Lec 4 Linear Systems

Communications Engineering (ECE 302 )
(3rd Year – CSE)

2nd Semester 2022/2023
Ch2: Linear systems
Dr. Nabila Elsawy Elsayed
Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering
Zagazig University
Course Outlines
❑ Ch.1: Signal processing
▪ Introduction to Communication System
▪ Fourier series
▪ Fourier transform
❑ Ch.2: Linear systems
▪ Convolution - Analytical and Graphical
▪ Signals classifications (Power and Energy)
❑ Ch.3: Amplitude Modulation

▪ Introduction to analog modulation
▪ Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation

Zagazig University 2
Convolution - Analytical and Graphical
• A convolution is an integral that expresses the amount of overlap of one
function when it is shifted over another function
Analytical
Convolution
Graphical

Convolution - Analytical
If 𝐹 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑋 𝜔 , 𝐹 ℎ(𝑡) = 𝐻 𝜔
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹 𝑥 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑋 𝜔 .𝐻 𝜔
For Linear system
∞
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 . ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
𝐹 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑌 𝜔 = 𝑋 𝜔 .𝐻 𝜔
If 𝑥(𝑡) and h(𝑡) are causal functions, then their convolution is defined by:
∞
𝑦(𝑡) = න 𝑥 𝜏 . ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
0

Example:
find the convolution of 𝑥 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑡

𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 . 𝑢 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑡).
∞
𝑥 𝑡 ∗ℎ 𝑡 = න ℎ 𝜏 . 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
= න 𝜏 2 . (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0
𝑡
= න (𝜏 2 𝑡 − 𝜏 3 )𝑑𝜏
0
𝑡
𝜏3 𝜏4
= (𝑡 − )อ
3 4
0
𝑡4 𝑡4 𝑡 4
= − =
3 4 12

∞
𝑓 𝑡 ∗𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑔 𝜏 . 𝑓 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 ∗𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜏 . 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 Integration by parts
0
𝑢 =𝑡−𝜏 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜏
𝑑𝑢 = −1 , 𝑣 = න sin 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = − cos 𝜏
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 ∗𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑡 − 𝜏 cos 𝜏ቚ − න −(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜏) ∗ −1 𝑑𝜏
0 0 0
𝑡
𝑓 𝑡 ∗𝑔 𝑡 = − 𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑡 − 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜏ቚ
0
𝑓 𝑡 ∗𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

Convolution - Graphical
Find convolution between 𝑥 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑡)
using graphical solution

𝐿 → 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑅 → 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡








Convolution
Use the convolution theorem to evaluate the following integral:
∞
sin 3𝜏 sin 𝑡 − 𝜏
න . 𝑑𝜏
−∞ 𝜏 𝑡−𝜏
sin 3t sin t
Sol: s t = ∗
t t
sin 3t sin t
Apply Fourier Transform to the previous equation s ω =𝐹 .F
t t
sin t g(t)
F = F 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡 A
t
→ 2𝐴𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝜔𝛼)
Using duality property t
- 
𝛼=1 g(𝜔)
A
2𝐴𝛼 = 1 then 𝐴 = 0.5 2𝐴𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡𝛼 → 2𝜋 × 𝜔
- 
Convolution
Use the convolution theorem to evaluate the following integral:
∞
sin 3𝜏 sin 𝑡 − 𝜏
න . 𝑑𝜏
−∞ 𝜏 𝑡−𝜏
sin 3t sin t
Sol: s t = ∗
t t
sin 3t sin t
Apply Fourier Transform to the previous equation s ω =𝐹 .F
t t
sin3t g(t)
F 3 = F 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 3𝑡 A
3t
→ 2𝐴𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝜔𝛼)
Using duality property t
- 
𝛼=3 g(𝜔)
A
2𝐴𝛼 = 3 then 𝐴 = 0.5 2𝐴𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡𝛼 → 2𝜋 × 𝜔
- 
Convolution
s2(𝜔)
s1(𝜔) 𝜋
𝜋
𝜔
𝜔
-3 3 -1 1
s ω = 𝑠1 𝜔 . 𝑠2 𝜔
s(𝜔) s(𝜔)
𝜋2 𝜋/2
= 2𝜋 × → 2𝐴𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡𝛼
𝜔 𝜔
-1 1 -1 1
𝜋
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = , 𝛼 = 1 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠 𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑡
2
Course Outlines
▪ Fourier series


Signals classifications (Power and Energy)
if x(t) is not periodic its

energy may be finite if
it falls off fast enough
at its “ends”
power = energy per unit time
𝑇0
1 2
𝑃 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇0 −𝑇0
2
➢ If (0 < 𝐸 < ∞) , then the signal 𝑥(𝑡) is called an Energy Signal.

➢ However, there are signals where this condition is not satisfied. For such signals we
consider the power. If , then the signal is called a Power Signal.
➢ Note that the power for an energy signal is zero (𝑃 = 0) and that the energy for a
power signal is infinite (𝐸 = ∞).
➢ Some signals are neither energy nor power signals.

𝑥(𝑡) Energy Power

Periodic signal ∞ Finite number
Non periodic signal Finite number 0
Let us consider a periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) with period 𝑇0 . The signal energy in one period is
𝑇0 𝑇0
2 2
𝐸𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 → energy in n periods is 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑛 න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 𝑇0
2 2
The average power of this signal is
𝑇0 ∞
1 2
𝑃 = lim න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 𝐸= න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇0 −𝑇0 −∞
2

❑ If the signal energy over one period is larger than zero but finite, then the total
energy is infinite, and the signal power is finite. Therefore, the signal is a power
signal.
❑ If the signal energy in one period is infinite, then both the power and the total
energy are infinite. Consequently, the signal is neither an energy signal nor a
power signal.


1 ∞ ∞
𝐸= න 𝑥(𝑗𝜔) 2 𝑑𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸= න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 −∞ −∞
Thus, the equation

∞
1 ∞
න 𝑥(𝑡) 2 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥(𝑗𝜔) 2 𝑑𝜔 Parseval’s relation
−∞ 2𝜋 −∞
➢ Parseval’s relation states that the total energy may be determined either by
1
integrating 𝑥(𝑡) 2 over all time or by integrating 2𝜋 𝑥(𝑗𝜔) 2 over all frequencies.
➢ Therefore 𝑥(𝑗𝜔) 2 is interpreted as an energy spectral density of signal 𝑥(𝑡).

Course Outlines
▪ Fourier series
▪ Auto Correlation

Thanks for your attention
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Lec 4 Linear Systems

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Communications Engineering (ECE 302 )

(3rd Year – CSE)

Ch2: Linear systems

Dr. Nabila Elsawy Elsayed

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

❑ Ch.3: Amplitude Modulation

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

For Linear system

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

find the convolution of 𝑥 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑡

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

❑ Ch.3: Amplitude Modulation

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

if x(t) is not periodic its

➢ If (0 < 𝐸 < ∞) , then the signal 𝑥(𝑡) is called an Energy Signal.

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

𝑥(𝑡) Energy Power

The average power of this signal is

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

Thus, the equation

➢ Therefore 𝑥(𝑗𝜔) 2 is interpreted as an energy spectral density of signal 𝑥(𝑡).

Elec. & Comm. Eng. Department

❑ Ch.3: Amplitude Modulation

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