CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Lighting control system is an intelligent network base lighting control solution that incorporate

communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the

used of one or more central computing devices. Lighting control systems serve to provide the

right amount of light where and when if it is needed. Lighting control systems are employed to

maximize the energy savings from the lighting system satisfy building codes, and energy

conservation programs. The controlling of bathroom lights is usually done by the occupant of the

house or the user of bathroom. This is not only precarious but also sometimes results in wastage

of power because of the negligence or unusual circumstances on part of the user in operating the

lights ON and OFF. Apart from solving the problem of negligence, this device will solve the

problem of the electric shock when the user of the bathroom might use wet hand to ON or OFF

the bathroom light switch. In this project, we will show you how to design and build simple

automatic bathroom light switch circuit, which will automatically turn on when you enter the

bathroom and turns it off when you leave. However, this circuit solves the problem of electricity

wastage and electric shock by switching off the lamp automatically.

As we all knew that sometimes we forget to turn off the light of the bathroom after we used it

during night and it result in wastage of electricity and increase in power bill.

Objectives of the Study

The aimed of this work is to build and develop a circuit which will automatically turn on when

you entering the bathroom and turns it off when you leave. The objectives of this work are:

1. To construct this device

2. To save energy and lessen the power bills

3. To save bathroom user from electric shock

4. To increase the lifespan of a bulb

5. To keep safe from contamination and exposure to infection of COVID-19 virus and several

others.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This work automatically turns On the lights when a person enters the bathroom and it

automatically turns it Off when he leaves it. This circuits also designed to consume lesser power

so that the circuit can be use in any household bathroom without worrying about the power bills.

In this circuit we use Infrared Rays (IR) Led which is use to detect the motion of a person
entering and leaving the bathroom. An The IR emitter LED continuously emits infrared when

any object comes within the range, some amount of infrared reflects from the object surface and

that reflected infrared can be detected by the IR receiver LED. One of the problems of this

device is that anything can trigger the device, such as movement of animals inside the bathroom

can trigger the system.

Significance of the study

Automatic bathroom light switch is primarily design for safety of the user during their personal

necessities in bathroom especially during night time. Automatic bathroom light switch aide to

control the contamination and exposure to infection of COVID-19 virus and several others. This

project also designed consumer to save energy and to lessen the power bill.

Definition of terms

Automatic means a machine that control its own operating process, e.g. a washing machine,

(Microsoft® Encarta®, 2019).

In this study, it referred to the self-operation of the device in which manipulation is less

considered.

Precarious means in a dangerous state because of not being safe or not being held in place

firmly, (©Cambridge University Press 2022).

Wastage is a loss, decrease, or destruction of something (as by use, decay, erosion, or leakage),

(© 2022 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated).

Negligence means failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in

like circumstances, (© 2022 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated).

Circumstances is a condition, fact, or event accompanying, conditioning, or determining

another, (© 2022 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated).

Infrared radiation (IR), or infrared light is a type of radiant energy that’s invisible to human

eyes but that we can feel as heat. All objects in the universe emit some level of IR radiation, but

two of the most obvious sources are the sun and fire. (© Future US, INC. Full 7th Floor, 130

West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036).

LED (light emitting diode) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current

flows through it, (© 2022, BYJU’S).

Motion is an act, process, or instance of changing place, (© 2022 Merriam-Webster,

Incorporated).

Lifespan is defined as the maximum number of years that a human can live, while life

expectancy is the average total number of years that a human achieves. (© 2022 Elsevier B.V.)
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

MOTION SENSORS

Motion sensors are types of electronic security device that senses movement and usually

triggers an alarm. Many types of motion sensors can sense motion in total darkness, without

an intruder becoming aware that an alarm has been triggered. Motion sensors are an important

part of most burglar alarm systems. They help alert security personnel, especially in situations

where no obvious break-in has occurred. For instance, if an intruder steals a key to gain access to

a protected site or hides within the site during normal business hours, the intruder’s entrance or

presence could go unnoticed. A motion sensor will detect the intruder’s movements as soon as he

or she walks or otherwise moves within the area protected by the detector. Motion sensors

usually protect indoor areas, where conditions can be more closely controlled. Sensors for use in

homes usually detect movement in spaces about 11 m × 11 m (35 ft × 35 ft). Special motion

sensors can protect the inside of exhibit cases where items such as diamonds are displayed.

Others can be focused to a narrow area of coverage, somewhat like a curtain, that is projected in

front of a painting to detect even the slightest touch.Motion sensor systems use a variety

of methods to detect movement. Each method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some of the

methods are discussed below.

PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR

 A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light

radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIR
based motion detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with

one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature,

such as a wall. [http://www.gadgetshack.com/motionsensor.html]

All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is

invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.

The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but

merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. “Infra” meaning below our ability to detect

it visually, and “Red” because this color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can

sense before it becomes invisible. Thus,infrared means below the energy level of the color red,

and applies to many sources of invisible energy. http://steveslockandsafe.com/venice-locksmith-

home-security-technicians-notebook/

PIR Sensor

PIR based motion detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it, which

varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of sensor.

When an object such as human, passes in front of the background, such as wall, the temperature

at that point in the sensors field of view will rise from room temperature to body temperature,

and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change in incoming infrared radiation into

a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar temperature but

different surface characteristics may also have a different infrared emission pattern, and thus

moving them with respect to the background may trigger the detection as well.
Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the sensor face. At the core of

a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from an approximately 1/4 inch square

of natural or artificial pyroelectric materials, usually in the form of a thin film, out of gallium

nitride (GaN), caesiumnitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and

cobalt phthalocyanine. Lithiumtantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting both piezoelectric and

pyroelectric properties]. The sensor is often manufactured as part of an integrated circuit and

may consist of one (1), two (2) or four (4) 'pixels' of equal areas of the pyroelectric material.

Pairs of the sensor pixels may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such

a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the

field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the

entire sensor is self canceling and will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resist

false indications of change in the event of being exposed to flashes of light or field-wide

illumination. (Continuous bright light could still saturate the sensor materials and render the

sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement

minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to nearby

electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in that

configuration and therefore this configuration is specialized for motion detectors.In a PIR based

motion detector (usually called a PID, for Passive Infrared Detector), the PIR sensor is typically

mounted on a printed circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to interpret the

signals from the pyroelectric sensor chip. The complete assembly is contained within a housing

mounted in a location where the sensor can view the area to be monitored. Infrared energy is able

to reach the pyroelectric sensor through the window because the plastic used is transparent to
infrared radiation (but only translucent to visible light). This plastic sheet also prevents the

intrusion of dust and/or insects from obscuring the sensor's field of view, and in the case

of insects, from generating false alarms.A few mechanisms have been used to focus the distant

infrared energy onto the sensor surface. The window may have multiple Fresnel lenses molded

into it. Alternatively, some PID are manufactured with internal plastic, segmented parabolic

mirrors to focus the infrared energy. Where mirrors are used,the plastic window cover has

no Fresnel lenses molded into it. This filtering window may be used to limit the wavelengths to

8-14 microns which is closest to the infrared radiation emitted by humans (9.4microns being the

strongest).The PID can be thought of as a kind of infrared camera that remembers the amount of

infrared energy focused on its surface. Once power is applied to the PID, the electronics in

the PID shortly settle into acquiescence state and energize a small relay. This relay controls a set

of electrical contacts that are usually connected to the detection input of a burglar alarm control

panel. If the amount of infrared energy focused on the pyroelectric sensor changes within a

configured time period, the device will switch the state of the alarm relay. The alarm relay

is typically a "normally closed (NC)" relay, also known as a"Form B" relay.A person entering a

monitored area is detected when the infrared energy emitted from the intruder's body is focused

by a Fresnel lens or a mirror segment and overlaps a section on the chip that had previously been

looking at some much cooler part of the protected area. That portion of the chip is now much

warmer than when the intruder wasn't there. As the intruder moves, so does the hot spot on the

surface of the chip. This moving hot spot causes the electronics connected to the chip de-

energize the relay, operating its contacts, thereby activating the detection input on the alarm

control panel.Conversely, if an intruder were to try to defeat a PID, perhaps by holding some sort

of thermal shield between himself and the PID, a corresponding 'cold' spot moving across the
face of the chip will also cause the relay to de-energize unless the thermal shield has the same

temperature as the objects behind it.

Prior Arts of Infrared Ray (IR) Sensor

An infrared sensor (IR) is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics

of its surroundings by either emitting and or the detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are

also measure or observe the heat of an object as well as by detects the motion. An infrared sensor

circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronics device. This sensor is

analogous to humans visionary senses which can be used to detect obstacles and these type of

sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting that is called as a passive IR

sensor. Infrared sensor (IR sensor) is a radiation sensitive electromagnetic spectrum component

with a spectral sensitivity in the infrared radiation of wavelength between 0.75 to

1000micrometer (µm) which falls between visible and microwave regions of. IR sensor are now

widely used in motion detectors, which are used in building services to switch on lamps or in

alarm system to detect unwelcome guest. In a defined angle range, the sensor elements detect the

heat radiation (infrared radiation) that changes over time and space due to movement of people.

IR sensor is a simple electronic device which emits and detects IR radiation in order to find out

certain objects/obstacles in its range. Some of its features are heat and motion sensing. Usually in

the infrared spectrum all the objects radiation some from of thermal radiations are invisible to

our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensors. The emitter is simply an IR LED ( light

emitting diode ) and the detectors is simply an IR photo-diode which is sensitive to IR light of

the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photo-diode. The
resistance and these output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light

received.

HISTORY

In general, infrared detectors are used to object, detect, image and measure patterns of the

thermal heat radiation which all object emit. The development of thermocouple and bolometer

started in the 19th century .There early devices consisted of single detector elements that relied

on a change in the temperature of the detector.

First generation detector arrays-

Photon detectors were developed to improve sensitivity and response time. These detectors have

been extensively developed since 1940s lead sulfide was the 1st practical IR detector. The 1970s

witness a mushrooming of IR applications combined with the start of high volume production

sensors system using liner arrays.

Second generation detector arrays-

The invention of change coupled device (CCDs) in the late 1960s made it possible to envision

second generation detectors arrays coupled with on focal-plane electronic analog signal readouts

which multiplex the signal from a very large array of detectors .In the late 1970s through the

1980s MCT technology efforts focused almost exclusively on PV device development because of

the need for low power and high impedance for interfacing to readout input circuits in large

arrays. This effort has been playing off in the 1990;s with the birth of 2nd generation IR sensors

which provide large 2D arrays in both liner formats.

 CHAPTER III

In this 4017 project,we have shown how to make a motion sensor light switch using the CD4017 IC and
IR proximity sensor. You can use this motion activated light circuit as an automatic washroom light
switch. We have not used any micro-controller or Arduino for this CD4017 project.

The light turns on when anyone enters the washroom

When anyone enters the washroom the IR proximity sensor senses the motion and turns on the light.

Light turns off when anyone exits from the washroom

After that when he or she exits the washroom, the IR sensor again senses the motion and turns off the
light.

Here, each time the IR proximity sensor detects any motion, it sends the clock pulse to CD4017 IC. Then
the 4017 changes its previous state.
Circuit of the Motion Sensor Light

You can easily make this 4017 circuit with some basic components.

CD4017 Pinout

How the Motion Sensor Circuit works

The IR emitter LED continuously emits infrared. When any object comes within the range, some amount
of infrared reflects from the object’s surface and that reflected infrared can be detected by the IR
receiver LED.

The LM358 compares the voltage across the IR receiver LED with the predefined value. When any
motion is detected the voltage across the IR receiver crosses the predefined value, so the output pin (pin
1) of LM358 becomes high.

The clock pin (Pin-14) of CD4017 IC is connected to the output pin of LM358. So when any motion is
detected, the 4017 IC receives a clock pulse and changes the current state of Pin-2.
The Pin-2 of CD4017 is connected with the base of the BC547 NPN transistor, So when the Pin-2
becomes high the transistor turns on.

When the transistor turns on, the current can flow through the relay coil. So the load connected with
the relay also turns on.

When the IR LEDs detect any motion the second time, it sends the next clock pulse to CD4017 IC. Then
the Pin-2 becomes low.

If the Pin-2 becomes low, the transistor turns off, and accordingly the load connected with the relay also
turns off.

PCB Layout of the Motion Sensor Switch

Required Components for this 4017 Project:

1) CD4017 IC

2) LM358 IC

3) BC547 Transistor

4) 100uF 25V Capacitor

5) 1000uF 25V Capacitor

6) 220-ohm 0.25watt Resistors – 4 no

7) 10k 0.25watt Resistor

8) 10k Trimmer

9) LED 5mm – 2no

10) IR LED pair (Detector & Emitter)

11) 1N4007 Diode

12) 5V SPDT Relay

13) Connectors & IC Base