Anatomical terms

• Dorsal and palmar

Palmar of the hand
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Superior and inferior
Internal and external
Ipsilateral and
contralateral
Supine and prone
Anatomical planes
• Coronal plane

• Medial sagittal plane

• Paramedian plane

• Transverse plane
Question

Draw the
a)sagittal
b) coronal
c) transverse

Section of the following:

1. Brain
2. Heart
Flexion & extension
Abduction & adduction
Circumduction
Skin
Consists of two components:
1. Dermis
2. Epidermis

• Dermis is of mesodermal origin consisting of collagen, elastic fibers,

blood vessels, lymphatic and nerve fibers.

• Sweat glands

• Apocrine glands

• Sabaceous glands
Cafe au lait
• Arteries are tangential in subcutaneous connective tissue and branches of
these forms plexus within dermis.

• Veins follow similar arrangement.

• Lymphatics pass inward and then run centrally within blood vessel.

• Tension lines are due to pattern of arrangement of collagen fibers

 Superficial Fascia

• The thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue underlying the dermis.

• Bind it to the parts beneath.

• This is called also hypodermis.

Deep fascia

• Deep fascia (or investing fascia) is a fascia it is a layer of dense connective

tissue.

• Which can surround individual muscles

• Also surround groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments.

• This fibrous connective tissue interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles,

bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body.
 Clinical importance of fascia

• Knowledge of the arrangement of the deep fasciae often helps explain the
path taken by an infection when it spreads from its primary site.

• In the neck for example, the various fascial planes explain how infection can
extend from the Region of the floor to the mouth to the larynx.

• Generally it limit spread of infection and malignancy.

Ligaments

Composed of dense connective tissue, mainly collagen, there are few like
ligamentum nuchae and flava made of elastic fibers.
Ligamentum Flavum
Homework

What is ligamentum Nuchae?

Tendons

Cylindrical or flat sheet like (aponeurosis) structures made of dense connective

tissue having blood supply.

• Difference between tendons and ligaments?

Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon
serves to move the bone or structure.

A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and

usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Synovial sheath

• A synovial sheath is one of the two membranes of a tendon sheath which

covers a tendon.

• The other membrane is the outer fibrous tendon sheath.

• The tendon invaginates the synovial sheath from one side so that the
tendon is suspended from the membrane by the mesotendon.
• Through which the blood vessels reach the tendon.

• in places where the range of movements is extensive the mesotendon

disappears or remains in the form of narrow Tendinous bands as threads
known as vincula tendon
 Trauma and Infection of Bursae and Synovial
Sheaths

• Bursae and synovial sheaths are commonly the site of traumatic or infectious
disease.

• For example, the extensor tendon sheaths of the hand may become inflamed
after excessive or unaccustomed use.

• An inflammation of the prepatellar bursa may occur as the result of trauma from
repeated kneeling on a hard surface.
Bursae
Structure of skeletal muscle

• Muscle muscle fasciculus muscle fibers

• Muscle fibers consist of:

• I bands
• A bands

• The structure is primarily composed of actin and myosin fibers.

Transverse Tubule
System
1. Draw the cross section of
H zone
A band
I band
Myosin structure
 Nerve Supply of Skeleton Muscle

• The nerve trunk to a muscle is a mixed nerve.

• About 60% is motor and 40% is sensory, and it also contains some sympathetic
autonomic fibers.
• The nerve enters the muscle at about the midpoint on its deep surface,
often near the margin

• The place of entrance is known as the motor point.

• This arrangement allows the muscle to move with minimum interference

with the nerve trunk.
Properties of muscles

1. Muscle tone
2. Muscle shape and form
Prime Mover

• A muscle is a prime mover when it is the chief muscle or member of a

chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement.

• For example, the quadriceps femoris is a prime mover in the movement

of extending the knee joint.
 Antagonist
• Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover is an antagonist.

• For example, the biceps femoris opposes the action of the quadriceps
femoris when the knee joint is extended.

• Before a primer mover can contract, the antagonist muscle must be equally
relaxed.

• This is brought about by nervous reflex inhibition.

Flexion of the knee

Name the
a) Prime mover
b) Antagonist
in the flexion of the knee.
Fixator
• A fixator contracts isometrically (i.e., contraction increases the tone but
does not in itself produce movement).

• To stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act efficiently.

• For example, the muscles attaching the shoulder girdle to the trunk
contract as fixators to allow the deltoid to act on the shoulder joint.
 Synergists

• In many locations in the body, the prime mover muscles cross several
joints before it reaches the joint at which its main action takes places.

• To prevent unwanted movements in an intermediate joint, groups of

muscles called synergists contract and stabilize the intermediate joints.

• For example, the flexor and extensor muscles of the carpus contract to fix
the wrist joint, and this allows the long flexor and the extensor muscles of
the fingers to work efficiently.
Sliding filament hypothesis & muscle
contraction
• Impulse arrives at the Neuromuscular junction.

• Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Calcium ions diffuse through sarcoplasm.

• Ca2+ attach to troponin, causing it to move.

• As a result, tropomyosin on actin filament moves.

• Myosin binding in actin filament moves.

• Myosin heads bind to the actin filaments, forming cross-bridges.

• ADP and Pi are released from the myosin head.

• Myosin changes shape, resulting in myosin head nodding forward.

• This results in myosin and actin filaments sliding over each other.

• ATP binds to the myosin head.

• This causes the myosin head to detach from the actin.

• ATP is broken down to ATP and Pi by ATPase on the myosin head.

• Myosin changes shape, resulting in head returning to an upright position.

• ATP is used to actively transport Ca2+ back in to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.