CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Homophobia is a problem that affects people all around the globe. It can be defined as the

fear or hatred of individuals who identify as members of the LGBT community. While

significant progress has been made in recent years in the fight against homophobia, it remains a

serious issue in many communities, including educational institutions. The causes of

homophobia are complicated and pretty diverse, there simply isn't just one major cause. Scholars

have suggested that a confluence of cultural and social elements contributes to homophobia. For

instance, some have stated that homophobia results from people's ideas and behaviors shaped by

their religious beliefs, cultural norms, or social expectations.

The purpose of this research is to explore the root causes of homophobia among the

Grade 11 students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School, by examining the attitudes and beliefs of

students towards LGBT individuals. Specifically, the researcher was tasked to use a qualitative

method of research to collect data on students' attitudes toward LGBT individuals and identify

some factors that may be contributing to homophobia within students. By understanding the

origins of homophobia among the Grade 11 students at this school, the researcher hopes to shed

light on the root causes of this problem and identify strategies for addressing it. Ultimately, the

researcher believes that this research can be of use to improve the school environment by making

it more accepting and inclusive for everyone, regardless of one's gender or sexuality.

1
Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this qualitative research study is to explore the root causes of homophobia

among students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School. Specifically, the study aims to answer the

following questions:

1. How does a student's surroundings take place in their views on homosexuality?

2. How are LGBT individuals perceived by the students?

3.How do interactions with LGBT individuals impact the students' views on

homosexuality?

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Teachers

The result of this study may help them understand the factors that contribute to

homophobia among students and provide guidance on how to address and prevent it.

LGBTQ Students

The findings can help develop a more inclusive and accepting environment for

LGBTQ students.

School Administrator/ Principal

This research can contribute to a better understanding of the role that environment

plays in prejudice against one's sexuality and gender identity.

2
Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study is to investigate the causes of homophobia among Grade 11

students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School. The study's main goals are to comprehend students'

attitudes and beliefs against homosexuality and the causes of their homophobic sentiments. In-

depth interviews with students will be a part of the research.

This study has a number of limitations that must be noted. Since the study will solely

concentrate on Grade 11 students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School, its conclusions might not

apply to other situations. Second, the study will be done through a qualitative research approach,

which can restrict the use of statistics. Thirdly, because students could be against sharing their

genuine beliefs and opinions regarding the topic, the study may be biased. The study may also be

limited by the availability and willingness of students to participate in interviews.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Opinions on
Homosexuality

The conceptual framework

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
shows the relationship between the independent variable (Opinions on
Root Causes
Homosexuality) and the dependent variable (Root Causes) of

the Grade 11 students (Controlled variable). By exploring these

3
variables, the study can gain insights into the factors that contribute to the homophobia among

Grade 11 students.

Statement of Hypothesis

H0: There is no evident root cause of homophobia among Grade 11 students of Sacred

Heart Diocesan School.

Ha: There are evident root causes of homophobia among Grade 11 students of Sacred

Heart Diocesan School.

Definition of Terms

In order to clarify the parameters of this study, the definition of certain terms is

important. The following definitions may guide the readers as to the meaning of certain terms:

Gender- This study refers to this word as the characteristics of women, men, girls, and

boys that are socially constructed.

Homophobia- This study refers to this word as the hatred of or prejudice against gay,

lesbian, bisexual, or transgender people.

Homosexual- This study refers to this word as a person who is sexually or romantically

attracted exclusively to people of their own sex or gender.

LGBTQ- This study refers to this word as an acronym used to describe lesbian, gay,

bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning persons or the community.

Prejudice- This study refers to this word as feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a

person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience.

4
Sexuality- This study refers to this word as a person's identity in relation to the gender or

genders to which they are typically attracted; sexual orientation.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

5
Homophobia

The prejudice against homosexuals, known as homophobia, persists as a social issue,

leading to discrimination and violence, occasionally to the point of murder. It can also have a

significant negative effect on a homosexual's psychological health by fostering emotions of

shame, remorse, and worthlessness. (Lim and Lorenzo, 2007). Society's rethinking of sexual

orientation was crystallized in the term homophobia, which heterosexual psychologist George

Weinberg coined in the late 1960s. Weinberg used homophobia to label heterosexuals' dread of

being in close quarters with homosexuals as well as homosexuals' self loathing. The word first

appeared in print in 1969 and was subsequently discussed at length in Weinberg's 1972 book,

Society and the Healthy Homosexual. This phrase has become widely used to describe a variety

of unfavorable feelings, attitudes, and actions toward homosexuals. Ernulf and Immala (1987),

for instance, said that "physical attacks on homosexuals, discrimination against lesbians and gay

men by employers, individual rejection by family and neighbors, and derogatory jokes

demonstrate widespread homophobia." Homophobia is still a scourge in the modern era. Despite

a greater acceptance of sexual variations and same-sex marriage in many countries, homophobia

is widely sustained by religious, political and cultural values and beliefs at individual and social

level. Most of homophobic attitudes are based on the principle of heteronormativity according to

which heterosexuality is the standard for legitimating social and sexual relationships and

homosexuality is considered as an abnormal variant. Homophobia may be also recognised at

institutional level (state-sponsored homophobia, social homophobia) and supported by laws or

religious beliefs.

Moreover, internalised homophobia (IH) is defined as the inward direction of societal

homophobic behaviours at individual level and refers to the subjective psychological impact of

6
these negative attitudes. In fact, IH is significantly associated with a high prevalence of

internalising mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress/trauma-related disorders, etc.

(Ventriglio, 2021). Sexual orientation conversion therapy was the treatment of choice when

homosexuality was thought to be an illness. Despite the declassification of homosexuality as a

mental illness, efforts to sexually reorient lesbians and gay men continue. The construct of sexual

orientation is examined, as well as what constitutes its change. (Haldeman, 1994)

Homophobia in Conservative Culture

Historical and anthropological research has documented wide variability in the social

acceptance of homosexual activity. In some times and places, some forms of homosexual

interaction have been fully institutionalized, sometimes serving religious and educational

functions. Yet homosexuality has also met with hostile responses ranging from mild

disapprobation or ridicule to imprisonment and execution (Matignon 1899; Carpenter 1919; Ford

and Beach 1951; Karlen 1971; Dover 1974, 1978; Bullough 1976; Katz 1976; Trumbach 1977;

Ungaretti 1978; Boswell 1980; Bremmer 1980). At the core of many people's homophobia is

their understanding of the position God had toward homosexuals. Fundamental to their

homophobia is their use of religious rhetoric that justifies it. Conservative Christians who label

homosexuality as sinful, say that homophobia is "praised by the Lord." Such use of religion

naturalizes and legitimizes the systematic oppression of lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgendered

and queer-identified (LGBTQ) people. Only after students realize that LGBTQ people are

oppressed, and that such use of "The Word of God" supports a system that reproduces

homophobia, they may become critical about this religious rhetoric. In a survey conducted by

Walther (2003), she stated that members of Conservative Protestant denominations have the

7
highest homophobia scores, followed by Moderate Protestants and Catholics, Liberal Protestants,

Non- affiliated, and Non-Christian groups; groups; these differences remained significant even

after controlling for the other variables. An article by Sossa and Kane (2007), states that students

invoke particular passages and interpretations of the Bible when examining and discussing

homosexuality. In doing so, they rely on several key theological concepts: Biblical literalism,

Biblical inerrancy, sinful behavior, and compassion for the sinner, but not the sin. They also

addressed that several of the religious rhetorical strategies used by students, explore their

connections to the oppression of LGBTQ individuals. Doan & Lozano (2021), say that Catholic

religiosity is associated with negative attitudes towards homosexuality, and that the Church's

teachings on homosexuality and sexuality play a significant role in shaping students' attitudes.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

8
Research Design

The qualitative study utilized the descriptive design of research. It is a method that is

considered to be objective and used to assess particular theories and to identify characteristics or

functions. This type of research approach is the most compatible to come across the research

objective which is to collect the required data for the purpose of summarizing, evaluating, and

recommending implications in the context of discovering the root cause of homophobia among

Grade 11 students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School.

Research Environment

The research study will be conducted in Sacred Heart Diocesan School, Camagong

Street, Barangay Makugihon, Molave, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines.

Research Participants

This research determines to discover the root cause of homophobia among Grade 11

students of Sacred Heart Diocesan School. The population of this study will be Grade 11

9
students enrolled in Sacred Heart Diocesan School in the School Year 2022-2023. The

participants were chosen by asking students from each section if they were comfortable to

discuss the topic.

Research Instrument

To meet the objective of the study, self-made interview questions will be developed. The

questions in the interview will be based on primary and secondary sources and are closed-ended.

The interview will have 10 questions. These questions were formulated based on different

literature, studies, and existing theories about and related to homophobia and the LGBTQ

community.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data will be gathered in the following manner:

The purpose of the research study will be explained in a straightforward manner to ensure

that the respondents can comprehend it. Next, the researcher will conduct interviews with the

respondents using a questionnaire composed of 10 questions that also include follow-up

inquiries. Finally, the documentation of the interviews will be carried out in a manner that

conceals the respondents' identities, ensuring their anonymity and protection.

Treatment and Analysis of Data

The procedure and analysis of the resulting data will be as follows:

First, the researcher will gather and consolidate the data obtained from the interviews

with the respondents. Next, a meticulous analysis of the data will be conducted, presenting the

10
interview findings in a structured manner. Lastly, the researcher will derive a conclusion based

on the hypotheses stated earlier in the study.

Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs

and practices. When gathering information from the students, the researcher is required to always

abide by a set of ethical principles. First, informed consent makes sure that participants of the

study are aware of what the research is all about and that it is voluntary. They will be provided

with enough knowledge regarding the study. Second, the anonymity and confidentiality of the

participants will be ensured that the identity of the participants will not be shared, and any

information will be discarded after the research has been completed. Lastly, with respect to

participants, the researcher will guarantee that the respondents participating in the study will be

able to fully utilize their autonomy especially when the study is dealing with sensitive topics

within the LGBTQ community.

11
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

          This chapter provides the presentation of data relative to the problems posted in the SOP.

The corresponding analysis and interpretation of data are incorporated in this portion of the

study.

Table 1

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q1: What are P1:  Kanang D1: The first C1: Different 1: Opinions on homosexuality
your mga lgbtq, participant mindset (Independent variable)
personal laki japun na thinks that
beliefs sila lahi lang lgbtq is only C2: Sin 2: Opinions on homosexuality
about jud og a mindset. (Independent variable)
homosexu mindset. C3: 
ality? D2:The Dissatisfactio 3: Opinions on homosexuality
P2: Kanang second n, self dislike (Independent variable)
homosexualit participant
y kay kabalo believes that C4: 4: Opinions on homosexuality
kong dili na homosexualit Expressive (Independent variable)
siya sakto y is wrong as
kay stated in the C5: Trend 5: Opinions on homosexuality
nakabutang Bible.  (Independent variable)
jud na mismo C6:
dadto sa D3:  The Understandin 6: Opinions on homosexuality
Bibliya.  third g (Independent variable)
participant
P3:  They are believes that C7: Self- 7: Opinions on homosexuality
people who homosexualit dissatisfactio (Independent variable)
describe y is a result n
themselves as of self   8: Opinions on homosexuality
a different dislike. C8: (Independent variable)
gender, since Phenomena 
they don’t D4:  The 9: Opinions on homosexuality
like who they fourth C9: Like (Independent variable)
are right now. participant
believes that C10: Neutral 10: Opinions on

12
P4: Ok ra sila sometimes homosexuality (Independent
pero usahay they express variable)
sige silag themselves
palabi. too much. 

P5: D5: The fifth

Homosexualit participant
y dili na believes that
tinuod  homosexualit
gipugos ra y isn't real
nila ila and is a trend.
kaugalingon
kay gusto sila D6: The sixth
ma unique participant
kay uso believes that
nadaw na ron. homosexualit
y is when a
P6: person is
Homosexualit attracted to
y are people someone of
who like the same sex.
people the
same gender D7:  The
as them. seventh
participant
P7: Ilahang believes that
pagka homosexualit
homosexual y is a result
kay dili sila of
satisfied sa dissatisfactio
ilang pagka n of one’s
babae o original sex.
lalaki.
D8: The
P8:  I believe eighth
it is a bad participant
thing believes that
happening homosexualit
around the y is a virus.
world.
D9: The ninth
P9: participant
Homosexualit believes that
y is when a homosexuals
girl likes a are people
girl and a guy who like the

13
likes a guy. same sex.

D10: The
P10:  tenth
Wala, neutral participant is
lang guro. neutral
towards lgbt
individuals.

14
EXPLANATION 1: Based on the data presented in Table 1, all the participants’ answers fall on
the category Opinions on Homosexuality (Independent Variable).

15
 Table 2

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q2:  Did you P1: Growing D1:The first C1: Religious 1: Root causes (Dependent
grow up in a up, I often participant text variable)
conservative read the Bible learned
surrounding? and learned homosexualit C2: Lack of 2:  Root causes (Dependent
Please things like y was wrong knowledge  variable)
describe it. homosexualit through
y and how it reading the C3: Rejection 3:  Root causes (Dependent
is different Bible. variable)
and wrong. C4: Non
D2: The religious 4:  Root causes (Dependent
P2: Yes, pero second variable)
dili ra kaayo participant C5:
sakto ra. never Prejudice  5:  Root causes (Dependent
Wala kaayo discussed the variable)
mi gitudloan topic with C6:
og mga issue. their family. Homophobic 6:  Root causes (Dependent
variable)
P3:  I grew D3: The third C7: Strict
up as a participant 7:  Root causes (Dependent
Roman grew up as a C8: variable)
Catholic. I Roman Discriminativ
never saw Catholic, and e 8:  Root causes (Dependent
any other they never variable)
sexualities considered C9: Religious
normally. other 9:  Root causes (Dependent
sexualities. C10: Parental variable)
P4: Dili Figures
kaayo mi D4: The 10:  Root causes (Dependent
religious kay fourth variable)
usahay ra participant
kaayo mi didn’t grow
manimba. up in a
religious
P5: I was in a household.
conservative
surrounding, D5:  The fifth
makabantay participant
ko usahay na grew up in a
ako pamilya conservative

16
kusog home, they
manaway og witnessed
bayot.  prejudice
against lgbt.
P6: Growing
up in a D6: The sixth
conservative participant
jud kay dili grew up in a
jud conservative
malikayan na surrounding,
naa kay and claimed
family that there's
member na always
homophobic. someone
homophobic
P7:  in the family.
Religious
kaayo mi, naa D7: The
koy uncle na seventh
pari. Medyo participant
strict ako grew up very
parents sa conservative,
homosexualit so their
y ing ana, parents were
mao strict on such
makaingon matters.
ko na
conservative D8:  The
mi. eighth
participant
P8: Yes I did grew up in a
grow up in a conservative
conservative home. Their
surrounding. family often
Throughout displayed
my hatred against
childhood, gays.
my family
criticized a D9: The ninth
lot of gay participant
people. claimed that
the
P9:  Let’s just Philippines is
say that very
Philippines is religious,
a very regarding

17
 religious this, they
place, so yes grew up
I grew up in a conservative.
conservative
surrounding. D10: The
tenth
P10:  Oo, participant
nagdako ko. has religious
Ako mama parents.
og papa kay
religious.

EXPLANATION 2: Based on the data presented in Table 2, all of the participants’ answers fall
on the category Root Causes (Dependent variable). 

18
 Table 3

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q3: Do you P1: Akong D1: The first C1: 1: Root causes (Dependent
think your mga tinuohan participant Observations,  variable)
family's kay akoa bases their Facts
beliefs have rajud, they beliefs on 2: Root causes (Dependent
influenced are based on personal C2: Not open variable)
your own personal observations
views on observations and facts. C3: Own 3: Opinions on homosexuality
homosexualit and facts. understandin (Independent variable)
y? If so, in D2: The g
what way? P2: No, second 4: Root causes (Dependent
because we participant's C4: Personal variable)
aren't really beliefs aren’t experiences 
open on the influenced by 5: Root causes (Dependent
topic. their family’s C5: Religious variable)
because they text
P3:  I tend not to 6: Root causes
believed discuss the C6: Personal (Dependent variable)
within myself topic. beliefs
that I was a 7: Root causes
homophobic D3: The third C7: No say (Dependent variable)
person. I participant
noticed that believes that C8: Influence 8: Root causes (Dependent
different they have of family variable)
sexualities always been a
are being homophobe C9: 9: Root causes (Dependent
added, even within their Understand variable)
though there own volition,
should only without any C10: 10: Root causes (Dependent
be two, which influences. Heterosexual variable)
is kind of
disappointing D4: The
to me. fourth
participant
P4: No, bases their
because my beliefs on
personal personal
beliefs are experiences,
based on my as they

19
personal weren’t
experiences. guided on
Wa kaayo mi things like
gitudloan what was
bitaw og right or
unsay sakto wrong.
ba o dili.
D5: The fifth 
P5: They do participant 
not influence bases their
me beliefs on the
about Bible.
homosexualit
y kay I knew D6: The sixth
it by participant
reading the does not base
Bible  that their beliefs
being gay is off their
bad. family.

P6: My D7: The

family's seventh
beliefs didn'tparticipant
influence claims that
mine, they don't
because my resonate with
opinions are their parents
my own. because they
don't talk
P7: No, kay about
akong parents homosexualit
kay wala y.
kaayoy
maingon D8: The
anang eighth
homosexualit participant
y. was
influenced by
P8: Yes, their family,
when I was a as they were
child I was told to not
told to not follow gay
follow what behavior. 
gay people
were doing. I D9: The ninth
see my dad participant

20
 being aligns their
offensive to beliefs with
gay people. their
family’s, as
P9: Yes, they they believe
think of homosexualit
homosexualit y is not a sin.
y as
something D10: The
that is not a tenth
sin. participant is
influenced by
P10: Oo, mas their family’s
sayon pa ang beliefs, as
kinabuhi og they claim
dili that it is
homosexualit much easier
y. to go on with
life as a
straight
person.

EXPLANATION 3: Based on the data presented on Table 3, 9/10 of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Root Causes (Dependent Variable). The remaining answer falls on the
category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent variable).

Table 4

Question Answers Data Code Category

21
Q4: Do you P1: Yes, I D1: The first C1: Forced 1: Opinions on homosexuality
have any have friends participant's relationship  (Independent variable)
friends who who are part relationship
are members of the lgbt. I with their C2: Non- 2: Opinions on homosexuality
of the lgbt wasn't lgbt friends is accepting (Independent variable)
community? supposed to normal. They
If so, how is like them, but claim that C3: Disgust 3: Opinions on homosexuality
your I ended up they dislike (Independent variable)
relationship respecting them but C4: Not seen
with them? them kay wa ended up 4: Opinions on homosexuality
tay choice. respecting C5: Non- (Independent variable)
them accepting
P2: I have anyways. 5: Opinions on homosexuality
friends. My C6: Non - (Independent variable)
relationship D2: The accepting 
with them is second 6: Opinions on homosexuality
very fine. participant's C7: (Independent variable)
They are ok relationship Understandin
pero their with their g 7: Root causes (Dependent
being gay is a lgbt friends is variable)
sin jud. fine, but they C8:
don’t accept Discomfort  8: Beliefs on homosexuality
P3: I respect their (Independent variable)
them as a sexuality. C9: Beyond
friend, but I sexuality 9: Beliefs on homosexuality
am disgusted D3: The third (Independent variable)
by their participant C10:
sexuality respects their Annoyance  10: Beliefs on homosexuality
therein. friends as (Independent variable)
people, but
P4: Magtabi despises their
ra mi usahay sexuality.
pero murag
wala raman D4: The
kuan iya fourth
homosexualit participant
y. doesn’t see
homosexualit
P5: I have a y in their
few, my friendship.
relationship
with them is D5: The fifth
like a regular participant
friendship, has a normal
pero dili nako relationship
madawat with their

22
ilang lgbt friends,
pagkabayot. but doesn’t
accept their
P6: I don't sexuality.
accept them
as lgbt but I D6: The fifth
treat them the participant
same way I has a normal
do towards relationship
my straight with their
friends. lgbt friends,
but doesn’t
P7:  Naa koy accept their
friends rather sexuality.
to cousins, ok
ra ako D7: The
relationship, seventh
nindot sila ka participant
bonding. Ok believes that
sila kasabay. lgbt people
Dili ingon shouldn't be
kay avoided
homosexualit because of
y sila i-avoid their
lang sila. sexuality.

P8: I do have D8: The

a few friends, eighth
but I only see participant
them as a sees their lgbt
person.  friends as
When they people, but
start sharing get
their crushes uncomfortabl
to me I get e when they
uncomfortabl share
e. romantic
interests.
P9: I have
one, however D9: The ninth
we do have a participant
good believes that
friendship. sexuality
Their doesn't matter
sexuality in friendship.
doesn’t

23
 matter in D10: The
terms of tenth
friendship. participant
has a normal
P10: Oo naa, friendship
ok ra, sabay with their
ra. Naay lgbt friend,
usahay di pud but thinks
ko ganahan they’re
kay murag annoying
arte ra kaayo. sometimes.

EXPLANATION 4: Based on the data presented on Table 4, 9/10 of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable). The remaining answer
falls on the category Root Causes (Dependent Variable).

Table 5

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q5: Have you P1: Sa among D1: The first C1: 1: Root causes (Dependent
ever had a pag istorya, participant Acceptance variable)
conversation naa siyay na accepted

24
about istorya na other C2: Equality 2: Root causes (Dependent
homosexualit wala ko opinions   variable)
y with kabalo og naa besides C3: Opposing
someone who sad koy theirs. beliefs
has a naistorya na 3: Opinions on homosexuality
different wa siya D2: The C4: (Independent variable)
opinion than kabalo. second Acceptance
you? If so, Among participant 4: Root causes (Dependent
how did that gisagol believes C5: Ignore variable)
conversation among mga solely on  
go? storya, naay their opinions C6: Freedom 5: Opinions on homosexuality
  mga sakto of expression  (Independent variable)
naa pud dili. D3: The third
participant C7: 6: Opinions on homosexuality
P2: Our believes that Understandin (Independent variable)
conversation lgbt shouldnt g of other
didn't end be respected. opinions 7: Root causes (Dependent
well, because variable)
our views are D4: The C8:
very fourth Disrespectful 8: Opinions on homosexuality
different.  participant   (Independent variable)
accepted C9:
P3: Yes, I opposing Understandin 9: Root causes (Dependent
had a opinions, to g of other variable)
conversation. avoid opinions
They quarrels. 10: Opinions on
believed na   C10: homosexuality (Independent
lgbt people D5: The fifth Uninterested variable)
should be participant
respected and doesn’t hear
I was against out opinions
it. I told them that oppose
my reasons theirs.
and it ended
like that. D6: The sixth
participant
P4: Wala ra, believes that
dawat nalang everyone is
nako iyang allowed to
giingon kay express their
di ko gusto opinions.
makig away.
D7: The
P5: I had a seventh
conversation participant
with an old was open to

25
friend, he told different
me how he opinions.
supports
homosexualit D8: The
y, pero eighth
homophobic participant
ko. Wa ra mi believes
nagkasinabta homosexualit
nay. y is
disrespectful
P6: I towards their
remained beliefs.
open minded
and D9: The ninth
considerate of participant
other disagreed
opinions with the other
because we person.
should
respect other D10: The
opinions. tenth
participant
P7: Wala isn’t keen on
lang, hatag discussing the
hatag mig topic.
opinion pero
di mi mag
lalis. Dawat
lang og unsay
opinion nila.

P8: I had an
argument
with a gay
person, and
they said that
there
was nothing
wrong with
being gay,
but I think it
is
disrespectful
to my beliefs.

P9: We

26
 disagreed on
a lot of
things.

P10: Oo,
kanang
mosuporta
siya unya ako
di man ko
ginahan og
mga ing ana. 

EXPLANATION 5: Based on the data presented on Table 5, half of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable). The other half falls on the
category Root Causes (Dependent Variable).

Table 6

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q6:  How do P1:  Dako jud D1: The first C1: 1: Root causes (Dependent
you think the og epekto ang participant Discomfort, variable)
media has media sa isn't dislike
influenced lgbtq kay sa comfortable 2: Root causes (Dependent
attitudes akong seeing lgbt C2: Open variable)
towards naobserbahan people in the
homosexualit sa online is media. C3: Trend 3: Root causes (Dependent

27
y in your mostly lgbtq. variable)
generation? I don’t really D2: The C4: Too
like seeing second expressive 4: Opinions on homosexuality
them kay the participant (Independent variable)
way mo act believes that C5:
sila sa video the media is Promotive  5: Root causes (Dependent
na dili open to variable)
scripted kay homosexualit C6: Open-
maot og y. minded 6: Root causes (Dependent
batasan. variable)
D3: The third C7: More
P2:  In the participant accepting 7: Root causes (Dependent
media, believes that variable)
homosexualit lgbt is a trend C8: Trend
y has become in social 8: Opinions on homosexuality
open, not media. C9: Less (Independent variable)
many people Homophobia 
are very D4: The 9: Root causes (Dependent
conservative. fourth C10: variable)
There are participant Promoting 
also a lot of believes that 10: Root causes (Dependent
gay artists homosexuals variable)
who people are too much.
support and
others don't. D5: The fifth
participant
P3: The believes that
media gave a the media
huge impact promotes
to the lgbt lgbt.
people,
especially D6: The sixth
social media participant
like fb, ig, believes that
and tiktok, the current
but more of generation is
them came more open
from tiktok. minded
They identify towards
themselves homosexualit
more as an y.
lgbtq
member. D7: The
seventh
P4:  Palabi ra participant
kaayo sila sa believes that

28
ila the current
pagkabayot. media is
more
P5: The accepting
media towards
nowadays members of
isn't like the lgbt.
before where
they D8: The
discriminate eighth
homosexualit participant
y. Now they believes that
actually the media is
promote it as influencing
good. children to
become gay.
P6: In this
generation, D9: The ninth
I've realized participant
na mas open doesn’t see
minded sa homophobia
homosexualit in the media.
y.
D10: The
P7: Balance seventh
lang or ning participant
dawat na, kay believes that
karon og the current
maibog kag media
bayi dawat promotes
lang, tas og homosexualit
maibog og y.
laki dawat
lang gihapon.

P8: They are

encouraging
younger kids
who know
nothing about
this and
influencing
them to join
them.

P9: Unlike

29
twitter, I
don’t really
see anyone
discriminatin
g lgbt.

P10: Oo,
tungod ana
uban na
ipromote nila.
Proud kaayo
sila

30
31
EXPLANATION 6: Based on the data presented on Table 6, 8/10 of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Root Causes (Dependent Variable). The remaining answers fall on the
category Beliefs on Homosexuality (Independent Variable). 

Table 7

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q7: Do you P1: Being D1: The first C1: Force 1: Beliefs on homosexuality
believe that gay is a participant (Independent variable)
being gay is a choice, kay believes that C2: Portrayal
choice? kanang mga homosexualit 2: Beliefs on homosexuality
gay kay laki y is a choice, C3: (Independent variable)
jud na sila, and it is Confusion
pugson ra something 3: Beliefs on homosexuality
nila ila they force C4: (Independent variable)
kaugalingon upon Attraction
na bayot sila. themselves. 4: Beliefs on homosexuality
Ma tarong C5: Unique (Independent variable)
rana sila og D2: The
mag huna second C6: 5: Beliefs on homosexuality
huna sila og participant Controllable  (Independent variable)
other ways. believes that

32
 homosexualit C7: Self- 6: Beliefs on homosexuality
P2: Yes, y is a choice awareness  (Independent variable)
because they because it is
choose who their C8: Adam 7: Beliefs on homosexuality
they want to decision. and Eve  (Independent variable)
be, and who
they want to D3: The third C9: Free will 8: Beliefs on homosexuality
be attracted participant (Independent variable)
to. believes that C10: Sin 
homosexualit 9:Beliefs on homosexuality
P3: Being y is just (Independent variable)
gay is a confusion on
choice for who they 10: Beliefs on homosexuality
them since really are. (Independent variable)
they wanna
see D4: The
themselves as fourth
a different participant
gender than believes
they want to homosexualit
be. They y is a choice
don't want to because it is
be the gender within their
they are right own
now, since decisions to
they are just decide who
confused on they are
who they are attracted to.
and what they
really are. D5: The fifth
participant
P4: Oo kay believes
sila may homosexualit
magbuot og y is a choice
ginahan ba because it is a
silag lalaki o way to be
babayi. different from
the majority.
P5: I do
believe being D6: The sixth
gay is a participant
choice believes that
because gusto homosexualit
nila unique y is a choice
sila. since we can
control

33
P6: Being attraction.
gay is a
choice, D7: The
because we seventh
have control participant
over who we believes that
like. homosexualit
y isn't a
P7: No, kay choice
para sa akoa because it is
ang something
pagkabayot they would
naa jud na sa be aware of at
pagkabata na a young age. 
ma feel niya
na dili mao D8: The
ang iyang eighth
gender. participant
believes that
P8: Yes, homosexualit
because how y is a choice,
can you be you can’t be
born gay born gay
when God because God
made only only made
man and two genders.
women?
D9: The ninth
P9: It's a participant
choice believes that
because God homosexualit
gave us free y is a choice
will as long because of
as its valid free will.
and doesn’t
hurt anyone. D10: The
tenth
P10: No, kay respondent
nganong mag believes that
ingon ana homosexualit
man? Kung y shouldn’t
laki laki be an option
ragyud. as it is sinful.
Gasayang
sayang ra og
makasala pa

34
 sa ginoo.

EXPLANATION 7: Based on the data presented on Table 7, all of the participants’ answers fall
on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable). 

Table 8

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q8: Do you P1: Sala man D1: The first C1: Non- 1: Beliefs on homosexuality
think that jud na kay sa participant Biblical (Independent variable)
being gay is a akong believes that
sin or morally opinion is homosexualit C2: 2: Root causes (Dependent
wrong? wala man gud y is a sin Reproduction  variable)
sa Bible ang because it
homosexualit isn't in the C3: Two 3: Root causes (Dependent
y. Bible. gender rule variable)

P2: Yes, D2: The C4: Non 4: Beliefs on homosexuality

because for second biological  (Independent variable)
me being gay participant
is a sin believes that C5: 5: Root causes (Dependent
because they being gay is Heterosexuali variable)
can’t not a sin, as it ty 
reproduce. is something 6: Root causes (Dependent
God made they have no C6: Sin variable)
man and control over.
woman to C7: Men with 7: Root causes (Dependent

35
reproduce. D3: The third women variable)
participant
P3: Being believes that C8: Immoral 8: Beliefs on homosexuality
gay is a sin homosexualit (Independent variable)
since there y is a sin C9: Not
are only two because God harmful 9: Beliefs on homosexuality
genders. only made (Independent variable)
During bc, two specific C10: Not
there are only genders, male harmful 10: Beliefs on homosexuality
two specific and female. (Independent variable)
genders, not
others. We D4: The
were created fourth
by God as participant
men and believes that
women. homosexualit
y is a sin
P4: Being because you
gay is a sin, can't produce
because you a blood
can't really related child.
reproduce a
blood related D5: The fifth
child. participant
believes that
P5: It's homosexualit
morally y is a sin
wrong because God
because God created men
created men for women.
for women.
D6: The sixth
P6: I am a participant
follower of believes
God, so I homosexualit
think that y is a sin, as a
being gay is a follower of
sin. God.

P7: Yes, kay D7: The

karon man seventh
gud mao jud participant
na ang believes that
tinuohan sa men should
Bible na ang be with
lalaki dapat women, as

36
jud para sa stated in the
babae, dili Bible. 
babae para
babae og laki D8: The
para lalaki. eighth
participant
P8: Being believes
gay is homosexualit
morally y is morally
wrong wrong
because you because you
can’t love the can't be with
same gender.  the same
gender
P9: It's not
morally D9: The ninth
wrong since participant
it doesn’t believes that
harm homosexualit
anyone.  y isn't
immoral as it
P10: Sala doesn't harm
gyud na kay anyone.
wa man
giingon sa D10: The
ginoo na tenth
sakto na. participant
believes
homosexualit
y isn’t a sin
as it doesn’t
harm anyone.

37
IEXPLANATION 8: Based on the data presented on Table 8, half of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable). The other half falls on the
category Root Causes (Dependent Variable).

Table 9

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q9: Do you P1: Gay D1: The first C1: 1: Beliefs on homosexuality
believe that people can participant Struggles, (Independent variable)
gay people raise a child, believes gay Bullying 
can raise but the people can 2: Beliefs on homosexuality
children just problem is raise a child, C2: Struggle (Independent variable)
as well as how the child but the child
straight will grow up. might C3: Gender 3: Beliefs on homosexuality
people? They might struggle with roles in (Independent variable)
get bullied issues of parenting
for having bullying. 4: Beliefs on homosexuality
gay parents. C4: Non (Independent variable)
Maybe the D2: The biological 
child will get second 5: Beliefs on homosexuality
traumatized participant C5: (Independent variable)
from being believes they Balance
bullied for can raise a 6: Beliefs on homosexuality
having a gay child, but the C6: Attitudes (Independent variable)
father. child might
struggle with C7: Non 7: Beliefs on homosexuality
P2: Maybe future biological  (Independent variable)
they can't endeavors,
bear the and might C8: 8: Beliefs on homosexuality
child, but become gay. Abnormal (Independent variable)
they can still
raise it. But D3: The third C9: Joy, love 9: Beliefs on homosexuality
the child will participant (Independent variable)
have a hard believes that C10:
time growing a child should Teachings 10: Beliefs on homosexuality
up, maybe the have a (Independent variable)
child will mother and a
also become father, as they
gay. have
significant

38
P3: For me, roles in
no. Since raising a
when it child.
comes to a
family, there D4: The
should be one fourth
male and participant
female as brlieves that
each parent homosexualit
has a symbol y is a sin,
for raising a because they
child. The can't
father teaches reproduce.
the child to
survive and D5: The fifth
be participant
responsible, believes that
and be a child should
fearless be raised by a
person while mother and a
the mother's father.
duty is to
teach the D6: The sixth
child how to participant
be a kind believes that
person, it depends on
respectful, the parent’s
God fearing. I attitudes.
mean gays
can adopt a D7: The
child but it seventh
destroys the participant
child's gender believes that
and sexuality same sex
which they couples can
will grow raise a child
differently. but not blood
related.
P4: Being
gay is a sin, D8: The
because you eighth
can't really participant
reproduce a believes that
blood related same sex
child. couples will
raise an

39
P5: I abnormal
personally child.
believe
murag D9: The ninth
kailangan jud participant
dapat mama believes that
og papa, para as long as a
balance ra family is
bitaw ang happy, the
state sa anak. child can be
raised well,
P6: It regardless of
depends kung sexuality.
tarong ang
gay pero dili D10: The
nika tinuod tenth
na anak. participant
believes that
P7: Pwede it depends on
nga dili kay how they will
karon na handle it, and
generation what they
pwede  ang will teach
mga same sex them.
couple na
maka raise og
child pero
through inject
inject.

P8: No,
because the
child will
grow up
abnormally.

P9: Yes, I
saw a lesbian
couple with a
son and they
seemed
happy, so it’s
valid.

P10: Depende
unsaon nila

40
 pagdala,
depende
unsaon nila
pagpakita.

EXPLANATION 9: Based on the data presented on Table 9, all of the participants’ answers fall
on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable).

Table 10

Question Answers Data Code Category

Q10: Do you P1: Yes and D1: The first C1: 1: Beliefs on homosexuality
believe that no. For participant Environment (Independent variable)
being gay is a example, siya believes that al influence 
result of bad ray laki sa the child's 2: Beliefs on homosexuality
parenting or balay, He will sexuality C2: Father (Independent variable)
trauma? get revolves figure
influenced by mostly 3: Beliefs on homosexuality
toys og mga around their C3: Perceive, (Independent variable)
pang babae. living portrayal
No pud kay situation. 4: Beliefs on homosexuality
naa man juy C4: Non- (Independent variable)
uban na bisag D2: The environmenta
unsa na second l 5: Beliefs on homosexuality
parenting, di participant (Independent variable)
sila mo palabi believes that C5: Choice

41
ana. homosexualit 6: Beliefs on homosexuality
y is a result C6: (Independent variable)
P2: Being of not having Surroundings.
gay is a result a father 7: Beliefs on homosexuality
of not having figure  C7: (Independent variable)
a father Acceptance 
figure. D3: The third 8: Beliefs on homosexuality
participant C8: Baseless (Independent variable)
P3: Its not believes that reasons
about bad the way a 9: Beliefs on homosexuality
parenting, its person is C9: Personal (Independent variable)
the fact that raised doesn't decisions 
they want to determine 10: Beliefs on homosexuality
be portrayed their C10: Personal (Independent variable)
as a different sexuality, but emotions
gender. They rather what
want to be they
free and personally
break want to be
boundaries. portrayed as.

P4: No, D4: The

because there fourth
are others participant
who grew up believes that
in a happy the way a
family but person is
still ended up raised doesn't
gay. determine
their
P5: I don't sexuality.
think that's it,
murag D5: The fifth
depende rana participant
sa tawo og believes that
gusto siya a person's
mahimong sexuality isn't
bayot. influenced by
their family,
P6: Depende, rather their
kay kung own
isurround ang decisions.
bata og mga
pang babae D6: The sixth
masuya sila participant
ana hantod believes that

42
madako sila, a person's
mabayot. surroundings
results to
P7: No kay homosexualit
based mana y.
sa parents na
pagkadako og D7: The
dawat ba sila seventh
sa ila parents participant
or dili. believes that
it is based on
P8: Maybe, whether or
because I not they are
don't accepted by
understand their parents.
how you can
be a gay.  D8: The
eighth
P9: I don't participant
think so, it believes that
depends on homosexualit
the person, y is a result
not the result of bad
of bad parenting
parenting. because there
are no other
P10: No, reasons to be
because it is gay.
not about the
parents but D9: The ninth
the child’s participant
personality. believes that
homosexualit
y depends on
the person,
not how they
were raised.

D10: The
tenth
participant
believes that
homosexualit
y depends on
the person,
not how they

43
 were raised.

EXPLANATION 10: Based on the data presented on Table 9, all of the participants’ answers
fall on the category Beliefs on homosexuality (Independent Variable).

44
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter includes the summary, conclusions, and recommendations which are based on the

data gathered during the conduct of this research study.

Summary

Growing up in a society that stigmatizes LGBT individuals can shape the perceptions and

beliefs of the students, leading to homophobic biases. Additionally, religious teachings and

conservative upbringing can play a role in developing negative opinions towards homosexuality.

This study examined the root causes of homophobia among the Grade 11 students of Sacred

Heart Diocesan School. Through an in-depth analysis of various factors, it has become evident

that the students' negative opinions towards LGBT individuals were influenced by a combination

of environmental and religious factors.

Conclusion

Familial traditions can pass on discriminatory views toward homosexuality, leaving no

room for the person to develop alternative perspectives. For reference, one participant claimed

that throughout their childhood, they often heard family members criticizing LGBT individuals,

this made them believe those remarks to be true. Another participant stated that homophobia can

45
never be avoided in a conservative upbringing. Regarding the data collected, the majority of the

students base their views off the Bible. Religion may hold conservative views that consider

homosexuality as morally wrong or against their religious teachings, thus implying that a

religious upbringing took part in shaping their negative opinions towards the LGBT

In accordance with personal beliefs about homosexuality, a participant stated that LGBT

individuals have a different mindset compared to others. The gathered data says that they believe

homosexuality is something they force upon themselves in order to be different. It is commonly

acknowledged that it is a way for them to escape their dislike of who they truly are, and their

dissatisfaction with their current sexual orientation. Homosexuality is seen as something that is

morally wrong and sinful, since it is implied that there should only be two genders, man and

woman. It is impossible for them to produce offspring, therefore they claim that it is unjust.

Despite having negative opinions towards homosexuality, developing relationships and

having interactions with LGBT individuals seem to be common. The gathered data says that the

participants tend to respect their LGBT friends as people, but refuse to accept their sexuality, in

order to stay loyal to their beliefs. They feel discomfort and annoyance knowing their friends are

part of the LGBT community.

Recommendations

It is important to approach the education of homophobic students with patience and

understanding. By implementing these recommendations, the researcher believes that the school

46
can contribute to transforming the attitudes and beliefs of homophobic students, fostering a more

inclusive and accepting environment for all.

1. Open dialogue and empathy: Create safe spaces for open and respectful dialogue,

allowing homophobic students to express their thoughts and concerns. Encourage active

listening and empathy, fostering understanding of diverse perspectives and experiences.

2. Challenging stereotypes and misconceptions: Address common misconceptions and

stereotypes about homosexuality through education. Provide accurate information and

challenge stereotypes with evidence and personal narratives, helping students reevaluate

their preconceived notions.

3. Education on LGBTQ+ issues: Provide comprehensive education on LGBTQ+ topics,

including sexual orientation, gender identity, and the challenges faced by LGBTQ+

individuals. Incorporate personal stories, testimonials, and real-life examples to humanize

the experiences and promote empathy.

47
SURVEY QUESTIONS

1. What are your personal beliefs about homosexuality?

2. Did you grow up in a conservative/ religious surrounding? Please describe it

3. Do you think your family's beliefs have influenced your own views on

homosexuality? If so, in what way?

4. Do you have any friends who are members of the lgbt community? If so, how is

your relationship with them?

5. Have you ever had a conversation about homosexuality with someone who has a

different opinion than you? If so, how did that conversation go?

6. How do you think the media has influenced attitudes towards homosexuality in

your generation?

7. Do you believe that being gay is a choice?

8. Do you think that being gay is a sin or morally wrong?

9. Do you believe that gay people can raise children just as well as straight people?

10. Do you believe that being gay is a result of bad parenting or trauma?

48
49