Integration – MTH0002 – Main Stream – Spring 2023

Lecture Notes (3) – Dr. Fayad Galal

Chapter (2) : Techniques of Integration
2.1 Integration by Parts :
Integration by Parts Formula (2.1) :
If u  f  x  and v  g  x  are two differentiable functions on
I , then

 u dv  u v   v du .

Proof
 The formula for integration by parts is obtained from the
product rule ,
d
 f  x  g  x    f  x  g '  x   g  x  f '  x  .
dx
 In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes
f  x  g  x    f  x  g '  x  dx   g  x  f '  x  dx .

 We can rearrange this equation as

 f  x  g'  x  dx  f  x  g  x    g  x  f '  x  d x .
 By the substitution rule
Let u  f x   du  f '  x  d x ,
Let v  g x   dv  g'  x  d x ,
the formula for integration by parts becomes

 u dv  u v   v du .
1
* The useful strategy (priority) for choosing u is LIATE :
Logarithmic , Inverse trigonometric (or Inverse hyperbolic),
Algebraic , Trigonometric (or Hyperbolic), Exponential

Integration by Parts Case (i) :

Example (1) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x 
(i)  x e 3 x dx . (ii)  x sec 2   dx .
2 
Solution

Poly . 
Exp . , Trig . , Hy p . , A lg .

(i) I   x . e3x dx   
x . e 3 x dx
 
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
Let ux d v  e 3 x dx
1
du  d x v  e3x
3
Using Integral : Remember that :
ax  b 1 ax  b
* e dx 
a
e C *  u dv  uv   v du

1 3x 1 1 3x  1
I 
x e   e3x 
dx  e x  C .
3 
u 
 3
 du
3  3
v v

2
 
Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

Poly .
x  x 
(ii) I   x . sec 2   dx   
x . sec 2   dx
2  u 
2  
dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
x 
Let ux d v  sec 2   d x
2 
x 
du  d x v  2 tan  
2 
Using Integral :
1
 sec  ax  b  dx  a tan  ax  b   C
2
*

x  x 
x 2 tan     2 tan   
I  dx
u 
2    2  du
v v
Using Integral :
1
*  tan  ax  b  dx  a
ln sec  ax  b   C

x  x 
 2 x tan    4 ln sec    C .
2  2 

Example (2) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x  sin x
(i)  dx . (ii) x cosh x  1 d x .
1  cos x
x ex
(iii)  dx .
x  1  2

Solution
3
 x  sin x
(i) I   dx
1  cos x
Remember that :
x
* 1  cos x  2 cos 2  
2 
x  2 sin  x / 2  cos  x / 2 
 dx
2 cos 2
x / 2 
1
  x
 . sec 2
 x / 2  dx   tan  x / 2  dx

2
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
  (Complete – See Example (1)(ii) – Section 2.1)


1
2  2 x tan  x / 2   4 ln sec  x / 2    2 ln sec  x / 2   C
 x tan  x / 2   C .
Another Methods :
x  sin x 1  cos x
(1) I   . dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
x  1  cos x   sin x  sin x cos x
 dx
1  cos x 2

Remember that :
* cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
x  1  cos x   sin x  sin x cos x
 2
dx
sin x
  
x . csc 2 x  csc x cot x dx 

  csc x  cot x  dx
u
dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
4
 Let u x  
dv  csc 2 x  csc x cot x dx
du  dx v   cot x  csc x
x   cot x  csc x      cot x  csc x  
I  dx
   
u v v du
   csc x  cot x  dx

 x   cot x  csc x   C .

x  sin x
(2) I   dx
1  cos x
x 1  cos x  sin x
 . dx   dx
1  cos x 1  cos x 1  cos x
x  1  cos x 
 2
dx  ln 1  cos x
sin x
 
x . csc 2 x  csc x cot x dx  ln 1  cos x


u
dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i) .
(Complete)
x  sin x
(3) I   dx
1  cos x
x  sin x
 dx   dx
2 cos  x / 2 
2
1  cos x
1
  x
 . sec 2
 x / 2  dx  ln 1  cos x

2
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i) .
(Complete)

5
(ii) I   x 1  cosh x dx
Remember that :
x
* 1  cosh x  2 cosh 2  
2 

x 2 cosh 2  x / 2  d x  2 x cosh  x / 2  d x

Remember that :
 x , x 0
* x2  x   , cosh x  1
 x , x  0
x . cosh  x / 2  d x
 2

u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
Let ux d v  cosh  x / 2  d x
du  dx v  2 sinh  x / 2 
Using Integral :
1
*  cosh  ax  b  dx  a
sinh  ax  b   C

 
I  2 x 2 sinh  x / 2    2 sinh  x / 2  
dx 
 u   
 v v du 

 2 2  x sinh  x / 2   2 cosh  x / 2    C .

Another Method :
1  cosh x
I x 1  cosh x . dx
1  cosh x
Then
 Integration by Parts .

6
 x ex
(iii) I   dx
x  1  2

1

xex . dx  Integration by Parts
u x  1  

2

dv
1
Let u  xex dv  dx
x  1  2

1
du  e x  x  1  d x v 
x 1
Using Integral : Remember that :
n 1
1  ax  b 
  ax  b 
n
* dx  C *  u dv  uv   v du
a n 1
 1  1
I 
xex      e

x

x  1  dx
 
u  x

1 

x 1
  du
v v
xex xe x
   e x dx    ex  C
x 1 x 1

 x  x ex
  1  e  C  C .
 x 1  x  1
Another Methods :
x ex  x  1   1  e x
(1) I   dx   dx
x  1  2
x  1  2

ex 1
 dx   ex . dx
x 1 x  1  2
u 

dv
7
  Integration by Parts .

x ex  x  1   1  e x
(2) I   dx   dx
x  1  2
x  1  2

1 ex
 . e dx  
x
dx
x 1   x  1  2
 dv
u
 Integration by Parts .

Example (3) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  cos x
3
x dx . (ii) cos x 2 dx .
Solution
(i) I   cos x dx  Substitution Method

Let z  x  z2 x  2 z dz  dx


Poly .

Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

I 2 z . cos z dz  2  
z . cos z d z


u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
Let uz d v  cos z d z
du  dz v  sin z
 
I  2z sin z    dz 
sin z 
   
u v v du 

 2  z sin z  cos z   C  2  x sin x  cos 

x C

8
Another Methods :
1
(1) I   2 x . cos x d x  Integration by Parts .
 2 x
u  
dv
(2) I   cos x . d x  Integration by Parts .
 
u dv

(3) Substitution Method  Let z  cos x

Then
 Integration by Parts .

(ii) I   x 3 cos x 2 dx   
x 2 . x cos x 2 dx
  
u dv
Integration by Parts Case (i)
1
Let u  x2 dv  2 x cos x 2 d x
2
1
du  2 x dx v  sin x 2
2
Using Theorem :
 f  g  x   . g'  x  dx  F  g  x    C , F'  f
*

1 1
I 
x2 sin x 2   sin x 2 2 x d x
2 2  
u     du
v v
1 2 1

2
x sin x 2 
2  2 x sin x 2 d x


1
2
x 2
sin x 2  cos x 2  C . 
9
Another Method :
I   x 3 cos x 2 dx  Substitution Method
Let z  x2  dz  2 x dx

1 
Poly .

Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

I 
2  z . cos z dz
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
  (Complete – See Example (3)(i) – Section 2.1)


1
2
 z sin z  cos z   C 
1
2
x 2

sin x 2  cos x 2  C .

Example (4) :
Evaluate  x 2 sinh x dx .
Solution

poly .


Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

I   x2 . sinh x dx   
x 2 . sinh x d x

u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
u  x2 Let d v  sinh x d x
du  2 x dx v  cosh x
x 2 cosh x   cosh x 2 x dx
I 

    
u v v du
 
 x cosh x  2   
2
x . cosh x d x 
  
 u dv 
 Integration by Parts Case (i)
10
 Let ux dv  cosh x dx
du  d x v  sinh x
 
 x cosh x  2  
2
dx 
x sinh x   sinh x 
 
    
 u dv v du 

 x 2 cosh x  2  x sinh x  cosh x   C .

Remark :
 We can solve Example (4) using Tabular Integration by Parts .

Tabular Integration by Parts :

 Integrals of the form
Poly
 
.

Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

 p x  . f x  dx
where p  x  is a polynomial , can sometimes be evaluated
using repeated integration by parts in which u is taken to be
p  x  or one of its derivatives at each stage.
Steps of Tabular Intagration by Parts (2.2) :

Step 1. Differentiate p  x  repeatedly until you obtain 0 , and

list the results in the first column.
Step 2. Integrate f  x  repeatedly and list the result in the
second column.
Step 3. Draw an arrow from each entry in the first column to
the entry that is one row down in the second column.
Step 4. Label the arrows with alternating  and  signs ,
starting with  .
11
Step 5. For each arrow , form the product of the expressions at
its tip and tail and then multiply that product by  1 or
 1 in accordance with the sign on the arrow. Add
the results to obtain the value of the integral.

Example (5) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
x x x  1 dx .
3 2
(i) sin x dx . (ii)
Solution

poly .

Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

(i) I   x 3 . sin x dx
 Tabular Integration by Parts

I   x 3 cos x  3 x 2 sin x  6 x cos x  6 sin x  C .

Remark :
 It is easier to solve Example (4) by using Tabular Method .

12
 
poly .



Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

(ii) I   x 2 . x 1 dx
 Tabular Integration by Parts

Using Integral :
n 1
1  ax  b 
  ax  b 
n
* dx  C , n  1
a n 1

2 2 8 16
I  x  x  1  3/ 2
 x  x  1  5/2
  x  1 7 / 2  C
3 15 105

Another Methods :
The integral  x2 x  1 dx can be evaluated by using

Miscellaneous Substitutions Form (A) (i)

(1) Let u x 1 or (2) Let u  x 1 .

 (Complete)

2 4 2
 I   x  1    x  1    x  1 7 / 2  C .
3/ 2 5/2
3 5 7

13
Example (6) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
3 x
(i)  xe dx . (ii)  e 2 x cos x dx .
Solution
3 x
(i) I   x e dx  Substitution Method
Let z 3 x  z3 x  3 z 2 dz  dx

p oly .

Exp . , Trig . , Hy p . , A lg .

3 z5 . ez dz
 Tabular Integration by Parts
Repeated Repeated
Differentiation Integration

z5 ez


5z4 ez


20 z 3 ez


60 z 2 ez


120 z ez


120 ez


0 ez
14
 
I  3 z 5 e z  5 z 4 e z  20 z 3 e z  60 z 2 e z  120 z e z  120e z  C 
 3e
3 x
 x 5 / 3  5 x 4 / 3  20 x  60 x 2 / 3  120 x 1 / 3  120   C .


Exp .

sin x , cos x , sinh x , cosh x

(ii) I   e 2x
. cos x dx

 The technique of Tabular Integration also applies to integrals

of the form  f  x  g  x  dx when neither function can be
differentiated repeatedly to become zero .
 Tabular Integration by Parts

I  e 2 x sin x  2 e 2 x cos x  4  e 2 x cos x dx

 e 2 x sin x  2 e 2 x cos x  4 I  C 1
5 I  e 2 x sin x  2 e 2 x cos x  C 1  5 
1 2x
I  e  sin x  2 cos x   C .
5
15
Integration by Parts Case (ii) :
Example (7) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
(i)  ln x dx . (ii)  x t an x dx .
(iii)  t an  1 x d x .
Solution

Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hyp .

(i) I   ln x dx   
ln x . 
dx
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)
Let u  ln x dv  dx
1
du  dx v x
x
1
I  x 
ln x  x dx
x
u v v 

du
 x ln x  x  C .

Another Method :
I   ln x d x  Substitution Method
Let z  ln x  ez  x  e z dz  dx

poly . 
Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

 z . ez dz

z . e z dz  Integration by Parts Case (i)

u dv
(See Example (1)(i) – Section 2.1) .
16
 Let uz dv  e z d z
du  dz v  ez
I  ez   
z  dz  z e z  e z  C
ez 
u v v du

 x ln x  x  C .


Poly .  
Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hyp .

(ii) I   x . tan  1 x dx   tan  1 x . x dx

  
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)
Let u  tan  1 x dv  x dx
1 x2
du  dx v 
1x 2
2
1 x2 x2 1
I  tan x  dx
 
2 2 1x

2
u 
v v
du
x2 1 x2
 t an  1 x   dx
2 2 1x 2


x 2
1
tan  1 x  
x 2

1 1
dx
2 2 1x 2

x2 1  1 
 t an  1 x    1   dx
2 2  1  x 2



1 2
2
1
x tan x 
1
2

x  tan  1 x  C . 
17
Another Methods :
(1) Substitution Method  Let z  tan  1 x
Then
 Integration by Parts Case (i) .
(2) I   x t an  1 x . 
dx

u dv

 Integration by Parts Case (iii) .

(iii) I   tan  1 x dx  Substitution Method

Let z  x  z2 x  2 z dz  dx

 2  tan  1 z . z d z  Integration by Parts Case (ii)


 
u dv

  (Complete – See Example (7)(ii) – Section 2.1)

 x tan  1 x x  tan  1 x C .

Another Methods :
(1) Let I   tan  1x . dx
 
u dv

Then
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)  Let z  x .

(2) Substitution Method  Let z  tan  1 x

Then
 Integration by Parts Case (i).
18
Example (8) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
sin  1 x
(i)  dx . (ii)  1  x 2 sinh  1 x dx .
1 x

  sin 
1 2
(iii) x dx .
Solution
sin  1 x
(i) I   dx
1 x

Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hyp . A 
lg .

1
 sin  1 x . dx
1 x
1 1
  sin x . dx
 1 x
u 

dv
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)
1
Let u  sin  1 x dv   dx
1 x
1 1
du  dx v   2 1x
1 x 2 x
I  sin  1
 

x   2 1 x    2 1 x


1 1
1 x 2 x
dx
u v v 

du
1
  2 1  x sin  1 x  dx
x
  2 1  x sin  1 x2 x C .

19
Another Methods :
(1) Substitution Method  Let z  sin  1 x
Then
 Integration by Parts Case (i).
(2) Substitution Method  Let z  x
Then
 Integration by Parts Case (ii).

(ii) I   1  x 2 sinh  1 x dx  Substitution Method

Let z  sinh  1 x  sinh z  x  cosh z d z  dx

 1  sinh 2 x z cosh z d z

  z cosh z cosh z dz , since cosh z  1

1
  z cosh 2 z d z  z .  1  cosh 2 z  d z

2   
u dv

 Integration by Parts Case (i)

Let uz dv   1  cosh 2 z  d z
1
du  dz v z  sinh 2 z
2
 
1   1   1  
I   z  z  sinh 2 z   
 z  s inh 2 z  dz 

2 
u

  
2  
2
du 
 v v 
20
 1 2 1 z2 1 
  z  z sinh 2 z    cosh 2 z    C
2  2  2 4 
1 1 
  z 2  z sinh 2 z  cosh 2 z   C
4 2 
1 
     
  
 2
 sinh  1 x sinh 2 sinh  1 x  cosh 2 sinh  1 x   C
1
  sinh
1 x
4  2 

Another Method :
After studying Section 2.4 (Chapter (2)) , we can solve the
integral using Hyperbolic Substitutions
Then
 Let x  sinh   Integration by Parts Case (i) .


Log . , Inv .Trig . , Inv . Hyp .

 sin 
1 2
(iii) I   x dx


 .
2
 sin  1 x
dx
dv
u
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)
 
1 2
Let u  sin x d v  dx
1
du  2 sin  1 x dx v x
1 x 2


 1
1 2 1
I  sin x  
x  x 2 sin x dx
1 x 2
u
v v


du
21
 2x
 
1 2 1
 x sin x   sin x . dx


1 x 2
u  
dv
 Integration by Parts Case (ii)
 2x
L et u  sin  1 x dv  dx
1 x 2

1
du  dx v 2 1 x2
1 x2

 
2 1
I  x sin  1 x  sin  1 x 2 1 x2   2 1 x2 dx

   1  x2
u v v 

du

 
1 2
 x sin x 2 1  x 2 sin  1 x  2 x  C .

Another Method :

 
1 2
I   sin x dx  Substitution Method

Let z  sin  1 x  sin z  x  cos z d z  dx


poly .

Exp . , Trig . , Hyp . , A lg .

 z 2
. cos z dz

 Tabular Integration by Parts

22
 Repeated Repeated
Differentiation Integration

z2 cos z


2z sin z


2  cos z


0  sin z

 z 2 sin z  2 z co s z  2 sin z  C

 
1 2
 x sin x 2 1  x 2 sin  1 x  2 x  C .

23
Integration by Parts Case (iii) :
Example (9) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  e x cos x dx . (ii)  cos  ln x  dx .
Solution

Exp .

sin x , co s x

(i) I   e x
. cos x dx   
e x . cos x dx
 
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (iii)
Let u  ex dv  cos x d x
du  e x dx v  sin x
e x sin x   sin x e x dx
I 
  
u v v du
 e sin x   
x
e x . sin x dx


u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (iii)
Let u  ex dv  sin x dx
du  e x dx
v   cos x
 
I  e sin x   
x
e   cos x      cos x  e dx 
x x
 u    
 v v du 
 e x sin x  e x cos x  I  C 1
2 I  e x sin x  e x cos x  C 1  2 
1 x
I  e  sin x  cos x   C .
2

24
Another Methods :
(1) Let I   cos x . e x d x
 
u dv

 Integration by Parts Case (iii)

(2) Tabular Integration by Parts
(See Example (6)(ii) – Section 2.1) .

sin  ln x  , cos  ln x 

(ii) I   cos  ln x  dx
  cos  ln x  . 
dx  Integration by Parts Case (iii)

u dv
L et u  cos  ln x  dv  dx
1
du   sin  ln x  . dx v x
x
 sin  ln x  
I  cos  ln x  
x  
x   dx
  x  
u v v   
du

 x cos  ln x   sin  ln x  . 
  dx

u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (iii)
Let u  sin  ln x  d v  dx
1
du  cos  ln x  . dx v x
x

25
 cos  ln x 
I  x cos  ln x   sin  ln x  
x  
x dx
  x 
u v v
du
 x cos  ln x   x sin  ln x   I  C 1
2 I  x cos  ln x   x sin  ln x   C 1  2 
I 
1
2
x  cos  ln x   sin  ln x    C .

Another Methods :
sin  ln x  , cos  ln x 

(1) I   cos  ln x  dx  Substitution Method

Let z  ln x  ez  x  e z dz  dx


e z . cos z dz  Integration by Parts Case (iii)


u dv
  (Complete – See Example (9)(i) – Section 2.1)
1 z
 e  cos z  sin z   C
2


1
2
x  cos  ln x   sin  ln x    C .

1
 x cos  ln x  dx
(2) I   x .
u 
dv
 Integration by Parts Case (i) (Two times) .

26
Example (10) :
Evaluate the following integrals :
(i)  sec 3 x dx . (ii)  a 2  x 2 dx .
Solution
sec 3 x , csc 3 x , sech 3 x , csch 3 x

 
(i) I   sec 3 x d x   sec x . sec 2 x d x
 
u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (iii)
Let u  sec x dv  sec 2 x dx
du  sec x tan x dx v  tan x
I  sec x tan x   tan x sec x tan x dx
   
u v v du
Remember that :
* 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

 sec x tan x   sec x tan 2 x dx

 sec x tan x   sec x sec 2 x  1 dx  

 sec x tan x   sec 3 x d x   sec x dx
 sec x tan x  I  ln sec x  tan x  C 1

2 I  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x  C 1  2 

I 
1
2
 sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x C .

27
Note :

* To evaluate the integral I  

e x
sec 3 e   dx
x

x
 Substitution Method
1
Let z e x
 dz  e x
dx
2 x

I  2  sec 3 z d z  2 I 1 , I 1   sec 3 z dz
  (Complete – See Example (10)(i) – Section 2.1)
 sec z tan z  ln sec z  tan z  C

 sec e   tan e   ln
x x
sec e    tan e   C
x x
.

(ii) I   a2  x 2 .
dx

u dv
 Integration by Parts Case (iii)
Let u a2  x 2 dv  dx
1
du  2 x dx v x
2 a x 2 2

x
x  
I  a2  x 2  x dx
 a x
2 2
u v v

du
x2
x a x 
2 2
dx
a x
2 2

28
 x a x 
2 2 x 2
 a2  a2 dx
a x
2 2

a2
x 1  x   a  x dx  
2 2 2
dx
a x
2 2

Using Integral :
1 x 
*  dx  sinh  1    C
a2  x 2 a 

x 
x a 2  x 2  I  a 2 sinh  1    C 1
a 
x 
2I  x a 2  x 2  a 2 sinh  1    C 1  2 
a 
1   1  x 
I   x a 2
 x 2
 a 2
sinh    C .
2   a 
Another Methods :
After studying Section 2.4 (Chapter (2)) , we can solve the
integral using :
(1) Trigonometric Substitutions
 Let x  a tan  ,      / 2 ,  / 2 

 (Complete)

1  x2 x 
I  x a  x  a ln
2 2 2
1 2  C .
2  a a 
 
Remember that :

* sinh  1 x  ln x  1  x 2

29
(2) Hyperbolic Substitutions
 Let x  a sinh 

 (Complete)
1   x 
I  a 2  x 2  a 2 sinh  1     C .
2 
x
 a 

30
31