Heat Transfer Lab

Lab Report #7
(Verification of Stephen-Boltzmann Law)

Group Number:8

NAMES REGISTRATION
NUMBER
UMAR ABDUL RAZZAQ 210101014

FARES HASSAN 210101044

MUHAMMAD SALEH MUSTAFA 210101074

MUSIB ZAIN 210101085

AERO 20 A
Submitted to: Sir Saad Anjum
Index:
 Objective
 Introduction
 Apparatus
 Procedure
 Table
 Calculation
 Observations
 Conclusion
Objective:
The relationship between the intensity of radiation and the
temperature source can be objectively observed, as the intensity
is directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature.
Introduction:
The Stephen Boltzmann law is a fundamental principle in
physics that describes the relationship between the intensity of
radiation emitted by an object and its temperature. This law
states that the intensity of radiation emitted per unit surface area
of an object is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute
temperature.

Through laboratory experiments, the relationship between

radiation intensity and temperature can be investigated. By
varying the temperature of an object and measuring the
corresponding radiation intensity, it can be observed that the
intensity increases rapidly as the temperature is raised.
Furthermore, the relationship follows a power law, specifically
the fourth power, indicating that the intensity is directly
proportional to the temperature raised to the fourth power.

This experiment provide empirical evidence for the validity of

the Stephen Boltzmann law, demonstrating its application in
understanding the behavior of radiation emitted by objects at
different temperatures.
Apparatus:
Thermocouple:
A thermocouple is a temperature measurement device that
consists of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end
Control box:
The control box serves as a central unit for regulating and
controlling various parameters of the experiment
Radiometer:
A radiation detector or sensor designed to measure the intensity
of radiation emitted by the source.
Heat source:
The experiment requires a heat source to generate the desired
temperature for studying the relationship between radiation
intensity and temperature
Test Track:
A Track used for unit assembly
Unit assembly:
Procedure:
1. Connect one of the thermocouples from the target plates (Tp)
to the control box and position the plate on the bench to measure
the ambient temperature.
2. Place the radiometer on the test track at a distance of 800 mm
from the heat source.
3. Switch on the power to the heaters using the switch on the
control box.
4. Monitor the temperature reading (Tu) displayed on the control
box.
5. Once the Tu value has stabilized or reached the desired
controlled temperature, move the radiometer to a distance of 300
mm from the heated plate. The reading on the radiometer should
start to increase. Once the value has stabilized, record the
temperature (Tr), the distance (x'), and the radiometer reading
(R).
6. Move the radiometer back to a distance of 800 mm from the
heated plate.
7. Repeat the above procedure, incrementing the temperatures
using the PID controller.
By following these steps, you can systematically investigate the
relationship between radiation intensity and temperature at
different distances from the heat source.
Table:

Calculations:
For corrected Radiometer Reading:
RCorrect =R * 0.7088
For Heat radiated:
Qb =σ(Ts4 – Tp4)
For Area Factor (F):
F=Qb / RCorrect

Observation:
1. Ambient Temperature (Tp): The thermocouple connected to
the target plate on the bench recorded the ambient temperature
of the surroundings.
2. Radiometer Reading (R): The radiometer placed at different
distances from the heat source provided readings of radiation
intensity.
3. Temperature of the Heated Plate (Tu): The temperature
displayed on the control box indicated the temperature of the
heated plate.
4. Distance from Heat Source (x'): The distance between the
radiometer and the heated plate was measured at each position.
5. Recorded Temperature (Tr): The temperature reading
obtained from the radiometer at each distance from the heated
plate was recorded.
Conclusion:
1. Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Distance: The
experiment demonstrated that as the distance between the heat
source and the radiometer increased, the radiometer reading (R)
decreased. This observation suggests an inverse relationship
between radiation intensity and distance, confirming the inverse
square law.
2. Relationship between Radiation Intensity and Temperature:
The recorded temperature (Tr) obtained from the radiometer at
different distances from the heated plate provided insight into
the relationship between radiation intensity and temperature. As
the temperature of the heated plate (Tu) increased, the
radiometer reading (R) also increased. This observation supports
the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the intensity of
radiation emitted by an object is proportional to the fourth power
of its absolute temperature.
3. Validity of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law: The experiment's
results align with the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which indicates
that the intensity of radiation emitted by a heated object is
directly related to its temperature raised to the fourth power. The
recorded data provides empirical evidence supporting this
fundamental law.
4. Importance of Controlled Variables: The controlled
temperature of the heated plate (Tu) ensured consistent
conditions throughout the experiment. By maintaining a stable
temperature, it was possible to observe and analyze the effects
of distance on radiation intensity accurately.
In conclusion, the experiment confirmed the inverse relationship
between radiation intensity and distance, as well as the direct
relationship between radiation intensity and temperature, in
accordance with the inverse square law and the Stefan-
Boltzmann law, respectively. These findings highlight the
fundamental principles governing the behavior of radiation and
contribute to our understanding of the thermal properties of
objects.