -Equivalent_ dfqfdf gflkG5 / oxL gfkn] pQm kfgLsf] s7f]/tf
ldnLu|fd÷ln6/df JolQm ul/G5 . dT:o kfngsf nflu @) b]lv #))ldnLu|fd÷ln6/ ;Ddsf]
kfgLsf] s7f]/tfnfO{ pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 -af]o8, !(*!_ . sd s7f]/tf ePsf] kfgLsf] bf+hf]df a9L
s7f]/ kfgL dT:o kfngsf nflu pkof]u x'g] ub{5 .
kfgLdf /x]sf oL nj0fx?n] df5fsf] z/L/df xf8, sTnfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} df5fsf nflu kfgLdf
pTkfbg x'g] k|fs[lts cfxf/fsf] ljsf;df ;d]t dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . kfgLdf s7f]/tf sd
5 eg] !% s]=hL= k|lt s¶fsf b/n] r'gsf] k|of]u u/]df dT:o kfngsf nflu cfjZos s7f]/tf
Nofpg ;lsG5 .

p= kfgLsf] Iff/Lokgf -Alkalinity_

kfgLnfO{ s7f]/ agfpg] nj0fx? sfjf]{g]6 afO{sfjf]{g]6 tTjx?sf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ kfgLnfO{ Iff/Lo
-Alkaline_ agfp+b5 . To;}n] kfgLsf] s7f]/tf / Iff/Lotf w]/}h;f] ;dfg x'g] ub{5g . kfgLdf /x]sf
Iff/Lotfn] kfgLnfO{ clDno x'g glbg] x'+bf df5fnfO{ km:6fpg] jftfj/0f agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .

@ % \OFM
\OFM:
FM:
• dT:o >[+vnf !%, s[lqd tyf k|fs[lts hnfzo dT:o zfvf, afnfh' .
• Brood Stock and Hatchery Management of Carps, FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper,2013, Routray Padmanav, Mishra Ramanand, and Miao Wemin

✣✣✣

57
 ;#g dT:o kfngdf k]n]^ bfgfsf] dxTj
T ! # @ ;>Z "",, # >Z F
!" # $% &' !,, )
! *

;#g dT:o kfngdf k]n]^ bfgfsf] cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] dxTj % . k]n]^ bfgf df%fnfO{
k|of]u ubf{ v]/ hfb}g ;fy} bfgfsf] cgfjZos vktsf] dfqf klg sd x"G% . k]n]^ bfgfdf
ePsf] ;f/ kf}li^s tTjx? kfgLdf sd dfqfdf #"n]/ hfG% . k]n]^ bfgf t}l/g] tyf kfgL
wldnf]kgf sd x"G% . df%fsf] vfg] ?rL klg a(\b% ;fy;fy} bfgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf -Ifdtf_ sf]
dfqf klg a(\% . o;n] ubf{ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm a(fp+b% cyf{t\ /f]unfO{ s]xL xb ;Dd
lgoGq)f u%{ .

k]n]^ bfgfsf k|sf/x?

cf]l;nf] / ;"Vvf k]n]^
k]n]^ cfxf/f d"Votof b"O{ lsl;dsf]] x"G%M
cf]l;nf] / ;"Vvf . b"j} lsl;dsf cfxf/fsf]
cfk\mg} ljz]iftf Pj+ u")fx? x"G% . cf]l;nf]
k]n]^df hnf+;sf] dfqf 25 b]lv 35 k|ltzt
;Dd x"G% / ;"Vvf k]n]^df a(Ldf 13 k|ltzt
x"G% . cf]l;nf] k]n]^ cfxf/f lk|mhdf e)*f/)f
ug"{ kb{% eg] ;"Vvf k]n]^ e)*f/)f ubf{
sf]&fsf] tfkqmd 20 l*=;]= b]lv 25 l*=;]=
;Dddf /fVg"kb{% . ;"Vvf k]n]^ cfxf/f 90
lbg;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% t/ cf]l;nf] k]n]^
k]n]6 bfgf
cfxf/f 60 lbg leq k|of]u ul/;Sg" kb{% .
cf]l;nf] k]n]^ cfxf/f ;"Vvf k]n]^ cfxf/f eGbf a(L :jflbnf] x"G% . qm"* k\mof^sf] dfqf
cf]l;nf] k]n]^ cfxf/fdf 20 k|ltzt x"G% eg] ;"Vvf k]n]^ cfxf/fdf 7 k|ltzt eGbf sd x"g]
u%{ . cfxf/fsf] ef}ltsL / kf]ifsLo u")fsf] s"/f ug"{ kbf{ cf]l;nf] k]n]^ cfxf/f kfgLdf t"?Gt
*"A% / rf+*} #"Nb% t/ ;"Vvf k]n]^ bfgf la:tf/} *"A% / rf+*} #"Nb}g . cf]l;nf] k]n]^ cfxf/f
xftn] v"jfpg ;lsG% eg] ;"Vvf k]n]^ cfxf/f xftn] v"jfpgsf] ;fy} :jrflnt d]l;g -lkm*/_
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG% .

58
bfgf e)*f/)f ug]{ tl/sf
bfgfnfO{ /fd|f];+u Kofs u/]/ /fVg"kb{% . /fd|f];+u Kofs gu/]df cfxf/fsf] u")f:t/
rf+*}g} lau|g hfg] ;+efjgf x"G% . ;"s]sf] bfgfdf ePsf le^fldgx? rF+*} gi^ x"g] x"+bf bfgfsf]
u")f:t/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu lgDg lnlvt a"bf+x?df Wofg lbg" h?/L %Ù
1= bfgf e)*f/)f ug]{ sf]&f ;kmf, ;"Vvf, kfgL gr"lxg], / xfjfbf/ x"g"kb{% . cf]l;nf] &fp+
ePdf bfgf e)*f/)f ubf{ bfgfdf l%^} (";L kg]{ / lau|g] x"G% . o:tf] bfgf v"jfPdf
To;df ePsf] aflatoxoin n] ^«fp^df sn]hf] ;"GgLg] /f]u, x]kf^f]df (hepatoma) nfUb% .
2= h"^ jf Knfl:^ssf] af]/fdf bfgf Kofs u/L e)*f/)f sf]&fdf sf&sf] kmNofs dfly
/fVg"kb{% . t/ w]/} dfly ;Dd vK^\ofP/ jf lyr]/ e)*f/)f ug"{x"b+}g . w]/} lylrPdf
bfgf ^"ls|g] ;+efjgf x"G% .
3= bfgf s"g ldltdf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] n]an nufpg" kb{% / h;n] ubf{ cfkm"n] vf]h]sf]
s"/f kfpg ;lhnf] x"G% . ;s];Dd tLg dlxgf eGbf a(L e)*f/ u/]/ /fVg"x"b}g .
4= bfgfnfO{ ;"o{sf] k|sfz l;w} kg]{ u/L e)*f/)f ug"{x"b}g . e)*f/ sf]&fsf] tfkqmd 25
l*=;]= eGbf dfly hfg" x"b}g . pRr tfks|dn] bfgfdf lnlk* clS;*];g (Lipid
Oxidation) eP/ bfgf ljiffQm x"b} hfG% . To:tf] bfgf df%fnfO{ v"jfpg" x"b}g .
clS;*fO{H* lnlk*n] df%fdf ef]s sd ub{%, /+u sfnf] kfb{%, / /tmcNktf u/fp+b% .
5= bfgf /fv]sf] af]/f -Aofu_ nfO{ letfdf ^+;fP/ /fVg x"b}g, leQfsf] lr;f] nfu]/ bfgf
lau|g] ;Defjgf x"G% . leQf / bfgf /fv]sf] ef+*f]sf] lardf clnslt &f+p vfnL /fVg] .
kfgL r"xg] ePdf ls/f nfUg], sl"xg] x"G% .
6= bfgf e)*f/)f ug]{ &fp+df d";f cfjt–hfjt ug{ lbg" x“"b}g . bfgfdf d";fsf] lb;f k/]df
df%fsf] k]^ km"Ng] /f]u nfUb% .

bfgf agfpb} 3fF; bfgfsf] ?kdf k|of]u

59
bfgf k|of]u M
bfgf k|of]u ubf{ lgDg s"/fx? lglZrt x"g" kb{%Ù
– ;do – :yfg
– dfqf – u")f:t/
bfgfsf] k|of]u ;se/ ljxfgkv ug"{ /fd|f] x"G% . bfgf lbbf /fd|/L lehfP/ uf]nf] *Nnf]
agfO lbg" k%{ . a[l$ hf+rsf] cfwf/df df%fsf] zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] cfwf/df kl/df)f lgwf{/)f
ul/bfklg pkof]usf] cfwf/df dfqf yk#^ ug{ ;lsG%, o;sf nflu :jrflnt d]l;gsf] k|of]u
ubf{ /fd|f] x"G% . #f; lb+bf k|m]dleq tyf bfgf lb+bf em")*\ofP/ jf kn]^kmd{df lbg" /fd|f]
x"G% .
lgDg cj:yfx?df bfgf lbg" x"+b}g M
– kf]v/Ldf cS;Lhgsf] sdL ePdf .
– nuftf/ afbn nfu]df .
– df%fn] gvfPdf .
– df%fdf /f]u b]vf k/]df .

df%fsf] a[l$ tyf :jf:Yo hf+r

kflnPsf df%fx?sf] cj:yf s:tf] % /fd|f] ;+u km:^fPsf] %÷%}g hfGgsf nflu / cfjZos
bfgfsf] dfqf lgwf{/)f ug{ cTofjZos x"G% . hf+r ubf{ ;a} hft / ;fOhsf] df%fsf]
k|ltlglwTj x"g] u/L 10 b]vL 20 uf]^f ;Dd df%fsf] gd'gf lnP/ To;sf] tf}n / ;fOh lng"
kb{% . a[l$ hf+r u/] kl% kf]v/Ldf ePsf] ;Dk")f{ df%fsf] tf}n cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG% / To;}
cg';f/ bfgfsf] dfqf lgsfNg ;lsG% . df%fsf] a[l$ hf+r ubf{ :jf:Yo hf+r klg ug'{ kb{% .
df%fdf #fp vl^/f jf cGo c;fdfGo cj:yf b]lvPdf /f]u nfu]sf] x'g ;S% . o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|fljlws ;Nnfx cg';f/ pkrf/ ug"{ kb{% .

@ % \OFM
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• Joj;flos dT:o kfng ;DaGwL lnkmn]^, 2078.79, s]Gb|Lo dT:o k|j${g tyf ;+/If)f s]Gb|,
afnfh" sf&df*f}+ .
• Joj;flos df%f kfng ;DaGwL ljleGg a"sn]^ tyf lnkmn]^x? .

✣✣✣

60
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61
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? K 8 @G 4 > "> : ? / F [ > "> : ? / F N R " :
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F N x W J [ ¬" F F@ K Passive ' J S / F/N PIT Tag / # /
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्
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Basin's Fisheries Agencies : x / # / / 9 N > Q ;P ; 55
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62
Dehydrated Alcohol (Ethanol):
SU:R Implanter > >, #R FM x % / > # / % N K x @%
> >, > / G*U / w , G*U > / > Q @ F
% M F j * ):
Bacterial Kidney Disease ; / FM % j ? F N R # : / x> p
> > >, Implanter S / pushrod K sterelize % • F N Sterelize % / >
Z ' ethanol # / J R Denatured grade ethanol > # / %
methyl and/or isopropyl alcohol / F / U / / > F
S / / # / K G .J J S / R N R 1-81% / ethanol c" # "
F N Sterelize % / > x , > >, pushrod K G? 21 > : *> ethanol , U
@% N

GI . Dehydrated Alcohol

J , / ™ :

PIT Tag F / /, K ;P • U ' K ™ > N / U '

; * G S / x /, g U / > # / J N !,
R F ¨ # / 9 F / / % ? O¨ U k@ / % 612 /, / handheld reader
): x /, ;P % / > AA 9* / 3 : NiMH rechargeable [ ¬" W e
@% N [ ¬" : @ % endcap screw K F .% u 9 J , / endcap /o % [ ¬"
: % %N ;) x J , % / > / * x J S / F" / F"
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J , x /, g / red led indicator (*F / Š F ) / )gO )o , LCD
readout /, ? @G N J , 2611 ? : x /, GI % j * K
,: / P : ?Š : > ZR +U N

63
 GI 4. 612 /, / handheld reader

K )F/ •:
K : x> p % / > )F/ % • F * / > > Q FM / # / %
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> :/ %N " J S / H/ x • ‰ %N 5 > : > *>
x % > ‚ UY H/ ‰ %N

GI 3. o p /

Disinfection:
)F/ " x J S / K )• G* / WB ' I U@ F % /
> F" U I % @% N Š a / ): 1 > : O "

64
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M R / .R> .R> > > ' % FV @% N # / J F/Go,p x , ) : -) o:"
F FM > 1.5-2 . .S . Sokrena- WS ¨ U I % @% N x @% / 9*
P k@ • F N / x @ % • ,> p % FV % / R / body
cavity > / F F@ x / ; K I/: %U j Z R +T / K
> • ,> p % ˆ/ F / R / +T / F /:/ F F x % +
F N Z ' 7 > > > : / : x x> p % / > 5-51 \ D S /
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Implanter and Needle:

Implanter SU: U ' F/ * 21-2 S .S . / > " *, stainless steel push rod
plunger > " / F * K I / 2 * /: 9 / x > p > , *, J
(GI 6B) # > , : x G S / F N x> p % # / " x , > ,
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GI 5. 2 * / x> p > ,

65
 Push rod

GI 6BA. Implanter with push rod

GI 6B. Implanter with push rod, plunger and needle

K : x (PIT Tag) • >Z :

#
% : x /, b ‰ / > Uº / +U /º %N K x % ‰
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66
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67
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68
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@ % \OFM
\OFM:
FM:
• Biomark. Specialists in identification solutions. Fish tagging methods.
• Gibbons, J.W. and K.M. Andrews. 2004. PIT Tagging: Simple technology and its best.
PIT Tag Information System. PIT Marking Procedures Manual. Columbia Basin/
ptagis.org.

✣✣✣

69
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df]n]/ leHg 5f8\g] .
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70
 tof/L kl/sf/sf] kf]if0f ljZn]if0f -k|lt !)) u|fddf_
kf]ifstTj
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km:kmf]/;, ld=u|f= 194=0
zlQm, lsnf] Sofnf]/L 180=0

Easy lemon cheese backed pangasius

Ingredients
1. Pangasius fish 4 fillets, about 150 g. each
2. Sun flower Oil 2 tsp
3. Salt to taste
4. Black pepper to taste
5. Turmeric few
6. Thyme leave half tsp
7. Garlic paste one fourth tsp
8. Cheese grated one fourth tsp
9. lemon half piece

Methods
1. Take the fish fillets and marinate with salt, blackpepper, thyme leaves, garlic
paste, turmeric, lemon juice and oil both sides.
2. Take a plate, putting cheese then press the fillet on it rather than skin sides.
3. Preheat the oven upto 218.3 oc. Put the fish fillet on the backing dish making skin
side down.
4. Put the fish fillet on the baking dish making skin side down.
5. Bake the fish fillets for 10-15 minutes, so fish flakes easily.
6. It is ready to serve.

71
Proximate value of prepared dish (per 100 g)
Nutrients
Moisture, mL 66.6
Fat, g 12.3
Protein, g 19.2
Fiber, g 0.0
Ash, g 1.48
Carbohydrate, g 0.39
Calcium, mg 557.0
Iron, mg 3.6
Phosphorous, mg 194.0
Energy, kcal 180.0

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72
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Pangasius fish ball

Ingredients
1 Large size fish 1000gm
2 Green pea paste after boiling 1 cup
3 egg 5 piece
4 Onion (chopped) 2 pieces
5 Green chilli (chopped 3 pieces
6 Garlic paste 2 tsp
7 Turmeric half tsp
8 chili powder half tsp

73
9 salt to taste
10 oil 250 ml
11 Fried yellow mustard powder 1 tsp
12 All-purpose flour (maida) 4 tsp
13 Fried cumin powder half tsp
14 Fried coriander powder half tsp

Method
• Clean the fish removing scales, gill, stomach, head and tail then boil it in one
liter of water for 15 minutes.
• Remove all the bones from flesh.
• Put the ingredients like: green chilli, onion,green pea pest, salt, turmeric, yellow
mustard powder, chilli powder, cumin, coriander, wheat flour and ½ cup water
(if needed) with flesh and mix properly.
• Make the fish ball larger than marble shape.
• Take a deeper bowl and make the paste of egg in it.
• Heat the frying pan with oil properly then put the fish ball on it after soaking it
in the egg paste and fry up to red color.

Proximate value of prepared dish (per 100 g)

Nutrients
Moisture, mL 47.2
Fat, g 24.2
Protein, g 17.8
Fiber, g 0.2
Ash, g 1.65
Carbohydrate, g 8.95
Calcium, mg 1046.0
Iron, mg 6.2
Phosphorous, mg 304.3
Energy, kcal 325.0

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@ % \OFM
\OFM:
FM:
• p 21, — # > > * B
% N
• E i • / # FM (Sj . K / o , 2017)
• Khanal, N. B., Shrestha, M. K., Rai, S., & Bhujel, R. C. (2014). Comparative evaluation of Carp
testis as an alternative to 17α-Methyltestosterone on Tilapia sex reversal. Our Nature, 12(1), 1-
7.
• Orose, E., Wokoma, A. & Woke, G.N. (2016). Sex Reversal of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) Usinf 17α-Methyltestosterone, Wet testes from selected Animals and Plant extracts.
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology. 4(3); 23-29
• Ruchi Shrivastav, Madhav Kumar Shrestha, Narayan Prasad Pandit and NabinBabuKhanal ,
Aquaculture and Fisheries Program, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
• Yamamoto, T. O. (1951). Artificial induction of functional sex‐reversal in genotypic females of
the medaka (Oryzias latipes). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 123, 571-594.

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