Company Standard 1-099-00-026-E

Page 1 of 10

Design and Manufacturing Guidelines

Weld Seam Quality Assessment Groups: Imperfections – Tarnish –

Surface Roughness
(according to DIN EN ISO 5817 (2014-06))

1 General information

1.1 Application
This standard applies to fusion welds in steel, nickel titanium and their alloys (not to beam welding).

1.2 Applied standards

- DIN EN ISO 5817 (2014-06): Welding - Fusion-Welded Joints in Steel, Nickel, Titanium and
Their Alloys (Beam Welding Excluded) - Quality Levels for Imperfections
- AD 2000 Code Concerning Pressure Vessels, alternatively EN 13445
- ASME-BPV Code Sec. VIII: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
- ASME Code for Pressure Piping B 31.3 - 2014
- ASME-BPE - 2014: Bioprocessing Equipment
- Technical Provision TP 60 (Anheuser Busch specification)
- ANSI/AWS D 18.1 - 2009: Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe
Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications
- EHEDG Recommendations: EHEDG = European Hygienic Engineering and Design Group No.
9 and 35

1.3 First edition

Official implementation date of the first edition: Unknown

First edition : Unknown

Issue date : 08.10.2015

Official implementation date : 08.10.2015

Notice:
This company standard describes and governs the basic principles of the technical requirements
concerning the subject in question. It does not include manufacturer-specific solutions for
selection or adjustment. Technical and design-related issues from KRONES company standards
and their integration in the manufacturing process are to be implemented by the departments
concerned at the latest by the application date of the company standard. The specialist
departments must endeavour to create standardised implementation plans in relation to
requirements that transcend divisional boundaries placed on them by a company standard and
thus support the standardisation process.

Only the intranet version is valid.

!!! No change service for the print version !!!
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 2 of 10

2 Content

1 General information ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Application ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Applied standards ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 First edition ............................................................................................................................ 1
2 Content ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
3 Application ................................................................................................................................................. 3
4 Terms ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Symbols ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Assessment of imperfections ..................................................................................................................... 4
6.1 Multiple imperfections ........................................................................................................... 4
6.2 Fault catalogue ...................................................................................................................... 4
7 Classification of malfunctions .................................................................................................................... 5
8 Weld seam assessment groups at KRONES ............................................................................................ 5
9 KRONES-specific requirements ................................................................................................................ 6
9.1 Permissible tarnish ................................................................................................................ 6
9.2 Roughness of weld surfaces (final run and root) .................................................................. 6
9.3 Definition of the Krones assessment group B+ ..................................................................... 7
9.4 Other deviations from DIN EN ISO 5817 .............................................................................. 7
10 Vibration strength of welded joints ........................................................................................ 8
10.1 FAT classes........................................................................................................................... 8
10.2 Consideration of the vibration load on welded joints............................................................. 9
11 Appendix A .......................................................................................................................... 10
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 3 of 10

3 Application

This standard applies to fusion welds in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (not to beam welding).

The assessment groups relate to the manufacturing quality of individual weld seams, not the
entire component.

Therefore, various assessment groups can be specified for the different welds of one component.

The assessment groups are specified in such a way that they permit a broad application in welding
production.

The assessment groups relate to the quality of manufacturing, not to the usability of the product.

This standard applies to:

 unalloyed and alloyed steel
 nickel and alloys
 titanium and alloys

 manual, mechanised and automatic welding

 all welding positions

 all weld types, e.g. butt welds, fillet welds and pipe branches

 for fully and partially welded seams

 the following welding processes and related procedures according to ISO 4063:
11 metal-arc welding without gas protection
12 submerged arc welding
13 gas-shielded metal-arc welding
14 gas-shielded welding with non-consumable electrode
15 plasma arc welding
31 oxy-fuel gas welding (steel only)

Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness, are not considered.

Note on using the assessment groups:

The assessment groups are selected according to the following points:
- structural conditions
- subsequent machining and surface-finishing processes
- load types (static, dynamic)
- operating conditions (e.g. temperature)
- costs

The highest demands placed on the weld quality (assessment group B or B+) normally require special
treatment and frequently cause additional expense. This may be the case for:
 dynamically loaded welds
 weld surfaces with special process engineering requirements (e.g. with product
contact)

In the case of components requiring inspection and approval, e.g. pressure equipment , you
must also observe the specifications of the technical code on which the project is based.
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 4 of 10

4 Terms
The terms used in DIN EN ISO 5817 apply for the application of this standard.

5 Symbols
The symbols used in DIN EN ISO 5817 apply for the application of this standard.

6 Assessment of imperfections

The limits for imperfections are listed in DIN EN ISO 5817 - Table 1.

If macroscopic examination is used for the detection of imperfections, only those imperfections which
can be detected with tenfold magnification or less are to be taken into account. Exceptions are micro
fusion defects (1.5) and micro cracks (2.2).

Systematic imperfections are permissible only in group D, assuming that the other requirements
according to DIN EN ISO 5817 - Table 1 are fulfilled.

Normally a weld seam should be assessed separately for each imperfection (1.1 to 3.2).

If a seam cross-section displays several types of imperfection, a special assessment will be necessary
(see multiple imperfections in 4.1).

The limits for multiple imperfections must be applied only if the requirements for a single imperfection
are not exceeded.

Two adjacent imperfections separated by a distance smaller then the main size of the smaller
imperfection must be considered as one imperfection.

6.1 Multiple imperfections

In the combination of multiple imperfections there is a theoretical possibility of superposed individual

imperfections. In this case, the total summation of all permissible deviations must be limited by
specified values for the various imperfections, i.e. the limit value of an individual imperfection ≤ h, e.
g. for a single pore, is not allowed to be exceeded.

6.2 Fault catalogue

DIN EN ISO 5817 can be applied in connection with a catalogue of realistic illustrations showing the
size of the permissible imperfections for the different assessment groups on photographs of the final
run and root of the seam and/or reproductions of radiographs and micrographs representing the weld
seam cross-section. One example of such a catalogue can be found in "Reference radiographs for
the assessment of weld imperfections according to ISO 5817" published by the International Institute
of Welding (IIW) and Deutscher Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren, Düsseldorf. This
catalogue can be used with reference cards in order to assess the different imperfections and can be
drawn on to resolve differences of opinion concerning the permissible size of imperfections.
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 5 of 10

7 Classification of malfunctions
DIN EN ISO 5817 classifies the imperfections in the following groups:

1 Surface imperfections (no. 1.1 to 1.24)

2 Internal imperfections (no. 2.1 to 2.13)
3 Seam geometry imperfections (3.1 to 3.2)
4 Multiple imperfections (4.1 to 4.2)

Groups 1 and 3 or 4 are decisive for the visual inspection.

8 Weld seam assessment groups at KRONES

The assessment groups defined by KRONES are based on the specifications of DIN EN ISO 5817 but
also integrate the weld seam quality requirements imposed by the technical codes and user
specifications listed in section 1.2, which differ in part from DIN EN ISO 5817.

Appendix A presents a comparison of the requirements according to the various technical codes.

Table 1: Overview of assessment groups for weld seams at KRONES

ASG* i.a.w. Description
D ISO 5817 Low requirements
C ISO 5817 Medium requirements
B ISO 5817 High requirements
Like B but with additional requirements which are common for welds in
B+ KRONES
contact with product and/or gas
Like C but with additional requirements resulting from vibration load FAT
C63 ISO 5817
Class 63
Like B but with additional requirements resulting from vibration load FAT
B90 ISO 5817
Class 90
Like B but with additional requirements resulting from vibration load FAT
B125 ISO 5817
Class 125
Like B+ but with additional requirements resulting from vibration load FAT
B+90 KRONES
Class 90
Like B+ but with additional requirements resulting from vibration load FAT
B+125 KRONES
Class 125

* ASG = assessment group

The assessment group B + at KRONES must not be confused with the homonymous assessment group
according to EN 1090-2 for EXC 4 in steel structures! Where the latter is required, it should also be
applied in accordance with EN 1090-2.
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 6 of 10

9 KRONES-specific requirements

9.1 Permissible tarnish

The tarnish permitted as standard on weld surfaces and roots (for steels according to DIN EN 10088-3
and ASME Code Sec. IIA, etc.) in the as-shipped condition is:

For assessment group D in accordance with the example below: level 1 – 7

For assessment group C in accordance with the example below: level 1 – 5
For assessment group B and B+ in accordance with the example below: level 1 – 3

The decisive criterion for the permissibility of tarnish is the as-shipped condition, i.e. the surface
which actually comes into contact with the product.
Essential surface treatment (after the welding) must be noted in addition on the drawing.

If the tarnish needs to meet requirements which differ from the above standard assignment (e.g. max.
level 3 for assessment group D), this must be entered explicitly in the drawing as follows:
"Permissible tarnish for weld seam no. X is max. level Y".

Clarification of the parent metals nickel and titanium is required between Engineering and
Production for each project.

Figure 1: Reference colour chart from ANSI/AWS D 18.1 (Please use the original chart to compare the colours! This
chart can be obtained from CRD Laws, Standards, Guidelines)

9.2 Roughness of weld surfaces (final run and root)

EHEDG recommends Ra ≤ 4 μm (recommendation no. 9) for round weld seams which come into contact
with the product. As a rule this can be achieved only by mechanised welding (e.g. orbital welding) and/or
subsequent grinding!

Longitudinal weld seams produced during the production of semi-finished material generally meet higher
requirements. However, this cannot be applied to pipe joint welds.
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 7 of 10

9.3 Definition of the Krones assessment group B+

The KRONES assessment group B+ is common for weld seams which come into contact with
product/gas and is a combination of requirements from assessment group B in accordance with ISO
5817 and the additional requirements from Table 2. It takes account of stricter requirements from other
technical codes which differ from ISO 5817.

Table 2: Requirements for assessment group B+ at Krones which differ from the requirements of assessment group
B in accordance with ISO 5817
Imperfection Limit values for imperfections in assessment group
B+ in accordance with KRONES
Undercut (5011, 5012) Not permissible
Edge misalignment of pipes (5072) for OD ≤ 29mm ≤ 0.15 t
for 29mm < OD ≤ 85mm ≤ 0.2 t
t from 0.5 to 3 mm
for OD > 85mm < 0.6 mm
(h<= 0.15 t in accordance with AWS D18.1)
In extreme tolerance pairings deviations can occur
Too high seam (502)
h <= 0.3 mm
for pipes, t from 0.5 bis 3 mm
Too high root (504)
h <= 0.1 t
for pipes, t from 0.5 bis 3 mm
Fused-on spatter (602) Not permissible

Tarnish (610) See chapter 9.1

Micro cracks (1001) Permissibility is decided by the inspection personnel! This
requires consideration of the data in the product standards
and the material properties.
Roughness of weld surface Ra ≤ 4 μm (refer to sect. 9.2)
OD = outer diameter; h = height or width of the imperfection; t = thickness of pipe wall or plate

9.4 Other deviations from DIN EN ISO 5817

 The permissibility of micro cracks (1001) for assessment groups B+, B and C is decided by the
inspection personnel. This requires consideration of the data in the product standards and the
material properties.

 Arc strikes (601) are generally not permitted at KRONES.

 Fused-on spatter (602) is generally not permitted in assessment groups B+ and B. Singular
fused-on spatter is permitted in all other cases.
Deviations from this rule must be noted accordingly in the drawing or corresponding work
instructions.

 Tarnish (610) is regulated in chapter 8.1.

 1-099-00-026-E

Page 8 of 10

10 Vibration strength of welded joints

10.1 FAT classes

The FAT class defines the strength of a weld seam. It specifies the stress amplitude which can be
6
withstood over 2*10 vibration cycles (see Figure 2).

The International Institute of Welding (IIW) has issued recommendations for the assessment and
classification of different structural details in terms of FAT class.

The nominal stress, structural stress or notch stress concept can be used to assess the load.

It should be noted that the respective FAT class is also dependent on the assessment concept use.

IIW recommendations:
Selected joint types and Woehler lines

Figure 2
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 9 of 10

10.2 Consideration of the vibration load on welded joints

5
The term vibration load (dynamic load) is used when more than 10 load cycles are anticipated
throughout the service life.

Welded joints exposed to such loads require higher FAT classes (C63, B90, B125).
To achieve these classes, stricter requirements are applied to select imperfections: see Table C.1 in
Appendix C of ISO 5817 !

The assessment group B125 is achievable only by refinishing (e.g. grinding, subsequent overwelding ….)
and is not possible with fillet welds.

The additional requirements for vibration load and for weld seams which come into contact with
product/gas can also arise simultaneously on one weld seam.
You must then combine the KRONES assessment group B+ with the required FAT class and enter it as
assessment group in the drawing:

Example: Assessment group B+125  the additional requirements for product contact and vibration
load with FAT class 125 must be observed.
 1-099-00-026-E

Page 10 of 10

11 Appendix A

Table for comparison of the requirements from the different technical codes on which this company
standard is based, according to section 1.2 for:

- too high seam (butt weld)

- too high root
- offset edges for girth welds
- undercuts

Table 3
Imperfection ISO 5817 Anhaeuser EHEDG ANSI/AWS ASME ASME ASME
according to Assessment Busch Recommendati D 18.1 Code Sec. B 31.3 BPE-
Serial No. ISO group B Specificatio on VIII Para. 2014
6520 t = 0.5 – 3 mm n TP 60 UW 33 / 35
Referenc
Reference
Ordinal no. 502 e to
≤ 1mm + 0.1 b to ASME
Too high seam ≤ 1.65 mm ≤ 0.4 mm ≤ 0.3 mm 0.8 mm ASME
max. 5mm sec. VIII +
(butt weld) sec. VIII
sec. IV
+ sec. IV
Referenc
Reference
e to
Ordinal no. 504 to ASME
≤ 1mm + 0.1 b ≤ 0.1 t ≤ 0.1 t ≤ 0.3 mm 0.8 mm ASME
Too high root sec. VIII +
sec. VIII
sec. IV
+ sec. IV

for OD ≤ 29mm
≤ 0.15 t
Referenc
Ordinal no. 507 Reference
for 29mm < OD e to
Offset edge on ≤ 0.5 t to ASME
≤ 0.8 mm ≤ 85mm ≤ 0.15 t 0.25 t ASME
girth weld Max. 2mm sec. VIII +
≤ 0.2 t sec. VIII
sec. IV
+ sec. IV
for OD > 85mm
< 0.6 mm

Referenc
Reference
Ordinal no. e to
Not No to ASME
5011/5012 No statement No statement 0.1 t ASME
permissible! statement sec. VIII +
Undercuts sec. VIII
sec. IV
+ sec. IV
t= wall thickness; b = seam or root width; OD = outer diameter