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CONCEPTS BOOSTER
PROBABILITY
1. INTRODUCTION
1 1. Introduction and definition
3 2. Verbal description of set and equivalent set theory notation and proof with venn
diagram
5 4. What is the probability that four 'S' comes consecutively in the word 'MISSISSIPPI`
when rearranged?
7 2. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6.
What is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?
9 4. A bag contains 5 white; 7 red and 8 black balls. If four balls are drawn one by one
without replacement; find the probability of getting all white balls.
2. A basket contains 20 apples and 10 oranges out of which 5 apples and 3 oranges
11 are defective. If a person takes out 2 at random what is the probability that either both
are apples or both are good?
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
12 1. Dependent and independent events
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
14 3. Pairwise and mutually independent events
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
15 4. If A and B are independent events only associated with a random experiment; then
ˉ
prove that (A and B); (A and ˉ A and
B); ( ˉ ˉ
B) are also independent events.
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
16 5. Independent experiments
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
1 7 1
17 6. Events A and B are such that P(A) =
2
; P(B) =
12 ( )
and P Aˉ ∪ Bˉ =
4
. State whether
A and B are independent?
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
18 7. A die is thrown once. If A is the event 'the number appearing is a multiply of 3` and
B is the event 'the number appearing is even'. Are the events A and B independent?
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
19 8. A bag contains 5 white;7 red and 4 black balls. If four balls are drawn one by one
with replacement; what is the probability that none is white?
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
21 10. Two balls are drawn from an urn containing 2 white; 3 red and 4 black balls one by
one without replacement. What is the probability that at least one ball is red?
5. INDEPENDENT EVENTS
2. A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red and 4 black
24 balls. One bag is selected at random. From the selected bag; one ball is drawn. Find
the probability that the ball drawn is red.
7. BAYES THEOREM
25 1. Bayes' Theorem: proof and meaning
7. BAYES THEOREM
2. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack; two
26 cards are drawn and are found to be hearts. Find the probability of the missing card to
be a heart.
31 4. Find the probability distribution of X; the number of heads in two tosses of a coin (
or a simultaneous toss of two coins).
32 5. An urn contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Four balls are drawn at random from the
urn. Find the probability distribution of the number of white balls.
34 7. In a single throw of a dice; if X denotes the number on its upper face. Find the mean
of X.
14. If the sum of the mean and variance of a binomial distribution for 5 trials is 1.8; find
41
the distribution.
42 15. Find the probability distribution of the number of heads when three coins are
tossed.
43 16. How many dice must be thrown so that there is a better than even chance of
obtaining a six?
44 17. Six dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect at least three dice
to show a five or six.
() ()
46 S A
P =P =1
A A
3. Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment and S be the
sample space. If C is an event such that P(C) ≠ 0 then
47
P ( ) () () ( )
AUB
C
=P
A
C
+P
B
C
-P
A∩B
C
48 4. If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment; then P(barA/B) = 1
- P(A/B)