SEMINAR REPORT

ON

OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK

BY

EGESI SAMUEL OBINNA

2017/111291/REGULAR

SUBMITTED TO

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY UTURU

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING B.ENG

(DEGREE) IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
JANUARY/2023
 APPROVAL

This Seminar research on by Optical Packet Switching Network

Egesi Samuel Obinna (2017/111291/REGULAR) has been read and approved by

the undersigned as having met the requirements of the Department of
Computer Engineering Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abia state
University, Uturu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Engineering.

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 DECLARATION

This seminar research on OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK

I, declare that it has not been submitted in part or full to any assessing body.

Student name: Egesi Samuel Obinna

Matric No: 2017/111291/REGULAR
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Date:
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God almighty for guiding me through all my work
and understanding to write this seminar
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Head of the Department, Computer

engineering, for providing me his invaluable guidance for the Seminar.
I express my sincere gratitude to my Seminar Coordinator Fagbohunmi G.S,
for his cooperation and guidance in the preparation and presentation of this
seminar.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Computer
Engineering Department for their support and encouragement.
 ABSTRACT
Optical packet switching promises to bring the flexibility and efficiency of
Internet to transparent optical networking with bit rate extending beyond that
currently available with electronic router technologies. New optical signal
processing have been demonstrated that enable routing at bit rates from 10gb/s
to beyond 40gb/s.in this article we review these signal processing techniques
and how all optical wavelength converters technology can be used to
implement packet switching functions. Specific approaches that utilize ultra
fast all-optical nonlinear fiber wavelength converters and monolithically
integrated wavelength converters are discussed.
 Table of Content
Title Page
Approval
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of content

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Ops node architecture
1.3 Enabling technologies

Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Packet switching in Today’s Optical Network
2.2 All Optical Packet Switching
2.3 Functions of an optical router

Chapter 3
3.1 Optical signal processing and optical wavelength
conversion
3.2 Asynchronous optical packet switching and label swapping implementation
3.3 All Optical WC Using SOA
3.4 Synchronous Otdm
3.5 Advantages
3.6 Summary
Reference
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
With in today's Internet data is transported using wavelength division
multiplexed (WDM) optical fiber transmission system that carry 32-80
wavelengths modulated at 2.5gb/s and 10gb/s per wavelength. Today’s largest
routers and electronic switching systems need to handle close to 1tb/s to
redirect incoming data from deployed WDM links. Mean while next generation
commercial systems will be capable of single fiber transmission supporting
hundreds of wavelength at 10Gb/s and world experiments have demonstrated
10Tb/shutdown transmission.
The ability to direct packets through the network when single fiber
transmission capacities approach this magnitude may require electronics to run
at rates that outstrip Moor’s law. The bandwidth mismatch between fiber
transmission systems and electronics router will becomes more complex when
we consider that future routers and switches will potentially terminate hundreds
of wavelength, and increase in bit rate per wavelength will head out of beyond
40gb/s to 160gb/s. even with significance advances in electronic processor
speed, electronics memory access time only improve at the rate of
approximately 5% per year, an important data point since memory plays a key
role in how packets are buffered and directed through a router. Additionally
opto-electronic interfaces dominate the power dissipations, footprint and cost
of these systems, and do not scale well as the port count and bit rate increase.
Hence it is not difficult to see that the process of moving a massive number of
packets through the multiple layers of electronics in a router can lead to
congestion and exceed the performance of electronics and the ability to
efficiently handle the dissipated power.
In this article we review the state of art in optical packet switching and
more specifically the role optical signal processing plays in performing key
functions. It describe how all-optical wavelength converters can be
implemented as optical signal processors for packet switching, in terms of their
processing functions, wavelength agile steering capabilities, and signal
 regeneration capabilities. Examples of how wavelength converters based
processors can be used to implement asynchronous packet switching functions
are reviewed. Two classes of wavelength converters will be touched on:
monolithically integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) based and
nonlinear fiber based.

1.2 Ops node architecture

In Figure 1.1, we show the functional block diagram of a generic OPS node
architecture. The architecture consists of a set of multiplexers and demultiplexers, an
input interface, a space switch fabric with associated optical buffers (i.e., fiber delay
lines) and wavelength converters, an output interface, and a switch control unit.
Packets arriving on an input fiber are first demultiplexed into individual
wavelengths and are then sent to the input interface. Each packet consists of the
payload and an optical header which is used for routing in the optical domain; note
that any network layer header (e.g., IP header) is considered part of the payload for
optical routing purposes. Among other functions, the input interface is responsible
for extracting the optical packet header and forwarding it to the switch control unit
for processing. The switch control unit processes the header information, determines
an appropriate output port and wavelength for the packet, and instructs the switch
fabric to route the packet accordingly. In routing the packet, the switch may need to
buffer it and/or convert it to a new wavelength. The switch controller also
determines a new header for the packet, and forwards it to the output interface.
When the packet arrives at the output interface, the new header is attached, and the
packet is forwarded on the outgoing fiber link to the next node in its path.
 Switch Control Unit

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Optical Buffers
DEMUX MUX
Wavelength Converters

1.3 Enabling technologies

Optical packet switching is still in its infancy compared to its electronic
counterpart. We now discuss five functions of critical importance to the
realization of practical OPS nodes.

 Optical switch fabrics. The switch fabric at an OPS node must be capable
of rapid reconfiguration on a packet-by-packet basis. At data rates of 40
Gbps and beyond, this requirement implies that switching times have to be
on the order of a few nanoseconds. Other critical requirements include
scalability of the technology to high port counts, low loss and crosstalk,
and uniform operation across all signals independent of the path from input
to output port; moreover, issues such as reliability, energy usage, and
temperature independent operation are also important.
Today, most optical switch fabrics, including those based on optomechanical,
thermo-optic, or acousto-optic technologies, are limited to switching speeds in the
millisecond or microsecond range. Two promising technologies include
semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) switches and electro-optic lithium niobate
(LiNbO3) switches, both capable of switching speeds in the nanosecond rage.
However, both technologies have limitations that must be overcome before it
becomes possible to build high-performance, reliable, and cost-effective optical
packet switches. For a recent comprehensive survey of optical switch fabric
technologies, the reader is referred to [Papadimitriou et al., 2003].
 Optical buffering. The lack of an efficient way to store information in the
optical domain represents a major difficulty in the design of OPS nodes.
Research has focused on ways of emulating electronic RAM capabilities
through the use of fiber delay lines (FDLs) to delay optical signals
[Hunter et al., 1998a; Tancevski et al., 2000; Hunter et al., 1998b;
Chlamtac et al., 1996]. FDLs are fibers of fixed length, and can hold a
packet for an amount of time determined by the speed of light and the
length of the FDL. Hence, unlike electronic RAM, FDLs cannot store a
packet indefinitely, and, once a packet has entered an FDL, it cannot be
retrieved until it emerges on the other side. Furthermore, FDLs can be
bulky and expensive, and introduce quality degradation to optical signals.
As a result, the design of optical buffers that mitigate the effects of these
limitations has emerged as an important research area for OPS. Among
the important issues to be considered in designing FDL architectures
include packet loss, cost, control complexity, packet reordering, and
signal loss along the FDL. We discuss FDL buffer architectures in the
next section.

 Wavelength conversion. Wavelength conversion [Ramamurthy and

Mukherjee, 1998; Elmirghani and Mouftah, 2000] is the ability to convert
an optical signal on a given input wavelength to some other output
wavelength. One of the main applications of wavelength conversion is as a
mechanism for contention resolution that can dramatically improve the
utilization of resources in an optical network, especially in highly dynamic
traffic environments such as OPS. Consequently, wavelength converters
have become integral to the design of optical buffer and switch
architectures for OPS networks. Wavelength translation can be achieved by
OEO conversion; however, all-optical wavelength conversion is desirable
for OPS. Important features of all-optical converters include large
wavelength span, fast setup time, high signal-to-noise ratio for
cascadeability, and bit-rate transparency.
 Chapter 2
Literature Review

2.1 Packet switching in Today’s Optical Network

Routing and transmission are the basic functions required to move packets
through a networks In today’s internet protocol (IP) networks, the packet
routing and transmission problems are designed to handle separately. A core
packet network will typically interface to smaller networks and/or other high
capacity networks.
A router moves randomly arriving packets through a network by
directing them from its multiple inputs to outputs and transmitting them on a
link to next router. The router uses information carried with arriving packets
(e.g. IP headers, packet type and priority) to forward them from its input to
output ports as efficiently as possible with minimal packet loss and disruption
to packet flow. This processing of merging multiple random input packet
streams onto common output is called statistical multiplexing. In smaller
networks, the links between routers can be made directly using Ethernet;
however in high capacity metropolitan enterprise transmission systems
between routers employ synchronous framing techniques like synchronous
optical network (SONET), packet over SONET (pos), or Gigabit Ethernet (Gig
E). This added layer of framing is designed to simplify transmission between
routers and decouple it from packet routing and forwarding process. Figure 1
illustrate that the transport that connects routers can designed to handle the
packets asynchronously or synchronously. The most commonly used
approaches (SONET, pos, Gig.E) maintain the random nature of packet flow
by only loosely aligning them with in synchronous transmission frames.
Although not widely used in today’s networks, packets may also be transmitted
using a fixed time slotted approach, similar to older token ring and fiber
distributed data interface (FDDI) networks, where they are placed with in an
assigned time slot is frame, as illustrated in lower portion of Fig. 1
 Fig.1. The function of a router is to take randomly arriving packets on its input
and statistically multiplex onto its outputs. Packets may be transmitted between
routers using a variety of asynchronous or synchronous network access and
transmission techniques.

2.2 All Optical Packet Switching

In all optical packet switching network the data is maintained in optical format
throughout the routing and transmission processes. One approach that has been
widely used is all-optical label swapping (AOLS). AOLS is intended to solve
potential mismatch between dense WDM (DWDM) fiber capacity and router
packet forwarding capacity, especially as packet data rate increase beyond that
easily handled by electronics (>40gb/s). Packets can be routed independent of
the payload bit rate, coding format or length. In this approach a lower bit rate
label is attached to front end of the packet. The packet bit rate is then
independent of the label bit rate, coding format or length. AOLS is not limited
to handle only IP packets but can also handle asynchronous transfers mode
ATM) cells, optical bursts, data file transfer, and other data structures without
SONET framing. Migrating from POS to packet routed networks can improve
efficiency but reduce latency.
In this approach a lower bit rate label is attached to the front end of the
packet. The packet bit rate is then independent of the label bit rate and the label
can be detected and processed using lower-cost electronics in order to make
routing decisions. However, actual removal and replacement of label with
respect to packet is done with optics. While the packet contains original
electronic IP network data and routing information specifically used in the
optical routing layer. The label may also contain bits for error checking and
correction as well as source and destination information and framing and
timing information

Fig. 2. An all optical label swapping network for transparent all- optical
packet switching
 An example AOLS network is illustrated in FIG.2. IP packets enter the
network through an ingress node where they are encapsulated with an optical
label and retransmitted on a new wavelength. once inside the AOLS network,
only the label is used to make the routing decisions, and the packet wavelength
is used to dynamically redirect them to next node. At internal core nodes label
is optically erased, the packet is optically regenerated, a new label is attached,
and the packet is converted to a new wavelength. Packets and their labels may
also be replicated at an optical router realizing the important multicast function.
Throughout the networks the contents that first enter the core network (eg. The
IP packet header and the payload) are not passed through electronics and are
kept intact until the packet exist the core optical network. These functions-
label replacement, packet regeneration, and wavelength conversion –are
handled in optical domain using optical signal processing techniques and may
be implemented using optical wavelength conversion technology.

The overall function of an optical labeled packet switch is shown in

FIG.3a.The switch can be separated into two planes, data and control. The data
plane is the physical medium over which packets are switched. This part of the
switch is bit-rate-transparent and able to handle packet with any format out to
very high bit rate. The control plane has two levels of functionality. The
decisions and control level executes the packet handling process including
switch control, packet buffering, and scheduling. This control section operates
not at packet bit rate but instead at the slower label bit rate and does not need to
be bit rate transparent. The other level of control plane supplies routing
information to the decision level. This information is more slowly varying and
may be updated throughout the network on a less dynamic basis than the
packet control.
The optical label swapping technique is shown more detail in

FIG.3b.Optically labeled packets at the input have a majority of the input

optical power directed to upper photonic packet processing plane and a small
portion of the optical packets directed to the lower electronics label processing
plane. The photonic plane handles optical data regeneration, optical label
removal, optical label rewriting, and the packet rate wavelength switching. The
lower electronic plane recovers into an electronic memory and uses lookup
tables and other digital logic to determine the new optical label and wavelength
in the upper photonic plane. A static fiber delay line is used at photonic plane
input to match the processing delay differences between the two planes. In
future, certain portions of the label swapping functions may be handled using
optical techniques

An alternative approach to the random access technique described above is to

use time division multiple access (TDMA) technique where packet bits are
synchronously located within time slot dedicated to that packet. For example,
randomly arriving each on different wavelength, are bit rate interleaved using
all-optical orthogonal time division multiplexer (OTDM). For example if a 4:1
OTDM is used, every fourth bit at the output belongs to first incoming packet
and so on. A TDM frame is defined as the duration of the one of all of the time
slots. Once packets have been assembled into frames at the network edge,
packets can be removed from or added to a frame using optical add/drop
multiplexers (OADM)
 2.3 FUNCTIONS OF AN OPTICAL ROUTER
The major functions of a router are:
 Demux and mux: Separates and combines wavelength
 Optical splitter: Sends copies of packet to control element and/or label
eraser
 Label eraser: Removes the label header.
 Label writer: Places a new label on the packet.
 Wavelength converter: Places packets onto one of the several wavelengths.
 Buffer: Holds until mux is ready to process it
 Control element: Controls the operations of the label writer, the wavelength
converter, and the buffer.
 Chapter 3
3.1 Optical signal processing and optical wavelength
conversion
Packet routing and forwarding functions are performed today using
digital electronics, while transport between routers is supported using high-
capacity DWDM transmission and optical circuit-switched systems. Optical
signal (OSP) is currently used to support transport functions optical dispersion
compensation and optical wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing.
Today’s routers relay on dynamic buffering and scheduling to efficiently
move IP packets. However, optical dynamic buffering techniques do not
currently exist. To realize optical packet switching new techniques must be
developed for scheduling and routing. The optical wavelength domain can be
used to forward packets on different wavelength with the potential to reduce
the need for optical buffering and decreased collision probability.

3.2 Asynchronous optical packet switching and label swapping

Implementations

Figure 4
 The AOLS functions described in Fig.3 can be implemented using
monolithically integrated indium phosphide (InP) SOA wavelength converter
technology (SOA_IWC) technology. An example that employs a two-stage
wavelength converter is shown in Fig.4 and is designed to operate with NRZ
coded packets and labels. In general this type of converter works for 10Gb/s
and can be extended to 40Gb/s and possibly beyond. In Fig. Functions are
indicated the top layer and photonic and electronic plane implementations
are shown in middle and lower layers. A burst- mode photo receiver is used to
recover the digital information residing in the label. A gating signal is then
generated by post receiver electronics, in order to shut down the output of first
stage, an InP SOA cross-gain modulation (XGM) wavelength converter. This
effectively blanks the input label. The SOA converter turns on after the label
passes and input NRZ packet is converted to an out-of-band internal
wavelength. The lower electronic control circuitry is synchronized with well
timed the well-timed optical time-offlight delays in the photonic plane. The
first stage WC is used to optically preprocess input packet by:

= Converting input packets at any wavelength to a shorter wavelength, which

is chosen to optimize the SOA XGM extinction ratio.
= Converting random input packet polarization state to a fixed state set by a
local InP distributed feedback (DFB) for all optical filter operation
= Setting the optical power bias point for the second wavelength converter

The recovered label is also sent to a fast lookup table that generates the
new label and outgoing wavelength based on prestored routing information.
The new wavelength is translated to currents that set a rapidly tunable laser to
the new output wavelength. The wavelength is pre modulated with the new
label using an InP electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and input to an InP
interferometric SOA-WC (SOA-IWC). The SOA-IWC is set in its maximum
transmission mode to allow the new label to pass through. A short time after
the label is transmitted (determined by guard band), the WC is biased for
inverting operation, and the packet enters the SOA-IWC from the first stage
and drives one arm of the WC, imprinting the information onto the new
wavelength. The second stage wavelength converter:

= Enables the new label at new wavelength to be passed to outputs using a

fixed optical band reject filter
= Reverts the bit polarity to its original state
= Is optimized for wavelength up conversion
= Enhances the extinction ratio due to its nonlinear transfer function
The label swapping functions may also implemented at higher 40 and 80Gb/s
using RZ coded packets and NRZ coded labels. This approach has been
demonstrated using the configuration in Fig.5. The silicon-based label
processing electronics layer is basically the same as in Fig. 4. In this
implementation nonlinear fiber cross phase modulation (XPM) is used to erase
the label, convert the label and regenerate the signal. An optically amplified
input RZ packet efficiently modulate sidebands through fiber cross phase
modulation onto a new continuous wave (CW) wavelength converter, while the
NRZ –label XPM induced sideband modulation very in efficient and the label
is erased or suppressed. The RZ modulated sideband is recovered using a two-
stage filter that passes a single side band. The converted packet with erased
label is passed to the converter output where it is reassembled with a new label.
The fiber XPM converter also various signal conditioning and digital
regeneration functions also including extinction ratio enhancement of RZ
signals and polarization mode dispersion compensation.

3.3 All Optical WC Using SOA

Research into wavelength conversion using SOAs is well developed in
many of the major optoelectronics research laboratories worldwide. Three main
methods of wavelength conversion have been explored: cross-gain modulation
(XGM), four-wave mixing (FWM), and cross-phase modulation (XPM). These
will be discussed in the following sections of this article, and results from work
on all-optical wavelength conversion performed at BT Laboratories will be
shown to illustrate the current status.

Cross-Gain Modulation
The rate of stimulated emission in an SOA is dependent on the optical input
power. At high optical injection, the carrier concentration in the active region is
depleted through stimulated emission to such an extent that the gain of the SOA
is reduced. This effect is known as gain saturation and typically occurs for input
powers of the order of 100 µW or more.
 Gain saturation can be used to convert data from one wavelength to another.
Two optical signals enter a single SOA with one carrying amplitude modulated
data and the other being of constant power (CW). If the peak optical power in
the modulated signal is near the saturation power of the SOA, the gain will be
modulated in synchronism with the power excursions. When the data signal is at a
high level (a binary 1), the gain is depleted, and vice versa. This gain
modulation is imposed on the unmodulated input beam. Thus, an inverted
replica of the input data is created at the target wavelength.

Until recently, the speed of wavelength conversion using SOA gain saturation
was thought to be limited by the intrinsic carrier lifetime of around 0.5 ns.
However, recent work has shown that the speed of such devices is greater than
the limit of a few gigabits per second this lifetime would imply. This is because
the effective carrier lifetime, which can be decreased by the use of high optical
injection, and longitudinal propagation effects, which can shape pulses as they
traverse the SOA, must be considered. Under high optical injection the rate of
stimulated emission in the SOA increases, and this can reduce the effective
lifetime to as low as 10ps

Interferometric Devices
It was noted in the discussion of XGM wavelength converters that
accompanying the gain modulation with carrier density changes is a
modulation of the refractive index of the SOA. This cross-phase modulation
(XPM) can be utilized to good effect in interferometric arrangements to obtain
wavelength conversion devices with significant advantages over those relying
on XGM alone. In such devices the light to be switched is split into two paths
containing SOAs, and a relative phase shift is induced by the optical switching
signal entering one of the SOAs, which saturates the gain. When the light is
recombined, constructive or destructive interference will occur depending on
the phase difference between the two paths. The unperturbed state of the
interferometer can be set up for constructive or destructive interference so
that injection of a switching signal causes either a decrease or increase,
respectively, in the wavelength-converted signal. The state of the
interferometer is typically set by adjusting the injection current in the two
SOAs or by a separate phase tuning element in a passive waveguide. Thus, the
first advantage to note for interferometric wavelength converters over XGM is
the choice between inverting or noninverting operation.

Structures analogous to Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers can be

made by hybrid integration of SOAs and couplers or by monolithic integration.
Hybrid devices consisting of discrete SOAs and fiber couplers were used in
early experiments; however, the need to maintain relative path lengths to
within a fraction of a wavelength makes these devices vulnerable to
environmental changes such as temperature or vibration. Monolithic
integration offers considerable stability advantages in addition to
compactness.

3.4 Synchronous Otdm

Synchronous switching system have been used extensively for packet routing:
however, their implementations using ultra fast optical signal processing
techniques technique is fairly new. In the remainder of the article we
summarize optical time domain functions for synchronous packet networks.
These include the ability to:

 Multiplex several low bit-rate DWDM channels into a single high bit rate
OTDM channels
 Demultiplex a single high bit-rate OTDM channels into several low
bitrate DWDM channel
 Add and/or drop a time slot from an OTDM channel  Wavelength
route OTDM signals.
3.5 Advantages
 Does not require O-E-O conversion
 Low cost
 High bit rate
 Delay is the order of nanoseconds
 Semiconductor based all-optical wavelength converters are compact
 They are readily lend them selves to integration and mass production

3.6 Summary
In this article we review optical signal processing and wavelength converter
technologies that can bring transparency to optical packet switching with bit
rate extending beyond that currently available with electronic router
technologies. The application of optical signal processing technique to all
optical label swapping and synchronous network functions is presented.
Optical wavelength converter technologies show promise to implement
packetprocessing functions. Non-linear fiber wavelength converters and
indium phosphide optical wavelength converters are described
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