EC-804

Advanced Communication Engineering

Laboratory Manual

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Bhopal

Submitted By : Guided By :

Ayushi Gupta Dr. Aparna Gupta

ECE ‘A’
0157EC191036

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science
 Advanced Communication Engineering lab (EC-804)

INDEX
Sr.No List of Experiments Date of Date of Remark
performing submission
1. To study amplitude shift
keying modulation &
Demodulation
2. To study frequency shift
keying modulation &
demodulation
3. DPSK generation and
detection

4. QPSK generation and

detection

5. Time Division multiplexing of

2 band limited signal

6. Analog and digital

communication link using
optical fiber
7. To study the dipole antenna
radiation pattern(simple dipole
and folded dipole)
8. To find the gain and directivity
of YADI UDA antenna, dipole
antenna and patch antenna
9. BPSK generation and
detection

10. To study Manchaster coding and

decoding

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 Experiment No – 1
Aim : To study amplitude shift keying modulation and demodulation
Apparatus Required : Transistor SLlOO,Resistors-4.7 kΩ, 20 kΩ (pot), 10 kΩ (pot),
OpAmp ].1A741, DiodeBy127.

Theory :
ASK Modulator

The block diagram of the ASK modulator is shown below. The sine carrier (1200 or 1800 Hz) is
applied to an input of the balanced modulator 1; a data signal (indicated with I) is connected to
the other circuit. The circuit usually carries out the balanced modulator function, and multiplies
the two signals applied across the inputs. Unbalancing, though, the circuit with switch SW6 (in
position ASK/FSK), it operates as amplitude modulator generating in this way the ASK signal of
fig 2.1. The last, then, enters the adder used for FSK/QPSK/QAM modulations, and exits via a
separator stage. The 6dB attenuator cuts the signal amplitude into half, and is activated only with
the QAM. To block the operation of the balanced modulator 2 in ASK mode, the data input of
the same modulator must be set on ASK (J3=d).

Fig. ASK Modulator

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ASK Demodulator

The ASK demodulator consists of the sections represented in fig :

• A full wave envelope detector (ASK DEM)

• A low pass filter

• A threshold circuit (with output across TP29) in case of asynchronous data, which are not re-
timed• a clock extraction and data re-timing circuit, in case of synchronous data (data output on
TP31, clock on TP32).

The filter, the clock extraction circuit and the data re-timing one are used to demodulate also
other kind of signals.

Fig. ASK Demodulator

Result :
Amplitude shift keying modulation and demodulation studied Succesfully.

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 Experiment No-2

Aim: To study frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation

Apparatus Required: Transistor - SLlOO, SKIOO, Resistors, Capacitors.

Theory:
FSK is one of the digital modulation technique. Here frequency of the carrier is switched

between two values. A sinusoidal of amplitude' A' and frequency fc1 is used to represent a

binary '1' and frequency fc2 is used to represent binary '0'. FSK modulated waveform can be

represented as,

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Circuit Diagram :

Result :
Frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation studied successfully.

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 Experiment No- 3

Aim: To study DPSK generation and detection

Theory:
The carrier wave signal is generated by a weinbridge oscillator around ***KHZ at ±5V P-P sine
wave using 741 the sine wave is convert into square wave using TL084 in comparator mode. The
Transistor BC 107 converts the square signal to TTL levels. This is used as a basic bit clock or
180° for a mark and 0° for space. This Square wave is used as a clock input to a decade
counter(IC 7490) which generates the modulating data outputs.

The modulation is performed as follows:

The Differential signal to the modulating is generated using an Exclusive-OR gate(7486) and a
1-bit delay circuit using D flipFlop 7474 CD 4051 is an analog multiplexer to which carrier is
applied with and without 180°degrees Phase shift(created by using an operational amplifier
connected in inverting amplifier mode) to the input of the TL084.Differential signal generated by
Ex-OR gate (IC 7486) is given to the multiplexer‟s control signal input. Depending upon the
level of the control signal, carrier signal applied with or without phase shift is steered to the
output. 1-bit delay generation of differential signal to the input is created by using a D-flip-
flop(IC 7474).

The demodulation is performed as follows:

During the demodulation, the data and carrier are recovered through a TL084 op amp in
comparator mode. This level is brought to TTL level using a transistor and is applied to one input
of an EX-OR gate. To the second input of the gate, carrier signal is applied after conversion into
a +5V signal. So the EX-OR gate output is equivalent to the differential signal of the modulating
data. This differential data is applied to one input of an Exclusive-OR gate and to the second
input, after 1-bit delay the same signal is given. So the output of this EX-OR gate is the
recovered modulating signal.

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Circuit Diagram :

Results:
DPSK generation and detection studied successfully.

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 Experiment No-4

Aim: To study QPSK generation and detection

Theory:
Digital Phase Modulation (or Phase Shift Keying - PSK) is very similar to Frequency
Modulation. It, involves changing the phase of the transmitted waveform instead of the
frequency, these finite phase changes representing digital data. In its simplest form, a phase-
modulated waveform can be generated by using the digital data to switch between two signals of
equal frequency but opposing phase. Taking the above concept of PSK one stage further, it can
be supposed that the number of phase shifts is not limited to only two states. The transmitted
"carrier" can undergo any number of phase changes and by multiplying the received signal by a
sine wave of equal frequency will demodulate the phase shifts into frequency independent
voltage levels. This is, indeed the case in QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Sometimes this
is known as quaternary PSK, quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK). With QPSK, the carrier undergoes four
changes in 4 phases and can thus represent two bits of binary data. While this may seem
insignificant at first glance, a modulation scheme has now been supposed that enables a carrier to
transmit two bits of information instead of one, thus effectively doubling the bandwidth of
carrier. QPSK has four phases and for a given bit-rate, the QPSK requires half the bandwidth of
PSK and is widely used for this reason.

Block Diagram:

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Result:
QPSK generation and detection studied successfully.

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 Experiment No – 5

Aim: To study time divison multiplexing of two band limited signals

Apparatus Required: Transistors, Resistors, Op Amp.

Theory:
TDM is a technique used for transmitting several message signals over a communication
channel by dividing the time frame into slots, one slot for each message signal. This is a digital
technique in which the circuit is highly modular in nature and provides reliable and efficient
operation.
There is no cross talk in TDM due to circuit nonlinearities since the pulses are completely
isolated. But it also has its disadvantages, which include timing jitter and synchronization is
required. In pulse-amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a periodic train of pulses is varied in
proportion to a message signal. TDM provides an effective method for sharing a communication
channel.

Circuit Diagram:

Result:
Time division multiplexing of two band limited signals studied successfully.
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Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science
 Experiment No – 6

Aim: Analog and digital communication link using optical fiber

Apparatus Required:
1. ST2501 Trainer with power supply cord

2. Optical Fiber cable

3. Cathode ray oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Theory:
A) Analog Communication
In fiber optic communication systems, lasers are used to transmit messages in numeric
code by flashing on and off at high speeds. This code can constitute a voice or an
electronic file containing, text, numbers, or illustrations, all by using fiber optics. The
light from many lasers are added together onto a single fiber optic enabling thousands of
currents of data to pass through a single fiber optic cable at one time. This data will travel
through the fiber optics and into interpreting devices to convert the messages back into
the form of its original signals. Industries also use fiber optics to measure temperatures,
pressure, acceleration and voltage, among an assortment of other uses.

Connection Diagram :

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B) Digital Communication

In fiber optic communication systems, lasers are used to transmit messages in numeric code
by flashing on and off at high speeds. This code can constitute a voice or an electronic file
containing, text, numbers, or illustrations, all by using fiber optics. The light from many
lasers are added together onto a single fiber optic enabling thousands of currents of data to
pass through a single fiber optic cable at one time. This data will travel through the fiber
optics and into interpreting devices to convert the messages back into the form of its original
signals. Industries also use fiber optics to measure temperatures, pressure, acceleration and
voltage, among an assortment of other uses.

Connection Diagram :

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 Observation:

Input Signal Output Signal

Voltage Frequency Voltage Frequency

0.5v 10hz 0.5v 20hz

1v 20hz 1v 40hz

Conclusion: Successfully studied analog and digital communication link using optical
fiber.

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 Experiment No – 7

Aim: To study the dipole antenna radiation pattern (simple dipole and folded
dipole antenna)

Experimental Setup:

Theory :
Antennas can be broadly classified by the directions in which they radiate or receive
electromagnetic radiation. They can be isotropic, omni directional or directional. An
Isotropic antenna is a hypothetical antenna that radiates uniformly in all directions so that the
electric field at any point on a sphere has the same magnitude. Such radiation cannot be
realized in practice since in order to radiate uniformly in all directions an isotropic antenna
would have to be a point source. A directional antenna radiates most of its power in one
particular direction examples of directional antennas are YAGI UDA, log-Periodic and
helical.

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Simple Dipole Radiation Pattern:

Folded Dipole Radiation Pattern:

Result:

The dipole antenna radiation pattern (simple dipole and folded dipole antenna) studied
successfully.

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science
 Experiment No-8
Aim: To find the gain and Directivity of YAGI UDA Antenna, Dipole Antenna
and Patch Antenna

Apparatus Required:
1. Microwave Generator

2. SWR Meter

3. Detector

4. RF Amplifier

5. Transmitter and receiving mast

6. Mains cord

7. Antennas

- YAGI Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 4.7) - 2 no.

- Dipole Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 4.7) - 1 no.

- Patch Antenna (Dielectric Constant: 3.02) - 1 no

Theory:
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be radiation from
this end. The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the
power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the radiating
antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical reasons it is
normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes. An antenna pattern
consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back lobe. The major power is
concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the power in the side lobes arid back
lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to
the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni-directional antenna (radiating equally
in all directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna. As
we know that the 3dB beam width is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where
the power intensity is half the maximum power intensity.

Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver. There are
several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is to compare the unknown
antenna with a standard gain antenna with known gain. Another method is to use two

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 identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver. From following formula the gain can
be calculated.

Where, Pt is transmitted power

Pr is received Power,

G1, G2 is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna

S is the radial distance between two antennas

If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above equation :

In the above equation Pt, Pr and S and can be measured and gain can be computed. As is evident
from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value of Pt and Pr only ratio is
required which can be measured by SWR meter.

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Result: Successfully studied the gain and directivity of YAGI UDA, Dipole and Patch antenna.

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science
 Experiment No- 9

Aim: To study BPSK generation and detection

Theory:
This is also called as 2-phase PSK (or) Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave
carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°. BPSK is basically a DSB-SC (Double Side
band Suppressed Carrier) modulation scheme, for message being the digital information.
Following is the image of BPSK Modulated output wave along with its input. The simplest form
of PSK is binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), where N = 1 and M = 2.Therefore, with BPSK, two
phases (21 = 2) are possible for the carrier. One phase represents a logic 1, and the other phase
represents a logic 0. As the input digital signal changes state (i.e., from a 1 to a 0 or from a 0 to a
1), the phase of the output carrier shifts between two angles that are separated by 180°. Hence,
other names for BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) and bi phase modulation. BPSK is a
form of square-wave modulation of a continuous wave (CW) signal.
The generation is performed as follows:

To generate the BPSK signal, we build on the fact that the BPSK signal is a special case of DSB-
SC modulation. Specifically, we use a product modulator consisting of two components.

(i) Non-return-to-zero level encoder, whereby the input binary data sequence is encoded in polar
form with symbols 1 and 0 represented by the constant- amplitude. Product modulator, which
multiplies the level encoded binary wave by the sinusoidal carrier of amplitude to produce the
BPSK signal. The timing pulses used to generate the level encoded binary wave and the
sinusoidal carrier wave are usually, but not necessarily, extracted from a common master clock

The detection is performed as follows:

To detect the original binary sequence of 1s and 0s, the BPSK signal at the channel output is
applied to a receiver that consists of four sections

(a) Product modulator, which is also supplied with a locally generated reference signal that is
a replica of the carrier wave

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(b) Low-pass filter, designed to remove the double-frequency components of the product
modulator output (i.e., the components centered on ) and pass the zero frequency
components.

(c) Sampler, which uniformly samples the output of the low-pass filter at where; the local clock
governing the operation of the sampler is synchronized with the clock responsible for bit-timing
in the transmitter.

(d) Decision-making device, which compares the sampled value of the low- pass filters output to
an externally supplied threshold, every seconds. If the threshold is exceeded, the device decides
in favor of symbol 1; otherwise, it decides in favor of symbol 0. levels.

Circuit Diagram :

Results:
BPSK generation and detection studied successfully.

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science
 Experiment No – 10
Aim : To study Manchaster coding and decoding.
Apparatus Required : Data Encoding kit, Data bit generator, Patch cords, CRO, CRO
Probes

Theory :
The main disadvantage with all the previous formats is their inability to provide reliable clock
synchronized information to the receiver clock. biphase codes overcome this problem by
providing the transition in both O's and '1's. The two most common biphase codes in practice are
biphase (Manchester) & biphase (Mark) codes. Also these codes are independent of the DC
Levels i.e. they have zero DC component.

Biphase (Manchester) Coding:

The encoding rules for biphase (Manchester) code are as follows. A data '0' is encoded as a low
level during first half of the bit time and a high level during the second half. A data 'l' is encoded
as a high level during first half of the bit time and a low level during the second half. Thus string
of l's or O's as well as any mixture of them will not pass any synchronization problem in
receiver. Figure 1 shows the biphase

(Manchester) waveform for a given data stream.

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Bandwidth:

The Biphase (Manchester) code always contains at least one transition per bit time, irrespective
of the data being transmitted. Hence the maximum frequency of the Biphase (Manchester) code
is equal to the data clock rate when a stream of consecutive data 'l' & '0' is transmitted.
Therefore the required bandwidth is same as that of the RZ code & double as that of the NRZ
(L) code.

DC Level:

Since the biphase (Manchester) code has a high level for half of each data bit time & low level
for second half irrespective of the data. The effective DC level of the biphase coded waveform is
zero. This allows it to be used in AC coupled communication systems.

Problem In Decoding:

This form of coding certainly provides plenty of rising edges for clock synchronization but they
do not all occur at same time e.g. we have a rising transition at the start of code for data 'I' where
as for data 'O' we have it at the midway of the data bit time. This causes confusion in the clock
regeneration circuit. To overcome this, we employ a special biphase clock recovery circuit
which can be synchronized by the rising edge occurring at either time.Rest of the decoding is
same as for the RZ code. Since the valid data is carried for in first half of each clock period, we
ensure that the regenerated receiver clock's rising edge occurs at this time.

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Diagram :

Result :
Manchaster coding and decoding studied Succesfully.

Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College Of Technology & Science