1.

Malignant vs benign

2. Adjuvant vs neo-adjuvant
Neoadjuvant is therapy encompasses all treatment that are administered before
the primary cancer treatment whereas adjuvant therapy is described regimens
administered after the primary treatment
3. Grades of cancer
Grades of the cancer depend on what the cells look like under microscope:
 Grade 1: cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren’t growing rapidly
 Grade2: cancer cells that don’t look like normal cells and are growing faster
than the normal cells
 Grade3: cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread
aggressively
4. Radiation therapy team
5. Diagnosis of the cancer
6. Treatment modality of the cancer:
 Treatment of cancer can involve any of several modalities:
 Surgical interventions
 Radiation therapy
 Chemotherapy
 Hormonal therapy
 Gene therapy
 Stem cell and bone marrow transplants
 Immunotherapy

7. Relapse vs remission
Relapse or recurrence is when the cancer comes back after treatment,
after a period of undetectable cancer traces its divided into:
  Local recurrence
 Regional recurrence
 Distant recurrence
Remission is when the signs and symptoms of the cancer have
completely or partially disappeared its divided into:
 Complete remission
 Partial remission
8. Risk factors of the cancer : obesity
9. Mammography age : >20yrs
10. Causes of the cancer commonest :

 Environmental causes:
 Chemicals: including those that are man-made (such as aniline
dyes and bladder cancer), drugs (cigarette smoke and lung
cancer), and natural compounds (aflatoxins and liver cancer)
which are carcinogenic.
• Oncogenic viruses: such as human papillomavirus (HPV)
implicated in most squamous cell carcinomas of cervix and
anogenital squamous papillomas, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
implicated in African Burkitt's lymphoma, and hepatitis B virus
(HBV) implicated in development of hepatocellular carcinomas.
• Radiation: including ultraviolet light that induces pyrimidine
dimers in DNA and promotes skin cancers. Ionizing radiation (such
as gamma radiation) induces mutations in DNA and promotes
malignancies such as leukemia, thyroid, lung, colon, and breast
cancers
  Hereditary causes:

 Age: older persons have a greater propensity to develop

neoplasms from lack of effective control mechanisms.

 Altered DNA:
 Familial and Sporadic Neoplasia

11. Ovarian cancer morphological comformationdiagnosis: ultrasound

12. Mortality rate of rate of the cancer :second
13. Genes of the cancer:
 Proto-oncogenes : HER-2 neo, BCR/ABL, VEGF, TGFR, C-kit
 Tumor suppressor genes: BRCA1, BRCA2, B53, RB1, DCC, WT1
14. Types of carcinogenic substances:
 Environmental: chemical, Radiation and oncogenic viruses

 Hereditary causes:

 Age: older persons have a greater propensity to develop

neoplasms from lack of effective control mechanisms.

 Altered DNA:
 Familial and Sporadic Neoplasia
15. Mechanism of cancer genetically
16. Mechanism of radiotherapy : causes DNA damage
17. Carcinoma in situ diagnosis: by FNA or cytology