PVM Ms 4748 B

Chevron Specification PVM-MS-4748-B
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL PRESSURE VESSELS

Commented Copy - Not for Vendor/Contractor Distribution
SPECIFICATION PVM-MS-4748-B
NOTE: Electronic copies of the Company’s MS/EG Specifications and

the accompanying data sheets and data sheet guides are available by E-
mail and from CRTC’s Technical Standards website. To access the files
over Chevron’s Intranet, use the following website address:
http://techstds.rrc.chevron.com/tech_standards/
To receive electronic files by E-mail, phone (510) 242-7241 or send E-
mail to TECHSTDS (“CRTC Tech Standards” in the Global Address
List), or fax your request to (510) 242-2157.
January 2001 Page 1 of 27

CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 5

2.1 Code Conformance ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Conflicts ..................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 DESIGN .................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Design Conditions ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Welded Joints .............................................................................................................................. 7
3.3 Heads and Transitions ................................................................................................................. 8
3.4 Nozzles, Manways, Bosses, and Other Openings.......................................................................... 9
3.5 Attachments .............................................................................................................................. 11
3.6 Vessel Supports......................................................................................................................... 11
4.0 MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Pressure Containing Components............................................................................................... 12
4.2 Internal Components.................................................................................................................. 12
4.3 Skirts and Supports ................................................................................................................... 13
4.4 External Attachments ................................................................................................................ 13
4.5 Bolting ...................................................................................................................................... 14
5.0 WELDING .............................................................................................................................. 14
5.1 Welding Methods ...................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Heat Treatment.......................................................................................................................... 15
5.3 Welding After Postweld Heat Treatment .................................................................................... 17
5.4 Ferrite Content .......................................................................................................................... 17
5.5 Weld Consumables .................................................................................................................... 17
6.0 INSPECTION ......................................................................................................................... 18
6.1 Dimensions................................................................................................................................ 18
6.2 Radiography.............................................................................................................................. 18
6.3 Ferrite Content .......................................................................................................................... 21
7.0 HYDROSTATIC TESTING .................................................................................................. 22
7.1 Preparation................................................................................................................................ 22
7.2 Required Stress Levels............................................................................................................... 22
7.3 Other Requirements ................................................................................................................... 23
8.0 PAINTING .............................................................................................................................. 23
9.0 NAMEPLATE......................................................................................................................... 24
Page 2 of 27 January 2001

10.0 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT....................................................................................... 24

10.1 Flanges...................................................................................................................................... 24
10.2 Threaded Connections ............................................................................................................... 24
10.3 Vent Holes ................................................................................................................................ 25
10.4 Thread Lubricant....................................................................................................................... 25
10.5 Security..................................................................................................................................... 25
11.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................................... 26

1.0 SCOPE
This specification covers requirements for the design and fabrication of austenitic stainless steel
pressure vessels. The attached vessel drawings, and the attached standard drawings listed in Section
11.0, are also part of this specification.
This specification contains supplemental requirements in Appendix A, which only apply when
specified in Appendix A. Note that this specification may apply to more than one vessel. When the
supplemental requirements are different among the vessels, a separate Appendix A will be issued for
each vessel.
Comment 1.0 Austenitic stainless steel pressure vessels can be required for:
1. Corrosion resistance to process environment
2. Service at very low temperatures
3. Service at very high temperatures
4. Product cleanliness
This specification applies to all austenitic stainless steels such as SA 240, Types 304L, 316L, 321,
and 347. These are the most common, but other austenitic stainless steels are also covered. This
specification does not cover ferritic or duplex stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels, or high
nickel alloys such as Monel, Alloy 20, and Hastelloy. It may be used, with appropriate
modifications for the above alloys. Consult a materials or pressure vessel engineer for guidance
on the appropriate changes.
Only alliance fabricators and other qualified fabricators that have demonstrated satisfactory
performance should be considered for Chevron work. CRTC Quality Assurance maintains a
database of qualified fabricators. Contact CRTC Quality Assurance for fabricator recommen-
dations.
Specification PVM-MS-1322 "Stainless Steel Clad Pressure Vessels" should be used for vessels
that require only a stainless steel cladding on carbon steel or low-alloy steel components for
adequate corrosion resistance. The choice between solid and clad vessels should be based on
economics and design conditions. Note that clad vessels will often be the economic choice when
the thickness of the vessel exceeds about 1/2 inch. The exact break point in thickness will vary
with current material prices and with the fabricator's costs. If you need further assistance, contact
a pressure vessel or materials engineer. Fabricators may also be a source of information on
which type would be economical.
Note that unlike some others in the industry, except for the welds, there are no special “Positive
Materials Identification" (PMI) requirements for stainless steel vessels. This is because of the
excellent record Chevron approved suppliers have had in supplying correct stainless steel vessel

materials. PMI requirements could be added at modest extra cost. Contact CRTC QA if you wish
to explore this option.
The supplemental requirements in Appendix A are essential to vessels intended for certain
services. Be sure to review the comments in Appendix A, and to select any applicable
requirements. Consult a specialist for further guidance. Where numerous vessels are purchased,
prepare a separate Appendix A for each, as appropriate.
This specification contains some requirements that exceed Code minimums. Some design details
permitted by the Code are not permitted by this specification.
2.0 GENERAL
2.1 Code Conformance
Design and fabrication shall conform to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII, Division 1 or 2 (hereafter referred to as the Code Division 1 or Division 2) plus the
additional requirements of this specification and the referenced drawing(s). The latest edition
including Addenda issued through the date of the Agreement shall be used.
Comment 2.1 The pressure vessels covered by this specification should be primarily
designed and fabricated according to ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Division 2
construction may infrequently be used to reduce vessel shell thicknesses. However, Division
2 construction, although acceptable, is typically not economically justified due to the added
engineering costs involved for thin-walled stainless steel vessels.
2.2 Conflicts
In cases of conflict between this specification and other drawings or specifications, the vessel
manufacturer (hereafter referred to as the fabricator) shall call attention to the conflict and
request an interpretation by Chevron (hereafter referred to as the Company or Owner). The
fabricator shall not assume which instructions should govern.
Comment 2.2 This specification sets general requirements for pressure vessels within its
scope, whereas the drawings for a vessel accompanying the specification usually detail
additional requirements that are considered necessary for the specific service conditions.
Occasionally, the requirements on the drawing will supersede those in the specification, but
the fabricator must bring all of the apparent discrepancies to the Company for clarification.

3.0 DESIGN
3.1 Design Conditions
3.1.1 The allowable design stress shall not exceed 2/3 of the yield strength at design
temperature.
Comment 3.1.1 Austenitic stainless steels have an unusually low yield-to-tensile

strength ratio (due to their strain hardening characteristics.) Consequently, ASME
Code, Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 each give two sets of maximum allowable
design stresses for these materials. The lower of the two design stresses does not
exceed 2/3 of the minimum yield strength, and this is the appropriate design stress.
The higher design stress (of up to 90% of the minimum yield strength) is acceptable
but it is cautioned that some permanent deformation may occur during hydrotest.
The use of the higher design stresses, unless the circumstances are very carefully
reviewed by a pressure vessel engineer, is not recommended.
See Appendix 1 and 2 of Section II, Part D of the Code.
Finally, note the distinction between the basic design allowable stresses of Division
1 and Division 2. Division 1 is based on an allowable maximum stress, whereas
Division 2 uses a "design stress intensity" allowable value. Division 2 specifies the
application of stress intensities since detailed stress analysis may be performed (or
required) by this Code division. Since the components of stress are resolved in a
detailed analysis, it is feasible to relate or compare the developed stress intensities
to a Code allowable stress intensity value.
Recall that a stress intensity is simply the difference (or magnitude) between the
extreme values of the principal stress components. Note also that stress intensities
correlate directly to the general failure theory which forms the basis of the Code.
Based on the relationship of stress intensity and material failure (i.e. a material
yield boundary), Division 2 permits the application of multipliers on the basis of
allowable stress intensity based on the type (or classification) of the stress intensity
being considered. Refer to the pressure vessel engineer for further details.
3.1.2 Unless checked below, seismic and wind loading shall be in accordance with the
Uniform Building Code.
( ) When checked, seismic and wind loading shall be in accordance with the Company's
Engineering Guideline CIV-EN-100. The allowable stresses shall be in accordance
with the Code.
Comment 3.1.2 CIV-EN-100, the Company wind and earthquake design guideline,
is more stringent than the UBC, but in certain service conditions may be worth the
additional costs. Seismic and wind loads usually do not affect the design of a

pressure vessel, but supports frequently must be strengthened. Consideration should

be given to using CIV-EN-100 under the following conditions:
1. Hydrocarbon services
2. Columns and vessels with a high length-to-diameter ratio
3. Vessels containing hazardous substances
4. Vessels close to numerous other process vessels and equipment
5. Vessels in a structure, plant, or group of process equipment, piping and
vessels where the other equipment has been designed to CIV-EN-100
CIV-EN-100 is available as a separate document from ETC Staff Support Services,

or it can be copied from the Civil and Structural Manual.
Section 400 of the Pressure Vessel Manual covers general structural aspects of
pressure vessel design including wind and earthquake. The detailed design
guidelines are covered in CIV-EN-100, which is suitable to issue to fabricators.
3.1.3 When specified in Appendix A, vessels designed for internal pressure shall be stamped
for external pressure, as specified in Appendix A.
Comment 3.1.3 Designing for external pressure will prevent a pressure vessel from
collapsing under a partial vacuum that may be developed during off design
operations, such as steam-out cleaning, startup, shutdown, or process upset. See the
comments in Appendix A for guidance on when to specify for external pressure.
3.1.4 The design pressure and temperature and the hydrostatic test pressure of a vessel shall
not be limited by the mechanical design of minor components such as nozzles,
manholes, or reinforcing pads, unless approved in writing by the Company.
Comment 3.1.4 The ability to use pressure vessels for changed process conditions
can be severely restricted if their design is limited by minor components. The
additional small cost to upgrade the minor components, when necessary, is more
than compensated for by significantly greater flexibility for future operational
requirements.
3.2 Welded Joints
3.2.1 All Category A and B joints shall be double butt welded (Type 1), or an acceptable
equivalent agreed to by the Company.
Comment 3.2.1 Category A joints include (1) longitudinal, (2) circumferential

joints between hemispherical heads and the main shell, or (3) any welded joint in a
sphere.

Category B joints are (1) circumferential joints, including those between the shell and
torispherical or ellipsoidal heads, or (2) angle joints not larger than 30 degrees. Double
butt welding or the equivalent described in 3.2.1.a is necessary to obtain interpretable
radiographs.
3.2.1.a An acceptable equivalent for Category A and B joints in nozzles and elbows is
a single welded butt joint with a gas tungsten arc (GTAW) root bead.
Permanent backup rings shall not be used.
Comment 3.2.1.a When it is not possible to double weld, because of

restricted access to the I.D. surface, full penetration single welded butt joints
can be acceptable. The GTAW root bead must have good I.D. surface
contour to obtain radiographs equivalent to double welded joints. Gas metal
arc welding (GMAW) processes for root passes of one-sided welds may also
be acceptable for some applications if carefully reviewed by a welding or
materials engineer. Permanent backup rings may initiate cracks and may be
sites for aggressive corrosion attack.
3.2.2 All Category C and D joints shall be double welded and have full penetration, or an
acceptable equivalent agreed to by the Company.
Comment 3.2.2 The ASME Code permits partial penetration nozzle and flange
welds, without reduction in pressure rating. Partial penetration welds are
undesirable, because they create crack initiators at locations with potentially high
complex stresses and bending moments. Furthermore, partial penetration welds
frequently cannon be inspected volumetrically.
3.3 Heads and Transitions
3.3.1 Ellipsoidal or hemispherical heads are preferred. However torispherical heads may be
used subject to the following limitation:
Torispherical heads shall not be used when the ratio of D/t exceeds 50. (D=head
O.D., and t=head thickness excluding corrosion allowance).
Comment 3.3.1 Torispherical heads can have very high circumferential

compressive stresses in the knuckle under internal pressure, and, therefore,
ellipsoidal or hemispherical heads are preferred. The D/t ratio is limited to a
maximum of 50 to eliminate the risk of buckling.
3.3.2 Toriconical transition sections are preferred. However conical transitions are permitted
when agreed to by the Company.

Comment 3.3.2 Toriconical transitions have radiused "knuckles" at the intersection

of the conical transition section with the cylindrical shell that reduce the
discontinuity stresses at the intersections, and relocate the girth welds from the
regions of highest stress. The girth welds for conical transitions without knuckles are
difficult to examine radiographically, and, therefore, undetected flaws are more
likely to exist in the welds that have the highest and most complex stresses. It is
especially important to require knuckles if design of the conical transition is based
upon a joint efficiency of 1.0 that is dependent upon full radiographic examination.
3.3.3 Ellipsoidal heads, torispherical heads, toriconical heads, and toriconical transition
sections shall have straight flanges at least 1-1/2-inches long.
Comment 3.3.3 Straight flanges (straight cylindrical extensions at knuckles)

remove the girth welds from the location of highest discontinuity stress, provide
improved access for welding, and make the welds easier to examine
radiographically.
3.4 Nozzles, Manways, Bosses, and Other Openings
3.4.1 Flanged nozzles for sizes 2 inches and larger shall be in accordance with Standard
Drawing GA-C14311 except that nozzle neck thickness may be in accordance with the
Code, and materials shall be per vessel drawing. Nozzles 1-1/2-inches and smaller
shall be seamless, long weld-neck flanges, or fabricated from schedule 160 or XXS
seamless pipe with appropriate wall thickness per the Code and weld-neck flanges.
"Set-on" nozzle designs are acceptable for small bore services as detailed by Standard
Drawing GC-C99905.
3.4.2 Manways shall be in accordance with Standard Drawing GA-C87280 except that
nozzle neck thickness may be in accordance with the Code, and materials shall be per
vessel drawing.
3.4.3 Threaded connections over 1-1/2-inch NPS shall not be used. Threaded connections 1-
1/2-inch and less, when shown on the vessel drawing, may be either:
1. Full coupling ANSI Class 6000, "set through" the vessel shell with a full
penetration weld, or
2. Pilot boss per Standard Drawing GC-C1043 except that materials shall be per
vessel drawing.
Comments 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3 These drawings provide predesigned pressure vessel
shell openings for a wide range of opening diameters and shell thicknesses that
exceed ASME Code requirements. The necessity of individually designing every shell
opening is avoided, and uniformity of highly reliable designs throughout the
Company is obtained. However, more economic designs that meet Code
requirements can usually be made. The details of construction shown on the

drawings should be followed whether or not the predesigned openings are used. The
standard drawings are available in the Standard Drawings and Forms Section.
Comment 3.4.3 The two options allowed above will produce small threaded
connections with adequate weld integrity. Both of these options provide for
removing weld defects in the root pass of the filler metal, whereas other methods,
such as using couplings set on the outside of the vessel shell do not. In general,
threaded connections are not as strong as flanged connections, which are preferred.
Threaded connections have the additional risk of damage to the threads, which
would require re-tapping the threads, or replacing the threaded fitting.
3.4.4 Seamless, long weld-neck flanges and integrally reinforced nozzle forgings are
required for all nozzles and manholes for design temperatures above 650°F.
Comment 3.4.4 Vessels which operate at temperatures above 650°F are more likely
to develop cracks due to thermal fatigue which initiate at undetected weld defects.
Integrally reinforced nozzle forgings and seamless, long weld-neck flanges allow for
full radiography of nozzle welds to detect such defects.
3.4.5 When reinforcing pads will cover a welded joint, the covered area of the joint shall be
ground flush and 100% radiographed.
Comment 3.4.5 The more complex and higher stresses associated with openings
can cause undetected flaws in weld joints to fail. Otherwise these flaws would not
compromise the integrity of a vessel. Welds that are covered by reinforcing pads
cannot be readily inspected for possible crack nucleation during shutdowns, and
repairs would be more difficult.
3.4.6 On nozzles and manways having tongue and groove facing, the groove shall be on the
vessel unless the flange face is directed downward, in which case the tongue shall be
on the vessel.
Comment 3.4.6 This requirement helps insure that gaskets will be held in place in
the groove prior to connecting piping. It also provides a standard which allows
piping and flange layouts to be detailed without having to check which way every
vessel flange is placed.
3.4.7 Inner edges of nozzles, manway necks, bosses, and other vessel penetrations shall be
ground smooth to 1/8-inch minimum radius.
Comment 3.4.7 Edges are ground smooth to reduce peak stresses and to reduce
personnel hazards.
3.4.8 ( ) When checked, lap joint flanges (stainless steel hubs with loose carbon steel
flanges) may be used.

Comment 3.4.8 Lap joint flanges (frequently called "Van Stone" flanges) are
usually less costly than integral stainless steel flanges. However, consideration
should be given to the external environment before selecting these flanges. Leaks at
the flange, spills and the environment may cause the carbon steel flange to corrode
away before the end of the useful vessel life, thus requiring early repairs.
3.5 Attachments
3.5.1 All external attachments, including saddles, pads, name plate, and brackets, shall be
continuously welded to the vessel unless otherwise agreed to by the Company. Vents
shall be provided in all pads and similar attachments. Pads and saddles shall be
circular, or have a corner radius of at least five times the pad thickness.
Comment 3.5.1 Continuous welding prevents trapping moisture that could cause
crevice corrosion to the pressure vessel shell. Vents in external pads allow leaks in
nozzle welds to be detected before failure occurs, and allow condensed moisture to
evaporate. Circular pads or large radius corners distribute stresses more uniformly
and thereby reduce stress concentrations.
3.5.2 When external attachments (except circumferential stiffening and insulation support
rings) cover welds in the vessel, the covered area of the weld shall be ground flush and
100% radiographed. For internal attachments, efforts shall be made to minimize
covering welds in the vessel.
Comment 3.5.2 Welds that are covered or intersected by attachments cannot be

properly inspected should the need arise after the vessel has been in service, and
repair would be more difficult.
3.6 Vessel Supports
As appropriate:
1. Design of support skirts shall conform to Standard Drawing GB-C78876.
2. Design of support legs shall conform to Standard Drawing GD-C99945.
3. Design of support saddles shall conform to Standard Drawing GF-C99694.
4.0 MATERIALS
Material shall be furnished to the specification and grade shown on the vessel drawing. The
fabricator shall not use substitute materials without Company approval in writing.
Comment 4.0 The ASME Code assigns the responsibility for selection of materials that are
satisfactory for the service conditions to the owner/user of the pressure vessel. This is especially

critical for process environments that require the use of austenitic stainless steels. The fabricator
should not be permitted to use alternate materials without Company approval. The fabricator's
recommendations for alternate materials should be submitted to the Company for review by
pressure vessel and materials engineers. Substitution of regular carbon grades of 304 and 316SS
should not be allowed in place of low carbon 304L and 316L, due to a concern for sensitization
during welding and PWHT. Sensitization degrades the corrosion resistance and stress corrosion
cracking resistance of stainless steels.
4.1 Pressure Containing Components
All pressure containing components except external stiffeners shall be of the same nominal
composition as the shell and heads, unless otherwise specified on the vessel drawing or agreed
to by the Company in writing.
Comment 4.1 Dissimilar metal welds can seriously jeopardize the integrity and reliability
of a pressure vessel. Metallurgical conditions can occur in the dilution zone of the weld that
are not compatible with the process environment, and can result in failure during operation.
Furthermore, the thermal expansion difference between dissimilar metals can result in
excessively high thermal stresses that can also cause failure.
Situations occasionally arise when dissimilar metal welds cannot be avoided. In these
situations, the fabricator's proposed procedures for making the dissimilar metal welds
should be thoroughly reviewed by pressure vessel and materials engineers before the
Company gives approval.
4.1.1 Heads and toriconical transition sections which have been cold formed shall be
solution annealed and then cold sized to correct for distortion, if any, prior to welding
to shell.
Comment 4.1.1 Cold forming can result in appreciable strain hardening of

austenitic stainless steels, that can significantly degrade their performance in the
process environment. Solution annealing will soften the cold formed regions and
eliminate the strain hardening effects.
4.1.2 Castings are prohibited, unless agreed to by the Company in writing.
Comment 4.1.2 Castings generally contain flaws, and their quality can vary
significantly from lot to lot. Therefore, they are less reliable for pressure containing
components than wrought materials.
4.2 Internal Components
4.2.1 Materials with strength enhanced by cold work shall not be used.

Comment 4.2.1 Economies in the fabrication of internal components could be

realized by using the higher strengths that can be obtained by cold working
austenitic stainless steels. However, the strain hardening associated with cold
working could make the internal components susceptible to failure in the process
environment.
4.2.2 Bolts shall have machined heads and threads; rolled threads are not acceptable.
Comment 4.2.2 Austenitic stainless steel bolts with "rolled" threads will be strain
hardened by the cold working associated with the rolling of the threads. Therefore,
they could be susceptible to failure in the process environment. Machining of
threads does not result in significant strain hardening.
4.3 Skirts and Supports
4.3.1 When vessels are stress relieved, or designed to operate above 450°F, skirts and other
vessel supports for a length of at least 12 inches from the point of attachment to the
vessel shall be of the same nominal composition as the vessel. Beyond 12 inches, they
shall be of the material specified on the vessel drawing.
Comment 4.3.1 Skirts or other supports that are directly attached to an austenitic
stainless steel pressure vessel should be of the same nominal composition as the
vessel to avoid the potential problems associated with dissimilar metal welds (see
Comment 4.1). A transition can be made to less expensive materials where any
dissimilar metal welds will not directly affect the integrity and reliability of pressure
retaining components. Nevertheless, it is advisable to have the fabricator's design
and welding procedures reviewed by pressure vessel and materials engineers.
4.3.2 Skirts and other vessel supports shall be suitable, per Section UCS-66 of the Code, for
the minimum design metal temperature for the support.
Comment 4.3.2 You will need to specify the materials for these components on the
vessel drawing. Consult a specialist, or use local recommendations. The minimum
design metal temperature for the vessel supports should be the lowest one-day mean
temperature. This data may be obtained from API 650 (available in the Tank
Manual.) Also see Section 520 of the Pressure Vessel Manual.
4.4 External Attachments
If the vessel is not to be stress relieved and design temperature is less than 450°F, all external
attachments (such as stiffeners, insulation clips, brackets and supports welded directly to
pressure parts) may be fabricated of any Code listed carbon steel that meets the requirement of
Code Section UCS-66. Otherwise, attachments shall be of the same material as the shell.

Comment 4.4 Stress relieving temperature and design temperatures above 450°F will
introduce high stress due to differential thermal expansion if attachments made of carbon
steel are welded to stainless steel vessels. For low temperatures, attachments of dissimilar
metallurgy are acceptable, and will be more economic than stainless steel attachments.
Impact toughness of carbon steel attachments needs to be considered. Code Section UCS-66 gives
guidance on selection of carbon steel components based on thickness and minimum design metal
temperature.
4.5 Bolting
4.5.1 External bolting used to assemble pressure-containing parts shall be stud bolts
conforming to SA 193, Grade B7, and nuts conforming to SA 194, Grade 2 or 2H,
unless otherwise specified by the vessel drawings.
Comment 4.5.1 In general, B7 bolts are satisfactory for stainless steel flanges up to
850°F (depending on the flange design). Stainless steel bolting should be used for
elevated temperatures where thermal cycling and differential thermal growth
between the dissimilar metals could cause leakage or permanent distortion of the
flange. The Engineering Analysis Division should be consulted for applications in
the 700°F to 850°F range to determine if stainless steel bolting is required.
Stainless steel bolting materials may also be required on occasions for operating
temperatures below the 850°F temperature limit, if flange leakage could cause
severe corrosion of the bolts. In general, bolting materials with similar corrosion
resistance to the flange material are used if this is the case. For example, common
practice is to use Alloy 20 studs and nuts with Alloy 20 flanges for sulfuric acid
services. Leakage of sulfuric acid and vapors will cause severe corrosion of B7
studs.
Recommended materials for stainless steel bolting materials should be obtained

from a materials engineer, and the Engineering Analysis Division should be
consulted to determine if the joint is suitable for the needed design pressure-
temperature conditions when bolting materials with lower allowable stresses are
used.
5.0 WELDING
5.1 Welding Methods
Acceptable methods of welding are the shielded metal arc (SMAW), submerged arc (SAW),
gas metal arc (GMAW), gas tungsten arc (GTAW), and gas-shielded flux-cored (FCAW-G)
processes. Other welding processes shall only be used with the written approval of the
Company.

Comment 5.1 These methods of welding are known to produce satisfactory quality welds for
the fabrication of austenitic stainless steel pressure vessels, when they are properly qualified
according to ASME Code Section IX and there is proper follow through with good shop
practices. Other welding methods may be capable of producing satisfactory welds, but they
should be thoroughly investigated before they are accepted by the Company. There have
been recent industry reports of problems with Type 304H stainless steel FCAW welds in high
temperature applications due to bismuth causing low creep ductility.
5.1.1 The interrupted-arc (short circuit transfer) GMAW process shall not be used except
for the following applications:
• Root passes on circumferential, longitudinal, or nozzle-to-shell welds only if
backgouged and backwelded
• Root passes on circumferential piping welds for fabricated nozzles or internal
piping
• Root passes on nonpressure-containing vessel internals
Comment 5.1.1 Interrupted-arc GMAW is used to control penetration and root-

bead contour in single-V welds, but "lack-of-fusion" defects can be a serious
problem.
5.1.2 All joints welded from two sides shall be back chipped or back gouged to sound metal
before continuing welding on the backside of the joint.
Comment 5.1.2 The first pass of weld metal for double welded joints will usually
have considerable unsound weld metal on the back side. Failure to remove this
unsound material will lead to defects in the finished weld.
5.2 Heat Treatment
5.2.1 Thermal Stress Relief
When specified in Appendix A, all welds and cold formed parts shall be thermally
stress relieved at 1550°F to 1650°F for 1 hour per inch of thickness (1 hour minimum)
and air cooled.
Comment 5.2.1 The Code does not require either preheat or postweld heat
treatment of austenitic stainless steel welds. However, thermal stress relief is
sometimes required for resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (Cl SCC).
All austenitic stainless steel vessels with high residual stresses in welds are
susceptible to Cl SCC at temperatures above 150°F if chloride deposits and water
are present. Stress relieving reduces residual stresses to values below that required
for Cl SCC.

Austenitic stainless steel vessels should be heated rapidly and air cooled to avoid
sensitization during the stress relief process. Low carbon grades (Types 304L and
316L) and chemically stabilized grades (Types 321 and 347) of austenitic stainless
steels have resistance to sensitization during stress relief. Regular carbon grades
(Types 304 and 316) of austenitic stainless steels, on the other hand, have very
limited resistance to sensitization during stress relief, and in fact will sensitize
during welding. These materials should therefore be avoided.
In general, all insulated vessels which operate intermittently above 150°F have a
risk of Cl SCC, and stress relief should be considered. Chloride salts are leached
from insulation by water leakage through the weatherjacketing. The chloride-
containing water evaporates upon contact with the hot vessel shell concentrating
chloride deposits. Even special "low-chloride insulation" can result in high chloride
concentrations at the metal surface.
Uninsulated vessels which operate continuously or intermittently above 150°F may

also have a risk of Cl SCC if they are in "high-chloride" environments. These
vessels should also be considered for stress relief. Examples of some "high-
chloride" environments are summarized below:
1. Coastal locations and off-shore platforms with salt spray.
2. Locations with salt water fire water systems.
3. Process stream with high chloride content.
Judgment should be exercised when deciding whether stress relief is warranted.

Sensitization during heat treatment is sometimes a greater risk than potential Cl
SCC. A materials engineer may be consulted for guidance on this issue.
5.2.2 Thermal Stabilization
When specified in Appendix A, all welds shall be thermally stabilized at 1625-1675°F

for 4 hours and air cooled.
Comment 5.2.2 Thermal stabilization is occasionally used with Type 321 SS or

Type 347 SS so that the stabilizing elements in these stainless steels (Ti or Cb,
respectively) can combine more effectively with the carbon in the stainless steels.
This helps "stabilize" the stainless steel to avoid "Sensitization". ("Sensitization"
involves carbide precipitation at grain boundaries.)
Although these stainless steels resist sensitization quite well, without the thermal
stabilization treatment, even these stainless steels (especially Type 321 SS) can
sensitize if they are exposed to temperatures above 850°F for prolonged period.

Consult a materials engineer if the stainless steel will be exposed to these high
temperatures.
5.3 Welding After Postweld Heat Treatment
No welding shall be done on the vessel after PWHT or hydrostatic test.
Comment 5.3 PWHT reduces residual stresses. Welding after PWHT reintroduces those
residual stresses. Welding can produce flaws which will lead to failures on hydrostatic test,
so all welding must be completed prior to test. Weld residual stresses can cause cracking in
stress corrosion cracking services.
5.4 Ferrite Content
Ferrite content of austenitic stainless steel weld metal shall be between 3FN and 11FN as
determined by a magnetic instrument calibrated according AWS A4.2 standard procedure. The
determination of ferrite content shall be made prior to any post weld heat treatment.
Comment 5.4 Most austenitic stainless steel weld metals are actually composed of a
mixture of austenite and ferrite grains. A small percentage of ferrite is usually necessary to
prevent hot cracking of the weld metal, and in some services an excessive amount of ferrite
can degrade corrosion resistance. Embrittlement of ferrite may occur above 800°F. It is
especially important to control the maximum ferrite content when the vessel will be PWHT'd
or will operate above 800°F. The 11FN maximum ferrite limit can be waived for vessels that
will not be PWHT'd or will not operate above 800°F. Controlling the ferrite content between
3 and 11FN is a compromise to obtain a sound weld with minimal sacrifice of corrosion
resistance and susceptibility to embrittlement.
The ferrite grains in stainless steel weld metals are magnetic, whereas the austenite grains
are nonmagnetic. Therefore, the magnetic permeability of the weld metal is a direct
indication of the percent ferrite. The AWS standard requires calibration of the magnetic
instrument used to determine the ferrite content with the actual microstructures of weld metal
deposits with a known ferrite content. The magnetic determination of ferrite content must be
made before any post weld heat treatment, because some ferrite will be transformed to Sigma
phase which is not magnetic.
5.5 Weld Consumables
Chemical analysis shall be performed on deposited weld metal for each lot of welding
consumables. This shall be done either:
1. On test plates for each lot of consumables, or
2. From sample drillings of each production weld removed from the surface that is
exposed to the process environment.

Analysis shall meet the requirement of ASME SFA 5.4 for the grade of stainless steel
specified.
Comment 5.5 Different lots of austenitic stainless steel welding consumables can vary
significantly.
6.0 INSPECTION
Comment 6.0 The Company recommendations for inspection of austenitic stainless steel pressure
vessels exceed the minimum requirements of the ASME Code. These vessels are normally required
to operate under severe corrosive conditions.
Section 700 of the Pressure Vessel Manual, In-service Inspection, covers several forms of NDE
used for inspecting vessels after they are placed in service. Much of that information on NDE also
applies to its use for inspection during fabrication.
6.1 Dimensions
Tolerances for vessel dimensions, nozzle and manway locations and orientations, and other
design details shall be as shown on Standard Drawing GA-C1267 for vertical vessels, and
Standard Drawing GA-C1266 for horizontal vessels.
Comment 6.1 The tolerances given in these drawings are not covered by the ASME Code,
but do not exceed what is obtainable with good shop practices.
6.2 Radiography
6.2.1 As a minimum, all butt welds shall be spot radiographed in accordance with Paragraph
UW-52 of the Code, except that one radiograph shall be taken showing not less than
14 inches of weld of each longitudinal and of each circumferential joint in shell and
heads.
Comment 6.2.1 The ASME Code permits fabrication of a pressure vessel with
visual examination only. However, visual examination does not provide adequate
assurance of quality and integrity for any service condition.
Furthermore, this requirement provides greater coverage for spot radiography than
the minimum coverage required by the ASME Code, and provides a greater
assurance of quality and integrity that is considered desirable for service conditions.
The ASME Code permits visual examination of Category B welds (girth welds) when
spot radiography is used for Category A welds (longitudinal welds) to obtain a joint
efficiency of 0.85 for design. The rationale for radiographing Category B welds is
similar to that explained for Paragraph 6.2.3.a.

6.2.2 Before spot radiographs are made, the Company shall be notified 3 working days in
advance so that the Company's Inspector can designate the locations at which the spot
radiographs will be taken.
Comment 6.2.2 The Company's inspector should designate the locations for spot
radiography because the fabricator could select locations where flaws are least
likely to be detected.
6.2.3 When specified by Company in Appendix A, full (100%) radiography, in accordance

with Code Paragraph UW-51, is required. When full radiography is required by the
Company, the following additional requirements apply. These requirements do not
apply when the fabricator elects to perform full radiography:
Comment 6.2.3 Paragraphs 6.2.3.a and b, apply when 100% radiography is

required by the Company. Paragraph 6.2.3.c is an optional alternative of 6.2.3.b
when 100% radiography is required by Company.
Spot radiography per Paragraph 6.2.1 should be specified for most general service
stainless steel vessels. However, for some infrequent applications, full (100%)
radiography may be justified to provide added assurance against excessive weld
defects.
Judgment should be exercised to determine whether full radiography is justified for

the specific service conditions. Consult a pressure vessel, or materials engineer for
further information. The following guidelines may be used to determine when full
radiography is justified:
Services Subject to Fatigue:
Fatigue is the process of crack initiation followed by propagation. Fatigue is caused

by fluctuating stresses, which occur at an elevated stress intensity area such as a
weld. The fluctuating stresses may be caused by various factors, such as differential
thermal expansion, large pressure swings, or vibration. Examples of where fatigue
may be a concern are:
1. Service where the pressure varies by more than one-half of the vessel
maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) at a frequency of more than
once per week. Examples are molecular-sieve driers which are depressured
and regenerated on a regular cycle.
2. Services where the temperature swings more than 300°F at a frequency of
more than once per week. Examples are basket strainers in hot services
which are cooled and depressured on a weekly basis for cleaning.
3. Services subject to frequent vibration. Examples are vessels located near
mechanical equipment such as reciprocating compressors, or vessels in
streams with vibrations from water-hammer or high fluid velocities.

Even when spot radiography is specified by the Company, fabricators, in many

cases, may propose to use full (100%) radiography to reduce the required vessel
shell thickness (and cost). When full radiography is used instead of spot
radiography, the ASME Code allows the minimum required vessel shell thickness to
be reduced by 15%. (The weld joint efficiency is increased from 85% to 100%.) This
allowed reduction in shell thickness saves on vessel material costs but increases
radiography costs. Fabricators should be allowed to evaluate these economic
factors, and to utilize full (100%) radiography if it is economically attractive to
them.
6.2.3.a When 100% radiography is required, all Category B welds, including nozzles
shall also receive 100% radiographic inspection.
6.2.3.b When 100% radiography is required, Category C and D welds shall receive
the following inspections:
1. Backgouged surfaces of all Category C and D welds shall be liquid

penetrant tested prior to backwelding per Appendix 8 of the ASME Code,
and
2. All surfaces of completed Category C and D welds shall be liquid

penetrant tested per Appendix 8 of the ASME Code.
3. Unless otherwise specified, NDE in (1.) and (2.) above will be randomly
inspected by a Company inspector or representative.
6.2.3.c When specified in Appendix A as an alternative to 6.2.3.b, ultrasonic testing

(UT) is required for Category C and D welds in accordance with Code
Appendix 12.
Comment 6.2.3.a The ASME Code permits spot radiography of Category B

welds (girth welds) when full radiography is required for Category A welds
(longitudinal welds) to allow using a joint efficiency of 1.0 in the design
calculations. The rationale is that the applied stress for Category B welds is
only one-half that for Category A welds. However, where full radiography is
specified, undetected flaws could still cause failure of Category B welds as
well as Category A welds.
Comment 6.2.3.b The Code does not require any nondestructive

examination of Category C welds (flange welds) or Category D welds
(nozzle attachment welds) when full radiography is required. These are not
butt welds, and, therefore, they cannot be readily radiographed. However,
the Company has experienced the occurrence of flaws in these welds that
could cause failure in service conditions where full radiography is specified.

Therefore, the examinations described are recommended to obtain some

assurance of weld quality.
Comment 6.2.3.c Paragraph 6.2.3.b requirements will locate defects at the

weld root and on the surface of the finished weld. Alternatively, ultrasonic
testing will show weld defects between the root and finished weld. Since no
meaningful record of ultrasonic testing is available for the Company
Inspector to review, the only way to insure it is done properly is to have the
Inspector present during the testing. Tangential nozzles and nozzles with
small reinforcing pads may make complete ultrasonic testing impossible.
Ultrasonic examination will detect internal flaws in Category C and D welds

that would not be detected by the magnetic particle or liquid penetrant
examination required by Paragraph 6.2.3.b. Therefore, ultrasonic
examination provides the highest level of quality assurance for these welds,
and is recommended for service conditions with a risk of fatigue or brittle
fracture. (See Comment 6.2.3.) Ultrasonic examination is also
recommended when an in-service inspection program will be established for
the vessel, to provide the baseline data necessary to distinguish flaws that
have developed during operation from those that originated during
fabrication.
The design details of Category C and D welds must be carefully considered

by the fabricator to permit meaningful ultrasonic examination. Furthermore,
ultrasonic examination is highly dependent upon the skill of the technician
performing the examination. Therefore, only fabricators that have
appropriate expertise with ultrasonic examination should be selected when
this option is specified.
The benefit of UT is that it discovers subsurface cracks that cannot be

detected by the requirements in 6.2.3.b. Consult a specialist for additional
guidance.
6.2.4 Radiographs shall be retained by the fabricator for at least 1 year after the date that
the Code stamp is applied to the vessel, and shall be made available for review upon
request by the Company.
Comment 6.2.4 The ASME Code does not require the fabricator to retain
radiographs after the Code stamp is applied.
6.3 Ferrite Content
The ferrite content of all Category A, B, C, & D weld joints shall be determined by a magnetic
instrument according to Paragraph 5.4 before any post weld heat treatment.

6.3.1 One ferrite determination shall be made on both surfaces of each finished weld. All
ferrite measurements shall be recorded along with the accurate location of each
measurement.
Comment 6.3.1 This will assure that the specified ferrite content has been obtained
in each weld joint in an austenitic stainless steel pressure vessel.
7.0 HYDROSTATIC TESTING
7.1 Preparation
7.1.1 Fabricator shall furnish all test materials and facilities, including blinds, bolts, and
gaskets.
7.1.2 The vessel shall be cleaned internally and externally of dirt, debris, welding slag, and
weld spatter before the hydrostatic test.
7.1.3 No paint or primer shall be applied to the vessels prior to hydrostatic testing.
Comment 7.1.3 A paint coating or dirt on the surface of a pressure vessel could
obscure small leaks during hydrostatic testing.
7.1.4 Company shall be notified 5 days in advance so that the hydrostatic test can be
witnessed.
7.2 Required Stress Levels
The hydrostatic test pressure shall be the pressure calculated to stress the full thickness,
including corrosion allowance and cladding if any, of the strongest Category A weld, to a
minimum of 1-1/2 times the Code allowable stress for the material at the test temperature,
provided that no component of the vessel is stressed above 90% of its minimum yield strength.
If the hydrostatic test pressure so calculated will stress components of the vessel above 90% of
the minimum yield strength, the pressure shall be reduced by the least amount necessary to
avoid overstressing weaker components.
Comment 7.2 This recommended hydrotest pressure is higher than the minimum required
by the ASME Code. The Code requires hydrotesting at 1-1/2 times the maximum allowable
working pressure (MAWP), which does not take into consideration the actual thickness of the
pressure vessel's shell, which is greater than the calculated minimum required thickness,
because of provision for corrosion allowance and the necessity of obtaining commercial
plate thicknesses. This higher hydrotest pressure is based on the actual thickness of the shell
when new, which is a more significant verification of the vessel's integrity after it has been in
service and the corrosion allowance has been consumed.

7.3 Other Requirements
7.3.1 Gaskets to be used for the hydrostatic test shall be as follows:
1. Any suitable sheet gaskets may be used on ANSI raised face flanges except that:
a. Elastomeric gaskets shall not be used, and
b. ANSI raised face openings with hinged covers require service-type

gaskets.
2. All other gasketed joints require service-type gaskets.
Comment 7.3.1 ANSI covers raised face flange finishes and allowable
imperfections in enough detail that the choice of gasket type for hydrotests is not
critical. Therefore, any composition sheet gasket can be used.
For openings with hinged covers, a thickness variation in the gasket material can
cause the hinge pin to bind, resulting in a gasket that is not properly seated. Most
other types of gasketed joints require a higher degree of precision in machining.
Therefore, service-type gaskets shall be used to assure that the flange faces are
properly machined for sealing with the same type of gaskets that will be used for
operation, and that the flange gasket design is sufficient. Note that the gasket type
should be specified on the vessel drawings.
7.3.2 The chloride content of hydrotest water shall not exceed 50 PPM. Chemical analysis
or certification from water supplier (not older than 30 days) is required.
Comment 7.3.2 This is to prevent chloride pitting during shipment and prior to
startup.
7.3.3 After hydrostatic testing, the vessel shall be promptly and carefully drained and
completely dried, especially around trays and internals. The vessel shall be internally
inspected to insure that no residual moisture remains.
Comment 7.3.3 Draining and drying is required to prevent corrosion from

occurring prior to placing the pressure vessel in service. Internal components can
trap water and are especially susceptible to corrosion.
8.0 PAINTING
When painting is specified on the purchase documents, surfaces to be painted shall be prepared in
accordance with the attached coating system data sheet. Painting shall be done after hydrostatic
testing.

Comment 8.1 Although rarely specified, there are occasions where stainless vessels are
painted. Surface preparation will vary depending upon painting primer to be applied.
Surface preparation requirements are given on the coating system data sheets for the
different painting systems. Refer to the Coatings Manual for additional details. Note that the
user must select the proper coating system data sheet and enter the appropriate numbers in
the spaces provided in Paragraph 11.0 below. Refer to the Coatings Manual Quick Reference
Guide for help in selecting a data sheet.
9.0 NAMEPLATE
Each vessel shall be identified by a bracket mounted austenitic stainless steel nameplate. The
bracket shall be continuously welded to the vessel prior to heat treatment and the nameplate
continuously welded to the bracket after heat treatment. The bracket shall be so mounted that the
nameplate will not be covered inadvertently by insulation.
In addition to the stamping required by the Code, the nameplate shall show the purchase order
number, item number, design pressure and temperature.
10.0 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT
10.1 Flanges
All flange faces shall be protected against corrosion and damage by applying a stiff grease and
by bolting on wooden or steel covers with a minimum of 4 bolts. Nozzles fitted with blind
flanges shall be bolted with specified bolts, nuts, and gaskets in place ready for service.
Gaskets, prior to installation, shall be thinly coated as follows:
1. Composition sheet - coated with graphite joint paste.
2. Metal clad - coated with rust preventive grease.
3. Ring gaskets - coated with rust preventive grease. Using tape to hold ring gaskets in
place during assembly is not acceptable.
10.2 Threaded Connections
All female threaded connections shall be fitted with solid round steel bar stock plugs of the
same material as the connection. Plugs shall have a length of shank equal to at least twice the
diameter and shall not be free-machining steels. Plugs other than carbon steel shall be marked
by stamping to designate the material used.
Comment 10.2 The reason for a long shank length is so pipe wrenches can be used on
them. We disallow "free-machining steels" because job-site personnel may seal weld the plug
to the opening, and these steels do not permit sound welds.

Note that in virtually all cases, carbon steel plugs would be considered only temporary, until
the vessel arrives at the plant. The end user will need to ensure that they are replaced with
permanent fittings or plugs before the vessel is put in service.
10.3 Vent Holes
All vent holes in reinforcing pads and saddles, etc., shall be plugged with stiff grease.
10.4 Thread Lubricant
All bolting shall be lubricated with a recognized brand of high temperature thread lubricant.
10.5 Security
The fabricator shall load and block the vessel in a manner to prevent damage during shipment.
11.0 REFERENCES
The following drawings, forms, and guidelines are a part of this specification:
Standard Drawings
• GB-C78876
• GA-C14311
• GF-C87280
• GD-C99945
• GF-C99694
• GC-C1043
• GA-C1266
• GA-C1267
Engineering Guideline
• CIV-EN-100
Data Sheets
• Coating System Data Sheet(s) ____________________
_____________________
Other Drawings ____________________
_____________________

APPENDIX A
PVM-MS-4748-A SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
Vessel Identification ______________________________
P.O./Q.R. Number ______________________________
Stress Relief Requirements
( ) When checked, thermal stress relief per Paragraph 5.2.1 of this specification is required.
Comment Stress Relief: See Comment 5.2.1 for guidance on when to specify post weld heat treatment. In
general, most insulated vessels and some uninsulated vessels which operate intermittently above 150°F may
require thermal stress relief to prevent chloride stress corrosion cracking (Cl SCC).
Thermal Stabilization Requirements
( ) When checked, thermal stabilization per Paragraph 5.2.2 of this specification is required.
Comment Thermal stabilization: See Comment 5.2.2. In general, T-321 SS exposed to temperatures above
850°F will be thermally stabilized, whereas T-347 SS generally will not be. Thermal stabilization does not
benefit T-304L or T-316L.
Supplemental Inspection Requirements
( ) When checked, 100% radiography is required per Paragraph 6.2.3 of this specification.
( ) When checked, ultrasonic inspection, per Paragraph 6.2.3.c, of Category C and D welds, is elected as an
alternative to the requirements in Paragraph 6.2.3.b.
Comment 100% Radiography: See Comment 6.2.3 for guidance on when to specify 100% radiography. In
general, most vessels covered by this specification do not warrant the extra expense of 100% radiography.
Ultrasonic Inspection of category C/D welds: See Comments 6.2.3.b and c for guidance. In general 6.2.3.b is
the normal requirement, and 6.2.3.c is an alternative method that may be warranted in critical applications.
Design for External Pressure
( ) When checked, the vessel shall be stamped for an external pressure of 7.5 psi at 450°F.
( ) When checked, the vessel shall be stamped for an external pressure of _____ psi at the required design
temperature.

Comment In many cases, it is virtually impossible to develop a significant vacuum in a vessel, and therefore
there is no need to require the vendor to provide the extra design requirements for external pressure. Many air
receivers or packaged refrigeration vessels are examples of this situation. In this case, design for external
pressure is not needed.
Vessels should be stamped for an external pressure of 7.5 psi if at some time they may be steamed out. When
the vessel cools and the steam condenses, the internal pressure can drop to a few psia if the vessel is not
vented.
Another reason for external pressure design is the presence of a liquid head in the vessel. If a vessel is
drained, but not vented, the internal pressure of the vessel will quickly fall to the vapor pressure of its contents.
If the vessel is not designed for external pressure it may collapse. Experience has shown that 7.5 psi is
adequate for these circumstances.
Note that vessels which are solids hoppers should be stamped for 7.5 psi external pressure. Bridging of solids
frequently occurs and during unloading the bridge will break sometimes causing the contents to drop as a
monolithic mass. A sudden vacuum will develop above the surface of the solids.
Stamping for external pressures greater than 7.5 psi is sometimes warranted. Any process vessels regularly
operating at near full vacuum should be stamped for 15 psi external pressure. In rare cases where a vessel is
within another vessel, it may be necessary to stamp the inner vessel for greater than 15 psi external pressure.

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Chevron Specification PVM-MS-4748-B

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL PRESSURE VESSELS

NOTE: Electronic copies of the Company’s MS/EG Specifications and

January 2001 Page 1 of 27

1.0 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................................... 4

2.0 GENERAL ................................................................................................................................ 5

Page 2 of 27 January 2001

10.0 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT....................................................................................... 24

January 2001 Page 3 of 27

1. Corrosion resistance to process environment

2. Service at very low temperatures

3. Service at very high temperatures

Page 4 of 27 January 2001

2.1 Code Conformance

January 2001 Page 5 of 27

3.1 Design Conditions

Comment 3.1.1 Austenitic stainless steels have an unusually low yield-to-tensile

See Appendix 1 and 2 of Section II, Part D of the Code.

Page 6 of 27 January 2001

pressure vessel, but supports frequently must be strengthened. Consideration should

CIV-EN-100 is available as a separate document from ETC Staff Support Services,

3.2 Welded Joints

Comment 3.2.1 Category A joints include (1) longitudinal, (2) circumferential

January 2001 Page 7 of 27

Comment 3.2.1.a When it is not possible to double weld, because of

3.3 Heads and Transitions

Comment 3.3.1 Torispherical heads can have very high circumferential

Page 8 of 27 January 2001

Comment 3.3.2 Toriconical transitions have radiused "knuckles" at the intersection

Comment 3.3.3 Straight flanges (straight cylindrical extensions at knuckles)

3.4 Nozzles, Manways, Bosses, and Other Openings

January 2001 Page 9 of 27

Page 10 of 27 January 2001

Comment 3.5.2 Welds that are covered or intersected by attachments cannot be

3.6 Vessel Supports

1. Design of support skirts shall conform to Standard Drawing GB-C78876.

2. Design of support legs shall conform to Standard Drawing GD-C99945.

3. Design of support saddles shall conform to Standard Drawing GF-C99694.

January 2001 Page 11 of 27

4.1 Pressure Containing Components

Comment 4.1.1 Cold forming can result in appreciable strain hardening of

4.1.2 Castings are prohibited, unless agreed to by the Company in writing.

4.2 Internal Components

Page 12 of 27 January 2001

Comment 4.2.1 Economies in the fabrication of internal components could be

4.3 Skirts and Supports

4.4 External Attachments

January 2001 Page 13 of 27

Recommended materials for stainless steel bolting materials should be obtained

5.1 Welding Methods

Page 14 of 27 January 2001

Comment 5.1.1 Interrupted-arc GMAW is used to control penetration and root-

5.2 Heat Treatment

5.2.1 Thermal Stress Relief

January 2001 Page 15 of 27

Uninsulated vessels which operate continuously or intermittently above 150°F may

1. Coastal locations and off-shore platforms with salt spray.

2. Locations with salt water fire water systems.

3. Process stream with high chloride content.

Judgment should be exercised when deciding whether stress relief is warranted.

5.2.2 Thermal Stabilization

When specified in Appendix A, all welds shall be thermally stabilized at 1625-1675°F

Comment 5.2.2 Thermal stabilization is occasionally used with Type 321 SS or