1- Causes of cancer are genetics and environmental carcinogens.

2- Environment is responsible for 80% while genetics is responsible

for 20%.
3- Obesity is a risk factor for many cancers including endometrial,
esophageal adenocarcinoma, and renal cancer.
4- Radiographic tests for oncology include:
5- CT, Mammogram for breast ca, chest x ray, bone sca, MRI, and
pet scan.
6- Preventive measures of breast cancer include physical
examination and breast self examination which should start at
women’s age of 20years old.
7- Modalities of cancer treatment include surgery, chemotherapy
and radiotherapy.
8- Most cancers are caused by environmental causes.
9- Most of the tumors of the breast are benign and not cancer -80%
are benign.
10- The best diagnosis of cancer in-situ is histological.
11- Staging of ovarian cancer is important and the best way to
confirm it by laparoscopic examination and biopsy.
12- Mutations that cause cancer include
13- Mutations in tumor suppressor genes, mutations in dna
repair genes, mutations that produce oncogenes, and
chromosomal instability.
14- When it comes the causes of human mortality in the world
cancer is in the second place.
15- If after treatment the symptoms of the disease come back
then we call it relapse of the cancer.
16- If symptoms disappear we call it remission of the disease.
 17- The G sign is used to describe degree of differentiation GI is
the best differentiated and G4 is the worst.
18- The radiology oncology team consists of the following:

A-Radiation Oncologist
B-Medical physicist
C-Dosimetrist
D-Radiation oncology nurse
19- The most important cancer genes are tumor suppressor
genes and oncogenes.
20- The aim of adjuvant chemotherapy is to reduce the chance
of recurrence and neuadjuvant is to downstage the tumor.
21- The two most important causes of cancer are genetics and
environmental.
22- What is the definition of carcinogen?
23- Surgery is the best modality of treatment in the early
stages of cancer-solid tumors.
24- Genetics of colon cancer?
25- What are the types of carcinogens?
26- Why use adjuvant chemotherapy?
27- Common complications of cancer?