Example 1: (Involving 2 equations and their sets of roots.

So uses the relationship of roots and equations) Example Steps Note: Important factors in a graph sketch
1. Shape of the graph. 2. Points – x & y intercepts , Min/max point,
Equation 1: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Roots 2: 𝛼 + 1 and 𝛽 + 1 2𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 4 ≥ 0 1. General form points at the end of the domain.
or 𝑥 + 𝑥+ =0 SOR2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 2 , POR2 = (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 + 1) Example :
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) ≥ 0 2. Factorise Sketch the graphs of the following functions for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.
Relationship 2: (i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 8 (ii) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5
or 𝑥 − (SOR )𝑥 + (POR ) = 0
1. SOR2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 2 = ?? Hence, state the range of values of y .
𝒃 𝒄
SOR1 = − 𝒂 , POR1 = 𝒂 2. POR2 = (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 + 1) = ? ? Shape – Shape –
1 4 3. Sketch Graph Points – (0,-8), (2,0), (-4,0), Points – (0, -5), (-5, -75),
Roots 1: 𝛼 and 𝛽 Equation 2: 𝑥 − (SOR )𝑥 + (POR ) = 0 2 (-5, 7),(3,7), (-1,-9) (3,-11)(1, -3)
𝑦 𝑦
SOR1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 , POR1 = 𝛼𝛽 𝑥≤ , 𝑥≥4 4. Conclusion
(−5, 7)• • (3, 7) 𝑥
• (1, −3)
1. Forming equations from roots −4
𝑥 −5
2 • (−3, −11)
Relationship 1: 𝛼+𝛽=− , 𝛼𝛽 = 2. Solving problems involving the (−1, −9)• −8 •
relationship of roots and equation Solving quadratic inequalities (−5, −75)
∴ −9 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 7 ∴ −75 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ −3
Example 2:
Solving Steps
Roots: and − 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS problems
1. Write in the form
involving
Equation : (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 graph
(completion of squares)
2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 0 sketch 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝑟
Solving problems involving Solving problems involving positions of graphs (refer ✴✴)
Solving
Finding roots of quadratic equations types of roots a>0 a<0 problems 2. Read from the expression
(Solving quadratic equations) 1. Two real & different roots 2
involving
b  4ac > 0 min/max (i) Min/Max value = r
Example : 3. By Completion of Squares: values
2. Two real & equal roots (ii) when x + q = 0
Solve the equation b 2  4ac = 0 that is x = – q
(i) If 𝒂 = 𝟏
−2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (iii) Min/Max point = (–q, r)
3. No real roots
b 2  4ac < 0 (iv) Axis of Symmetry:
= 𝑥+ − +𝑐
1. By factorisation: 𝒙 = −𝒒
(ii) If 𝒂 ≠ 1 Example 1:
(−2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 Find the range of values/ value of 𝑘 if the Example:
Examples: (*Do consider other possible question*) The diagram shows the graph of the
= 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑥+ quadratic equation −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑘 𝑦
𝑥 = , 𝑥 = −4 1. Find the range of values of 𝑘 if the graph
(i) does not have real roots, (2, 3) curve 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑞) + 𝑟 , where
= 𝑎 𝑥+ − + of the quadratic function •
𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are constants. The curve
(ii) has two real and equal roots, 1− 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑘 has a maximum point (2, 3) and
(iii) has two real and different roots.
is above the 𝑥-axis for all values of 𝑥.
−2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 12 cuts the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝐴(0,1).
2. By Using the formula:
= −2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑘 = 0  2 2  4 13  k   0 What if …a< 0 or the Find (a) the value of 𝑝, of 𝑞 and of 𝑟,
2 … simplify … 𝑘 < 2 graph is below the x-axis? (b) the axis of symmetry.
 b  b  4ac = −2 𝑥+ − −6
x=
2a (i)  2 2  4  13  k   0 2. Find the values of k if the straight line From the graph: From the equation:
✴✴ 𝑦 = 2𝑘𝑥 − 6 touches the graph of the (i) Max value= 3 (i) Max value= 𝑟
2 = −2 𝑥 + + … simplify… 𝑘 > 4
x =  (5)  (5)  4(2)(12) function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑘. (ii) 𝑥 = 2 (ii) 𝑥 = −𝑞
2( 2) (iii) Max point= (2, 3) (iii) Max point= (−𝑞, 𝑟)
−2𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0 Intersection points :
(ii)  2 2  4  13  k   0
What if …the graphs
𝑥= , 𝑥 = −4 2𝑘𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 + 𝑘 intersect at two points or (iv) Axis of symmetry: (iv) Axis of symmetry:
−2 𝑥 + + =0
… simplify… 𝑘 = 4 the graphs do not
𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 6 + 𝑘 = 0 intersect one another? 𝑥=2 𝑥 = −𝑞
𝑥+ = (a) 𝑞 = −2, 𝑟 = 3. (b) 𝑥 = 2
Touches the graph/one intersection pt :
𝑥+ = ± (iii)  2 2  4  13  k   0 (−2𝑘) − 4(1)(𝑘 + 6) = 0 1 = 𝑝(0 − 2) + 3
… simplify… 𝑘 < 4 … simplify & solve … 𝑝=−
𝑥= , 𝑥 = −4
𝑘 = −2 , 𝑘 = 3. 2