INTRODUCTION

A dark sensor switch is a device that can detect the presence or absence of light and activate an output
accordingly. It can be used for various applications, such as turning on a light when it gets dark, or
turning off a device when it is exposed to light. There are different types of dark sensor switches,
depending on the principle of detection and the mode of operation.
One common type of dark sensor switch is based on photoelectric sensors, which use light to detect
objects or changes in the environment. Photoelectric sensors consist of a light emitter and a light
receiver, which can be either in the same unit (diffuse mode) or in separate units (retro reflective or
through beam mode). The emitter sends out a beam of light, which is either reflected by the object
(diffuse or retro reflective mode) or interrupted by the object (through beam mode). The receiver
detects the amount of light that reaches it and compares it to a threshold value. Depending on the
configuration, the output of the sensor can be switched on or off when the light level is above or below
the threshold.
The terms light switching and dark switching are used to describe the output behavior of photoelectric
sensors. A sensor that is light switching switches its output on when the light beam is returned to the
receiver. For example, a light switching diffuse sensor can be used to turn on a light when an object is
close to it. A sensor that is dark switching switches its output on when the light beam is blocked from
returning to the receiver. For example, a dark switching retro reflective or through beam sensor can be
used to turn off a device when an object breaks the beam.
Another type of dark sensor switch is based on photo-resistors, which are electronic components that
change their resistance according to the amount of light they receive. Photo-resistors are usually
connected to a circuit that converts their resistance into a voltage signal. The voltage signal can then be
compared to a reference value and used to control a relay or a transistor that switches an output on or
off. A photo-resistor-based dark sensor switch can be used to turn on a light when it gets dark, or vice
versa.
Some scientists who have made significant contributions to the development of dark sensors around the
world include Albert Einstein and max Planck alongside Marie Curie, and Thomas Edison. Their research
and innovations in the fields of physics and electrical engineering have paved the way for advancements
in sensor technology.
The theory of how the sensor works was developed by Max Planck in the year 1900 His work revolutionized
our understanding of energy and laid the foundation for modern physics, including the development of sensor
technologies. Planck's theory explained the discrete nature of energy and the quantization of radiation, which
has had a profound impact on various fields, including the development of sensor principles., the father of
quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein provided the explanation for Max Planck’s theory, which became the
Nobel Prize winning photoelectric effect explanation.
Marie Curie, a brilliant scientist, made groundbreaking contributions to the field of
radioactivity. She discovered the elements polonium and radium, and her research laid
the foundation for advancements in medical imaging and cancer treatment. While she
did not specifically work on dark sensors, her work in radiation and detection
technologies has influenced the development of various sensor technologies, including
those used in dark sensors. Thomas Edison was a prolific inventor and businessman who
made significant contributions to various fields. He is best known for inventing the
practical electric light bulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera. Edison's
inventions and innovations in electricity and communication transformed the world and
laid the foundation for modern technology. His work has had a lasting impact on our
everyday lives.
Thomas Edison contributions also includes::
- He established the first industrial research laboratory, known as the "Invention
Factory."
- Edison developed the first commercially viable electric power distribution system.
- He invented the carbon microphone, which greatly improved telephone
communication.
- Edison also made advancements in storage batteries, cement production, and mining
technology.
After Thomas Edison, many individuals have made additional contributions in various
fields. Some notable inventors and scientists include Nikola Tesla, who made significant
advancements in electrical engineering and AC power systems, and Alexander Graham
Bell, who invented the telephone. There are countless other inventors and innovators
who have built upon Edison's work and continue to push the boundaries of technology
and science. Innovation is a collaborative effort that spans across generations and as
prompted to the development and research on this project….In this dispensation known
as the 21st Century in which the world and its activities revolves around science and
technology to promote the development, innovation, growth, and the living of
mankind.Science and technology as been able to support life, humanity, and day to day
activities. The technology is applied apparently so as to be safe, and conserve energy
and eradicate darkness when there’s power outage and also prevent accidents around
the house, school hostels,, communities ,roads, companies etc.
Light is a very powerful weapon and tool used in eradicating darkness and allow free
movement around without being injured, light energy is needed to see when climbing or
coming down on a staircase, moving to and fro in the room or on the roadway etc
Advancements in technology has made the use of manual switches for turning on and
turning off lights has been of historical significance and value.Sensors and detectors are
now been used because of their ability to turn on and off automatically to illuminate the
environment according to the principle discussed by max Planck and Albert Einstein
which focus and core consideration in the present field of electronics and technologies are
Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is planned to reduce
man power and stress with the help of intelligent systems. Power conservation is the main
aim forever as the sources of the power are getting diminished due to various reasons.

The construction of a dark sensor board circuit involves Knowing and understanding
the need for automated systems that respond to changes in ambient light levels in our
schools,Classes,Hostel rooms in the presence of darkness
By developing a dark sensor board circuit,I aim to create a cost-effective and efficient
solution for controlling lights and other electrical devices based on the surrounding
light absence and conditions.This project also builds upon the principles of circuit
components, designs, sensor technology , combining them to create a practical
application for detecting and responding to absence of light intensity.The study explores
the potential applications of dark sensor board circuits in areas such as houses, security
systems, home automation and energy conservation, where automatic light control can
enhance efficiency and stability.
In the process of conducting this project and study, I aim to contribute to the field of
physics and electronics,,providing a reliable solution for individuals and
organizations seeking or planning to implement light-sensitive systems.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To construct an efficient and effective dark sensor board circuit for
automated light control in various areas and settings such as homes etc

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
(1).To design a dark sensor system.
(2).To build a dark sensor system.
(3).To test the efficiency of a dark sensor system that accurately detect changes in
ambient light levels in a reliable and efficient manner.

JUSTIFICATION/RATIONALE
(1).This project justifies the provision of an affordable and efficient solution in rural areas
without sufficient power

(2).This project justifies the provision of an automatic power which switches on in the
absence of light and in the presence of darkness switches on and is applicable in rooms
and classes etc
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
(1).How does the dark sensor board circuit work under different light intensity changes?
(2).Does the dark sensor board circuit work for more than 48 hours ?
(3).How does the Dark sensor board circuit perform or work in different environmental
conditions such as temperature?