VIT

5 TOPIC:| Binomlal Theorem

OBJECTIVE

to write binomial expansion for a given positive integral

nstruct
c o n s t r u c t
aa Pascal's triangle and
Pas
To
exponent.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

White paper sheets

.Cardboard
Adhesive (Glue)
Match sticks
Eraser
or pencils
.Coloured pens
.Cutter

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

Binomial theorem for any positive integer n:

+ "C,a" 2b2 + + "C,ab"

(a + by" = Ca+"C,a"-lb

Or

(a+b)" = "C,a"b*
k = 0

known as binomial coefficients.

theorem are
ne coeficients "C, occuring in the binomial
one more than index.
of (a + b" i.e.,
Te are (n + 1) terms in the expansion
is .
ne sum of indices of a and b in every term of the expansion
array. This array
is called
binomial expansion are arranged in an

D Tiangle: The coefficients of

ASCal's triangle. It is also known as Prastara by Pingla.
+ -X += 1
0

VV
2
3 1 VV71
3

6 4
1 4
4
FIG. 15.1

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

white paper on it.

a
.Take a card-board and paste
them as shown in the following Fig. 15.2.
sticks and arrange
.Take few match

Row

1 Row lI

R o w lI

3 Row IV
3

RowV
4

10
Row VI
5 10

6 15 20 6 Row VI
FIG. 15.2

.Write the number as follows:

(First row)
(Second row)
1 2 (Third row)
1 3 (Fourth row)
4 6 (Fifth row)
and shown in Fig. 15.2.
so on as

T o write binomial
expansion of (a + b)". Write the numbers as coefficients written in Fig. 15.2.

58 Laboratory Manual in Mathematics XI

 +-X+=
DEMONSTRATION
The structure in Fig. 15.2 looks like a triangle with 1 at the top and running down the two slanting sides.
This arrangement is known as Pascal's triangle. It is also known as Meru Prastara by Pingla.
Numbers in second row gives the coefficient of binomial expansion of (a + 6)'.
Numbers in third row gives the coefficients of binomial expansion of (a + b).
This remain continue for further higher index.

OBSERVATIONS
Numbers in the fifth row are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion (a + b)'.
Numbers in the sixth row are 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion (a + b)".
.Similarly in seveth row, numbers are 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1 which are coefficients of the binomial expansion
(a+ b)".
(a+b =a + 3ab +3ab+ b3
(a +b = a5 + 5a'b + 10ab2 + 10ab3+ 5ab +b5.
(a +b)8 a3 + 8a'b + 28a°b2 + 56ab+ 70a1b + 56ab5 + 28a65 8ab7 + b5.
Similarly we can write the expansions for higher powers

RESULT
Pascal's triangle can be used to write the coefficients of the term for (a + b)", wheren is a positive number.

APPLICATION
This activity is useful to find the coefficient of the expansion of (a + b", for n 20.
 CTI
VIT Sequences and
16 TOPIC
Series

OBIECTIVE

To obtain formula for the sum of squares of first n-natural numbers.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Wooden/Plastic unit cubes . Coloured paper
.Adhesive
Nails
Eraser Cutter

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

n(n + 1)
.The sum of first n natural numbers =

2
1
.The sum of squares of first n-natural number is given by: 12+22 +
3 + +n =nn +1)(2n-

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
Take 1 (12 wooden/Plastic unit cube as shown in Fig. 16.1.
Take 4 = (2) wooden/Plastic unit cubes as shown in Fig. 16.2.
Take 9 (3)2 wooden/Plastic unit cubes as shown in Fig. 16.3. valu-
er
10r
Take 16 =
(4) wooden/Plastic unit cubes as shown in Fig. 16.4 and continue it

FIG. 16.1 FIG. 16.2

 X+ =

FIG. 16.3
FIG. 16.4
t h e cube and all the cuboid in
Fig. 16.1 to 16.4 as to form
Fig. 16.5. an
echelon type structure as
shown in
Awange these six structure to form a
bigger cuboidal structure as shown in Fig. 16.6.

FIG. 16.5
FIG. 16.6

DEMONSTRATION
Volume in Fig. 16.1 1 cubic units.
Volume in Fig. 16.2 4 cubic units.
Volume in Fig. 16.3 =9 cubic units.
Volume in Fig. 16.4 16 cubic units.
Oume in Fig. 16.5 = 1 + 4 +9 (2)2 + (3 + (4)2
+ 16 (1)? +

*hevolume of such 6 structure = 6 [12 + 2232 4 ] cu units.

Volume of cuboidal box in
Fig. 16.6 is
4x 5 x 9 4 x 1 x (4 + 1) x (2 x 4+ 1)
i.e 180 4 x (4 + 1) x (2 x 4+ 1)

61+24 +33 + 4] = 4 x (4 + 1) x (2 x
4 + 1)
12+ 22 + 32 + 42 =
14
6
(4+ 1) (2 x
4 + 1]

Mathematics X 61
Laboratory Manual in
OBSERVATIONS
We observe that:

1 2 +22 +32 + 42=4 (4 + 1) (2 x 4 + 1

1 2 +22 +32 + 42 +5 = 15 (5 + 1) (2 x 5 + 1))
6

12+22 +32 + 42 +52 + 62 =

[6 (6 1) (2 x 6 + 1
This process will remain continue for next values.

So, 12+ 22 +32 + n2 = 1 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)

5

RESULTI
We obtained the formula for sum of squares of first n-natural numbers

i.e., 12+22 3 2 . . n2 = n (n + 1) (2n + 1)

6

APPLICATION
We can find the sum of square of first n-natural numbers.