DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MOTION SENSOR LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

A motion detector detects moving objects, particularly people. A motion detector

is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task

or alerts a user of motion in an area. Motion detectors form a vital component of

automated lighting control. Its use is to illuminate an area when a person walks by

so that he or she can see well. Many people place motion detectors in their

backyards or even in their houses so that when they walk through that area, the

lights will automatically turn on.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF PIR SENSORS AND ITS APPLICATION

2.2 THE ROLE OF SENSORS IN YOUR HOME SECURITY

2.3 TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS
2.4 OTHER MOTION SENSOR FEACTURES

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5 COMPONENTS LIST

3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4 TESTING

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

5.3 REFERENCES
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The motion detector is not only used as intruder alarm but also used in many

applications like home automation system, energy efficiency system, etc. The

motion detector will detect the motion of the people or objects and give the

appropriate output according to the circuit. In general, motion detector uses

different types of sensors like Passive infrared sensor (which will detect the

motion of the person using the person body heat), microwave sensor (Microwave

sensor will detect the motion of person by measuring the change in frequency

from the produced beam), ultrasonic sensor (It produces acoustic signals which

will detect the motion of a person) etc.  There are some motion detectors which

will use different technology and include number of sensors (PIR, microwave

sensor, ultrasonic sensor, etc.) to reduce the false triggering and increase the

accuracy in motion detection.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The first motion detector was invented in the early 1950s by Samuel Bango, and

which was a burglar alarm. He applied the fundamentals of a radar to ultrasonic

waves – a frequency to detect fire or thief and that which human beings cannot

hear. Samuel motion detector is based on the principle of Doppler Effect.

Nowadays, most of the motion detectors work on the principle of Samuel Bango’s

detector. IR sensors and microwave sensors can detect motion by the alterations

in the frequencies they emit.

Motion detectors are used as security systems in banks, offices and shopping

malls, and also as intruder alarm in home. The prevailing motion detectors can

stop serious accidents by sensing the persons who are in close proximity to the

detector. We can observe motion detectors in shopping malls or stores with

automatic doors. The main element in the motion detector circuit is the dual

infrared reflective sensor or any other detecting sensor.

An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor,

and in many cases a transmitter for illumination. However, a passive sensor only

senses a signal emitted by the moving object itself. Changes in the optical,

microwave, or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the

electronics based on one of the technologies listed below. Most inexpensive

motion detectors can detect up to distances of at least 15 feet (5 meters).

Specialized systems are more expensive but have much longer ranges.
Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because the

radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and

are detected in multiple locations, not just at the location of the transmitter.

Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications.

One common application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses

and public buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true

occupancy sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as

lobbies and staircases). In such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by

only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has

presumably left the area. A motion detector may be among the sensors of a

burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service when it

detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a

security camera in order to record the possible intrusion.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is construct a motion sensor that is use is to illuminate

an area when a person walks by so that he or she can see well. Many people place

motion detectors in their backyards or even in their houses so that when they

walk through that area, the lights will automatically turn on.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the top dog of your security system,

because it is the main device that detects when someone is in your home when

they should not be. A motion sensor uses one or multiple technologies to detect

movement in an area. If a sensor is tripped, a signal is sent to your security

system's control panel, which connects to your monitoring center, alerting you

and the monitoring center to a potential threat in your home.

1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The main purpose of motion sensor is to sense person’s movement then lighten

the environment the movement was detected.

Its use is to illuminate an area when a person walks by so that he or she can see

well. Many people place motion detectors in their backyards or even in their

houses so that when they walk through that area, the lights will automatically

turn on.

1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Motion sensors stand guard, ready to react to various situations, such as

movement in your living room, windows or doors being opened or closed, or a

broken window. Thus, motion sensor lights are very popular and being increased

in use. Businesses use them all the time such as for bathrooms, when a person

walks in, the lights turn on. Or many times they are used in grocery stores for

when you pass through an aisle or open up a refrigerator door in the freezer

aisles. The applications are numerous.

Motion sensors can:

 Alert you in the event that your teen breaks curfew

 Trigger a doorbell when someone approaches the front door

 Alert you when kids enter restricted areas in the home, like the basement,

workout room, or medicine cabinet

 Save energy by using motion sensor lighting in unoccupied spaces

 Notify you if pets enter areas where they're not supposed to be

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Motion sensors have some problem:

1 it has a limited distance to detect the motion

 2 if a motion sensor for the automatic door is not mounted securely,

normal vibration, sign, plants and neon light can trigger the door open.

3 It cannot detect the small objects such as insects or raindrop.

4. Things may trigger the motion detector that you don't want to. An

outside detector mounted too close to a light that stays on at night, will be

triggered continuously by bugs.

5. The set shutoff time of the motion sensor may be too short (maybe only

30 seconds). For outside lights with a motion detector, if you want more

"on time", it's best to buy a model with an adjustable shutoff time.

6. The reliability of a motion sensor may also be affected by rapid

environmental changes and direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and

direct wind from an air conditioner or heater. This is because a PIR sensor

actually detects changes in infrared energy - specifically, the "heat energy"

emitted by normal human skin temperature.

1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly

put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this

project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to motion sensor light control

system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and

problem of a motion sensor light control system were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of motion sensor light control system. In this

chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved

during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality

was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF PIR SENSORS AND ITS APPLICATION

A passive infrared sensor is often used in motion detectors. A motion sensor (or

motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system, because it’s the main

device that detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn’t be. A

motion sensor uses one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an area.

If a sensor is tripped, a signal is sent to your security system’s control panel, which

connects to your monitoring center, alerting you and the monitoring center to a

potential threat in your home.

The following guide will answer all your questions about motion sensors: the

different types, proper placement, and how to use them.

2.2 THE ROLE OF SENSORS IN YOUR HOME SECURITY

The main purpose of ir sensor used in motion detection is to sense an intruder

and send an alert to your control panel, which alerts your monitoring center.

Sensors work when you are not home, or when you tell the system you are not

there. Some security systems can be programmed to record events via a security

camera when motion is detected.

sensors stand guard, ready to react to various situations, such as movement in

your living room, windows or doors being opened or closed, or a broken window

when used as motion detector. Motion sensors can:

 Alert you in the event that your teen breaks curfew

 Trigger a doorbell when someone approaches the front door

 Alert you when kids enter restricted areas in the home, like the basement,

workout room, or medicine cabinet

 Save energy by using motion sensor lighting in unoccupied spaces

 Notify you if pets enter areas where they're not supposed to be

Passive and Active Motion Sensors

There are two types of motion sensors: passive sensors and active sensors. Each

uses different technology to detect motion in the designated area. Passive

sensors do not emit energy, but read changes in energy in the surrounding area.

Active sensors emit one of three kinds of energy to identify motion in the

surrounding area: infrared light, microwave radiation, or sound waves.

2.3 TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS

Passive Infrared (PIR):

Detects body heat (infrared energy). Passive infrared sensors are the most widely

used motion in home security systems. When your system is armed, your motion

sensors are activated. Once the sensor warms up, it can detect heat and

movement in the surrounding areas, creating a protective “grid.” If a moving

object blocks too many grid zones and the infrared energy levels change rapidly,

the sensors are tripped.

MircoWave (MW):

Sends out microwave pulses and measures the reflection off a moving object.

They cover a larger area than infrared sensors, but they are vulnerable to

electrical interference and are more expensive.

Dual Technology Motion Sensors:

Motion sensors can have combined features in an attempt to reduce false alarms.

For example, a passive infrared (PIR) sensor could be combined with a microwave

sensor. Since each operates in different areas of the spectrum, and one is passive

and one is active, Dual Technology motion sensors are not as likely as other types

to cause false alarms, because in order for the alarm to be triggered, both sensors
have to be tripped. However, this does not mean that they never cause false

alarms.

Area Reflective Type:

Emits infrared rays from an LED. Using the reflection of those rays, the sensor

measures the distance to the person or object and detects if the object is within

the designated area.

Ultrasonic:

Sends out pulses of ultrasonic waves and measures the reflection off a moving

object.

Vibration:

Detects vibration. These can be purchased or easily made at home. A homemade

vibration sensor uses a small mass on a lever, which is activated by a switch to an

alarm when it vibrates. Homemade motion sensors can work, but they can also be

unreliable.

2.4 OTHER MOTION SENSOR FEATURES

Wireless Motion Sensors:

Today, most motion sensors are wireless. Wireless sensors are very easy to set

up. They do not require drilling, and they communicate with the other security

system components wirelessly.

Contact Motion Sensors (door/window):

Most contact motion sensors are passive infrared sensors. They trigger an alarm if

the protected door or window is opened while the system is armed.

Pet Immune Motion Sensors:

A passive infrared sensor can be set up to ignore animals up to a certain weight. A

dual technology motion sensor is more resistant to false alarms caused by animals

because it requires two sensors to be triggered in a manner determined by the

manufacturer. They can be set up to ignore a large animal or multiple small

animals without setting off a false alarm. Some sensors have a sensitivity level

that can be adjusted for families with very active animals.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

In this project, we will go over how to build a motion sensor light circuit. A motion

sensor light circuit is a circuit in which a light will turn on when movement is

detected near its vicinity.

Its use is to illuminate an area when a person walks by so that he or she can see

better. Many people place motion detectors in their backyards or even in their

houses so that when they walk through that area, the lights will automatically

turn on.

3.1 SYSTEM CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

The circuit diagram o f the system is as below:

3.2 OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM

In this circuit, we will create a motion sensor light circuit that will stay on for 30

seconds minutes when motion is detected. This is just for demonstration

purposes. Depending on what you use the circuit determines how long you may

want the lights to stay on for. For a refrigerator application such as in a

supermarket when the fridge door opens, 30 seconds would be adequate. Usually

people don’t stay in the fridge that long. If you’re using it for a bathroom, a longer

time period may be necessary such as 2-3 minutes. If the person is still in the

bathroom and moving, the sensor will turn right back.

The main electronic component we will use that allows us to pick up this

detection is the PIR motion sensor. The PIR motion sensor is a sensor which

detects movement through picking up infrared waves. Being that a person emits

infrared waves, the detector is able to detect these waves and react, according to

the how the circuit is designed to react. The sensor can also pick up the

movement of inanimate objects as well, such a rolling ball, because as those

objects move, friction acts on them, generating heat. This heat emits infrared

radiation, which the PIR sensors may be able to detect if great enough.

3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The one evening project presented here is based on a common and very popular

PIR module SB0061.

SB0061 is a pyroelectric sensor module,developed for human body detection. A

PIR detector combined with a fresnel lens are mounted on a compact size PCB

together with an analog IC (SB0061) and limited components to form the module.

High level output (3.3V) of pre-settable variable width (5Secs -18 Minutes) is

provided.
Circuit diagram of the PIR Motion Sensor Light and Switch based on SB0061

shown here can be used for security or corridor lighting in power saving mode.

The 12V DC supply required for the whole circuit can be fed from any standard

12V ac mains adaptor/battery.

Working of the circuit is simple and straight forward. When any movement is

detected within near 5-6 metres, around 3.3 Volt is appeared at the base of

Transistor T1 and it conducts to fire the next relay driver transistor T2. As a result,

the 12V DPDT relay is energised to power the White LED through current limiting

resistor R3. Spare relay contacts can be used as a switch to control any suitable

external load. The white LED and the relay remains ON for a duration based on

the mono time setting in SB0061, ie from 5 Secs to 18 Minutes.

3.4 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

There are many important components used in this circuit, they are as follows:

PIR SENSOR

PIR sensor is used here to detect the Human body movement, whenever there is

any body movement the voltage at output pin changes. Basically it detects the

Change in Heat, and produce output whenever such detection occurs.

The PIR motion sensor is a 3-pin device. Below is the pinout of this device:

Pin 1 is the pin which receives the positive DC voltage. The PIR motion sensor

needs between 5V-9VDC of power for operation. In our case, we will use about 6V

of power. This can be obtained from switching a DC power supply to 6V or using 4

'AA' batteries connected in series. We will then feed this voltage into pin 1 of the

PIR module.

Pin 2 is the negative DC voltage or ground pin of the device. We connect the

negative terminal of the power source to this pin, for a return path.
Pin 3 is the Output pin of the PIR module. This is where the output of the PIR will

leave from. When motion is detected by the PIR, its output will go high to 3V.

When no motion is detected, its output is low and it gives off practically no

voltage. The output pin will connect to the base of an NPN transistor. When no

motion is detected, the output is LOW and no current flows from the output of

the sensor. Therefore, the transistor does not get turned on. When motion is

detected, the output is HIGH and current flows from the output of the sensor and

turns on the transistor. The turned-on transistor then turns on the LED that is

attached to output. This is the motion sensor light.

RELAY

Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used

to switch ON and OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small

current we can switch ON the relay which allow much larger current to flow.

Relay is the good example of controlling the AC (alternate current) devices, using

a much smaller DC current.  Commonly used Relay is Single Pole Double Throw

(SPDT) Relay, it has five terminals as below:

When there is no voltage applied to the coil, COM (common) is connected to NC

(normally closed contact). When there is some voltage applied to the coil, the

electromagnetic field produced. Which attract the Armature (lever connected to

spring), and COM and NO (normally open contact) gets connected, which allow

larger current to flow. Relays are available in many ratings, here we used 6V

operating voltage relay, which allow 7A-250VAC current to flow.

 Relay is configured by using a small Driver circuit which consist a Transistor,

Diode and a resistor. Transistor is used to amplify the current so that full current

(from the DC source – 9v battery) can flow through coil to fully energies it.

Resistor is used to provide biasing to transistor. And Diode is used to prevent

reverse current flow, when the transistor is switched OFF. Every Inductor coil
produces equal and opposite EMF when switched OFF suddenly, this may cause

permanent damage to components, so Diode must be used to prevent reverse

current. A Relay module is easily available in the market with all its Driver circuit

on the board or you can create it by using above components. Here we have used

6V Relay module.

TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is simply device comprising of two windings (i.e. the primary and

secondary windings) such that when a magnetizing current is fed to the primary

winding a magnetic flux is generated in the winding. This magnetic flux

produces a electromotive force (emf) which is induced in the secondary

winding he through a process of electromagnetic induction then when a load is

coupled to the output of the secondary winding a voltage will be produced

across the load.

The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits

linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form it consist two inductive

coils, which are electrically separated, but are magnetically linked. Through a
path of low reluctance, the two coils posies high mutual inductances.

If one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is

set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in

which it produces mutually induced EMF. According to faradays law of

electromagnetic induction, E = Mdi/dt.

Transformers generally are of two types basically in the manner in which the

primary and secondary coils are placed around the laminated core. The two

types include.

a. The core type transformer and

b. The shell type transformer

In the core types transformer, the windings is our rounds a considerable part of

the core or magnetic circuit surrounds a considerable portion of the windings

as represented in the diagrams below.

In the core type impression is created that the coil has been wound around the

core.

In the shell type, both windings are on the center limbs. The impression is
created that the core has been built around the coil.

 Voltage Ratio

The voltage of the windings in a transformer is directly proportional to

the number of turns on the coils.   This relationship is expressed in

Equation.

VP /VS NP/ NS

Where

VP =    voltage on primary coil

VS =    voltage on secondary coil

NP =    number of turns on the primary coil

NS =    number of turns on the secondary coil

The  ratio  of  primary  voltage  to  secondary  voltage  is  known  as

the  voltage  ratio  (VR).

 As mentioned previously, the ratio of primary turns of wire to secondary turns

of wire is known as the turns ratio (TR).   By substituting into the Equation

(above), we find that the voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio.

VR = TR A  voltage  ratio  of  1:5  means  that  for  each  volt  on  the  primary,

there  will  be  5  volts  on  the secondary.    If  the  secondary  voltage  of  a
transformer  is  greater  than  the  primary  voltage,  the transformer is referred

to as a "step-up" transformer.  A ratio of 5:1 means that for every 5 volts on the

primary, there will only be 1 volt on the secondary.  When secondary voltage is

less than primary voltage, the transformer is referred to as a "step-down"

transformer.

Example 1: A   transformer  reduces voltage from 120 volts in the primary to 6

volts in the secondary.

  If the primary winding has 300 turns and the secondary   has   15   turns,   find

the voltage and turns ratio.

Solution:

VR =VP /VS =120/ 60= 20/ 1= 20:1

TR= NP /NS =300/ 15 = 20/ 1= 20:1

Rev.
TRANSISTOR

In this project, a Darlington transistor was used. The Darlington transistor

(often called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure consisting of two

bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated devices) connected in such a

way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the

second one.[1] This configuration gives a much higher common/emitter current

gain than each transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated

devices, can take less space than two individual transistors because they can

use a shared collector. Integrated Darlington pairs come packaged singly in

transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually eight) in an integrated

circuit.

RESISTOR

It is a component that opposes the flow of current through it. A pure resistor

possesses only resistance, no capacitor or inductance, but all practical resistors

possess some small amount of capacitance or inductance. Usually these are

sufficiently small to be negligible.

They are constructed from a mixture of carbon of the materials in proportions

that give the required amount of resistance. They can be connected on series,

parallel or the combination of the both.

They can also be connected to protect devices such as transistor and diode

against excess current.

Resistor can be fixed or variable. It is measured in ohms.

Fig.1.0. showing the circuit symbol of a resistor

TYPES OF RESISTOR

 variable resistor

 rheostat resistor

 potentiometer resistor

 fixed resistor.
Table 1.0: A table showing the resistor colour code

FIRST BAND SECOND THIRD BAND TOLERANCE

COLOUR
BAND

BLACK _ 0 X10

BROWN 1 0 ±1%

RED 2 00 ±2%

ORANGE 3 000

YELLOW 4 0000

GREEN 5 00000

BLUE 6 000000

VIOLET 7 0000000

GREY 8 00000000

WHITE 9 000000000

GOLD _ _ X0.1 ±5%

SILIVER _ _ X0.01 ±10%

 The symbol is as below:

CAPACITOR

Function

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits

because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth

varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter

circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC

(constant) signals.

Capacitance
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large capacitance

means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol

F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are used to show the smaller values.

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):

 µ means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F

 n means 10-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF

 p means 10-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF

Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many types of

capacitor with different labelling systems!

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two groups, polarised

and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

Polarised capacitors (large values, 1µF +)

Fig1.1: showing circuit symbol of polarised capacitor      

Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct way

round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by

heat when soldering.

There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are

attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads are at the

same end (10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they

stand upright on the circuit board.

Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1µF)

  

Fig 1.2: showing the circuit symbol of an unpolarised capacitor.

Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round.

They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type

(polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It

can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors because there are

many types of them and several different labeling systems!

Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a multiplier, so

you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be!

For example 0.1 means 0.1µF = 100nF.

Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:

For example:   4n7 means 4.7nF.

Capacitor Number Code

A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is difficult:

 the 1st number is the 1st digit,

 the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,

 the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.

 Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.

For example:   102   means 1000pF = 1nF   (not 102pF!)

For example:   472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).

Variable capacitors
Fig 1.3 showing the circuit symbol of Variable capacitor

Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are

sometimes called 'tuning capacitors'. They have very small capacitance values,

typically between 100pF and 500pF (100pF = 0.0001µF). The type illustrated

usually has trimmers built in (for making small adjustments - see below) as well as

the main variable capacitor.

Many variable capacitors have very short spindles which are not suitable for the

standard knobs used for variable resistors and rotary switches. It would be wise to

check that a suitable knob is available before ordering a variable capacitor.

Variable capacitors are not normally used in timing circuits because their

capacitance is too small to be practical and the range of values available is very

limited. Instead timing circuits use a fixed capacitor and a variable resistor if it is

necessary to vary the time period.

Trimmer capacitor

Fig.1.4 showing the circuit symbol of Trimmer Capacitor.

Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors. They are

designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when

the circuit is built.

A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust trimmers. The process of

adjusting them requires patience because the presence of your hand and the tool

will slightly change the capacitance of the circuit in the region of the trimmer!

Trimmer capacitors are only available with very small capacitances, normally less

than 100pF. It is impossible to reduce their capacitance to zero, so they are

usually specified by their minimum and maximum values, for example 2-10pF.

Trimmers are the capacitor equivalent of presets which are miniature variable

resistors.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for general lighting.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-

intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible,

ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with

holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is

called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the

semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated

optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[9] LEDs have many

advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,

longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.

However, LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive, and

require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent

lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting,

automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have

allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high

switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared

LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products

including televisions, DVD players and other domestic appliances. LEDs are also

used in seven-segment display.

RECTIFYING DIODE

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one

direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a

number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and

selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and

other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous

electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers,

called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of

galena (lead sulphide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC

power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems.

Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a

source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas

heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame.

Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of

rectification alone produces a DC current which, although unidirectional, consists

of pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for

radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current

(as would by produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the

rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter to produce a steady current. The

symbol is as below:

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

In building this project, the following procedures were properly considered,

I. Purposing of the entire materials / Components needed

ii. Resistance check of the components bought with the help of ohmmeter

before making the necessary connection with the components

iii. Drafting out a schematic diagram or how to arrange the materials /

components.
iv. Testing the completed system to see if the design works and

v. Finally, implementation of design of the project.

Having procured all the materials, I processed into the arrangement of the

components into the Vero board, proper soldering of the components then

followed. The components were all soldered into the board after which it was

correctly confirmed done.

4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING

All the components were soldered onto the Vero Board. Then after that, a case

was gotten where the entire circuit was mounted follow by other external

components such as PIR sensor, indicators and switch.

Mounting of sensor

Keep in mind that IR sensors aren't error-proof, and there are instances in which

there could be false trigger. False trigger are usually caused by electrical failures,

user error, poor application engineering, power surges, lightning, and faulty

equipment. They can also be triggered by animals, insects, and foliage.

The best thing you can do to increase the effectiveness of your sensors and

prevent false triggering is to read the instructions that come with your sensors.

Also, consider the following motion sensor placement tips:

1. Keep PIR sensors 10—15 feet away from heating vents, where the sunlight

shines in, and radiators. If a motion sensor detects a swift change in heat,

even that of a cloud passing quickly over direct sunlight shining into your

living room, it could be tripped.

2. Place sensors at point you want someone to get to before the

system triggers. The sensors work best when someone walks parallel to the

sensor, not toward it.

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

Having provided the casing and having finished the construction of the sections of

this system, the assembling into the casing followed. The sections were properly

laid out and assembled into the casing where the general coupling and linkages

into the peripheral devices took place.

Finally; the Switch, PIR sensor and indicator were carefully brought out from the

internal part of the casing through the holes made on the body of the casing, and

the motor was firmly fixed with the revolving door.

4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

However, the results obtained during the construction states after necessary

troubleshooting were satisfactory. The system was able to respond to its

operation.

4.4 COST ANALYSIS

The expenditure made in purchasing all the components / materials and quantity

used in building this project is tabulated as show below. (Should be done by the

designer).
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

The motion sensor switch circuit can automatically turn on a light Before

beginning the construction contact your nearest electronics component vendor

and procure a readymade box-type Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensor unit.

Such units, packed in a compact enclosure with power input and relay output

terminals are widely available. In prototype, an unbranded (Made in China) PIR

Motion sensor with the following specifications are used.

 Detection Range:10Meter Maximum

 Supply Input:12V DC, <500mA

 Relay Output :Common(C),Normally Closed(N/C),Normally Opened(N/O)

Now install the PIR module hanging from a 3 metre high mast (to cover 10 metre

radius area) and connect its supply and relay terminals to our finished and

enclosed circuit, observing right polarity. A 4-core screened cable can be used for

this interconnection. Power the circuit from a regulated 12VDC adaptor/solar

power box.

Whenever the PIR module detect movement of a live body its relay output toggles

and the switching mosfet (T1) in the circuit is switched to on via resistor R1 and

related parts. As as result, the EM relay at the output of T1 is activated and the

electric sprinkler gets its supply through the relay (RLY1) contacts. This contacts

(or spare contacts) can also be used to activate a high-power warning alarm.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

This project is designed to be used in our homes, engineering laboratory, offices

and industries where there is need for an illumination at dark hours. And should

be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.

5.3 REFERENCES

 Trimmer, H. William (1981). Understanding and Servicing Alarm Systems.

Stoneham: Butterworth.
 Weber, Thad L. (1985). Alarm Systems and Theft Protection (2d ed.).

Stoneham, MA: Butterworth.

 Walker, Philip (1985). Electronic Security Systems. Cambridge, UK:

University Press

 Ramsey, Anthony Home Security.

 Schatz, David A., et al. Video safety curtain. U.S. Patent No. 6,297,844,

Issued Oct. 2, 2001.

 Aii, N. Clifton. "Broadband CSV, XML Alarm data Standards" Auckland NZ,

(2002)

 ""Bowmark Capital backs £32 million MBO of CSL DualCom"". 12 Jan 2012.

 Sampson, Rana, False Burglar Alarms 2nd Edition, US Department of Justice

/ Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, ISBN 1-932582-04-5

 "City of Reno : Newsroom : Council Approves Changes to Alarm

Ordinance". Reno.gov. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2011-12-06.

 Harrelson, Chuck, Audio Verification Equals More Apprehensions, EH

Publishing

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http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?id=3

456977&lid=1, 2007. [Dec. 8, 2007]

 "Alarm History 101: The First Motion Sensor." NBFAA Member Update..

Internet: http://www.alarm.org/update-member/2006/

 L Cerruti. "Dante's Bones." Archimedes; The Sciences in the European

Periphery During the Enlightenment, pp. 95-178, 1995.

 "The History of Infrared Detector Technology". XenICs. Internet:

http://www.xenics.com/content/view/164/456/, Apr. 1, 2007 [Nov. 10,

2007].

 M.I. Skolnik. Radar Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.

 "How PIR Motion Sensors Work". Internet: http://www.gadgetsha

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 NASA. "Cool Cosmos." Infrared Astronomy. Internet: http://coolcosmos.ip

ac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/irtech.html, [Nov. 10, 2007].

 "How do Motion Sensing Lights and Burglar Alarms Work?" Internet:

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question238.htm, Apr. 1, 2000 [Nov.

10, 2007].

 D. Yates. "Hands-free Flushes and Faucets." Internet: http://www.contracto

rmag.com/articles/newsarticle.cfm?newsid=542, 2005 [Nov 10, 2007]

 Y. Kaneko. "Automated Faucet Control Device and Control Method".

Internet: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6996863.html, Feb. 14, 2006

[Nov. 10, 2007].

 C.F. Pulvari. "Automated Flush System". Internet: http://www.freepaten

tsonline.com/4141091.html, Feb. 27, 1979 [Nov 10, 2007].