Preprints of the 4th IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration
October 30- November 1, 2020. Wuhan, China
A Review Of Energy Storage System Study
Bo Yang
Inegrated Energy Tchnician Planning and Research Center
ofGuangzhou Power Supply Bureau
Guangzhou, China
1172199614@qq.com
2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) | 978-1-7281-9606-0/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/EI250167.2020.9347297
Yishun Zhu
Inegrated Energy Tchnician
Planning and Research Center of Guangzhou Power Supply
Bureau
Guangzhou, China
738905780@qq.com
Chutong Wang Chuangxin Guo
Zhejiang university Zhejiang university
Hangzhou, China Hangzhou, China
wangchutong94@foxmail.com guochuangxin@zju.edu.cn
Abstract—Energy Storage (ES) has become an important
supporting technology for utilization in large-scale centralized
energy generation and DG. And Energy Storage System (ESS)
will become the key equipment to combine electric energy and
other energy. ESS breaks the unsynchronized of energy gener-
ation and consum-ption, then make different kinds of energies
can translata-ble in time scale and space scale. This paper do a
review of energy storage system study.it include the classifica-
tion and Characteristics of Energy Storage System, the energy
storage technology in new energy generation, introducing hy-
brid energy storage as a typical ESS, and doing a review of
ESS business model.
Keywords—energy storage system, review, energy internet
I. INTRODUCTION
The development and utilization of fossil energy have
brought a serious energy and environmental crisis,
meanwhile, a new energy revolution which concentrate on
Distributed Generation (DG) and Energy Storage (ES) is
booming around the world. The concept of Energy Internet
(EI) came into being under this energy revolution.
Renewable energy is mainly energy source in EI, and the
terminal energy consumption have multiple forms of energy
mainly including electricity. Through the mutual conversion
and complementation of multiple energy sources such as
electric energy, thermal energy and chemical energy, the
close integration of energy networks such as power grids,
gas networks, thermal networks and transportation networks
is realized. Advanced ES technology, power electronics
technology, DG technology, intelligent energy management,
intelligent fault management, reliable and secure
communication technology are considered to be the key
technologies in EI[1][2]. Multiple energy forms are
converted, transferred, stored and shared on the user side by
the cleanest, most efficient and convenient way, so ES will
become the key equipment to combine electric energy and
other energy. ES breaks the unsynchronized of energy
generation and consumption, then make different kinds of
National Key R&d Project (2016YFB0900100) and the Research on
the application of various key energy storage technologies in power grid
(030100QQ00190015)
978-1-7281-9606-0/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Jun Pan
Inegrated Energy Tchnician Planning and Research Center
ofGuangzhou Power Supply Bureau
Guangzhou, China
panjun198193@163.com
Xurui Huang
Inegrated Energy Tchnician Planning and Research Center
ofGuangzhou Power Supply Bureau
Guangzhou, China
huangxurui@hotmail.com
Yizong Guo
Zhejiang university
Hangzhou, China
guoyizong@zju.edu.cn
energies can translatable in time scale and space scale.
ES has become an important supporting technology for
utilization in large-scale centralized energy generation and
DG[3][4]. The role of ES will change significantly in EI. In
the filed of basic application of ES in power system, the
functions of ES will be got further development, and some
technologies of ES will be got new opportunities. ES can be
thought as a technology for realizing electricity storage and
two-way conversion in traditional definition, including
pumped storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel
energy storage, superconducting magnetic energy storage,
battery energy storage etc. Electrical energy is stored in the
form of mechanical energy, electromagnetic energy,
chemical energy, etc., by using those ES technologies, and
is fed back to the power network. ES in EI includes not only
equipment that realizes bidirectional conversion of electrical
energy, but also unidirectional energy storage and
conversion equipment between electrical energy and other
energy forms. In the context of EI, the generalized ES
technology can be defined as one-way or two-way energy
storage device that realizes the connection between
electrical energy and thermal energy, chemical energy,
mechanical energy and so on. As can be seen in Fig. 1, the
electrochemical ES, heat storage, hydrogen storage, EV and
other ES technologies are support to power supply, the
interconnection of the power grid, transportation network,
gas network, heating and cooling network can be achieved
by this way[5].
Fig. 1 Electrical energy storage technologies in the energy internet
2858
 EI2 2020
Oct. 30- Nov. 1, 2020. Wuhan, China
II. CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ENERGY
STORAGE SYSTEM
With the advance and development of physical principle,
material and manufacturing technology. At present, ESSs
have developed many types and played an important role in
different fields [6]. In this part, several kinds of common
ESSs are introduced and their characteristics are also
summarized.
In all ESSs, battery energy storage system (BESS) is the
most widely used and has a large number of subdivision
types such as lead-acid battery, Li-ion battery, NiCd/NiMH
battery and sodium-sulfur battery [7]. The basic principle of
BESS is that there is a container which is filled with
electrolyte, and a chemical reaction of electricity conversion
occurs through a positive electrode and a negative electrode
soaking in the electrolyte. When the BESS is at charging
state, the positive electrode undergoes an oxidation reaction
and the negative electrode undergoes a reduction reaction.
At this time, the electrical energy is converted into stored
chemical energy [8]. On the contrary, the chemical energy is
converted into the electrical energy due to the redox reaction
of electrode when the BESS discharges. It is worth
mentioning that if the discharge is too deep, the chemical
reaction will be irreversible, making the active material
unusable. Therefore, the state of charge (SOC) of BESS is
limited. The power rating can range from 100W to 20MW
according to different energy storage mediums [9]. So the
application of BESS includes electric vehicle, reserve
energy and renewable energy integration. Considering that
BESS is the most mature ESS, it has excellent cost
performance. However, with the increase of cycle times, the
core will be aging and therefore the BESS has fewer life
time compared to other ESSs. Moreover, the electrolyte is
harmful to the environment and human body. The recycling
and disposal of scrap BESS will be a major problem in the
future.
Pumped hydro-storage systems (PHS) contribute the
most in the world electricity storage capacity up to 150
million kw, and China, the US and Japan has the top 3
installed capacity [10]. PHS is a hydropower station that
pumps water to the upper reservoir and then release water to
the lower reservoir for power generation at the peak of
power load [7]. Due to the operational theory and mature
technology, PHS is the most reliable and economical ESS
with long life cycle and largest capacity in power system.
PHS plays a most prominent role in peak load regulation of
power system. Moreover, PHS can achieve the voltage and
phase regulation in order to ensure the stability. Furthermore,
PHS can act as the reserve when the faults occur. The
efficiency of PHS is generally 65-75%, which includes the
mechanical loss in pumping and power generation [9].
However, PHS is less flexible than other ESSs because it is
almost impossible to move. And its power generation could
contradict with irrigation and flood protection.
Compared with other ESSs, it is different for flywheel
energy storage system (FESS) that the energy is stored as
kinetic energy in the flywheel rotor. When FESS absorbs
energy from the grid, its flywheel rotor will accelerate. On
the contrary, the kinetic energy can be transformed into the
electrical energy, accompanied by the decelerating rotor.
The main components of FESS include a flywheel rotor,
bearings, a dual-functional electric machine (can be used as
a motor and generator), a housing and a bidirectional power
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
converter. Otherwise, there are some other auxiliary devices,
such as vacuum pump and cooling system, applied in FESS
according to the specific type [11].
In FESS, the flywheel rotor is used as the storage
medium and its performance is determined by the rotor
shape and material. The stored kinetic energy is linearly
proportional to the moment of inertia and the square of its
angular velocity, and therefore FESS is classified into two
groups: low speed FESS (up to 10,000 rpm and heavy
material) and high speed FESS (up to 100,000 rpm and light
material) [12]. The bearings are to support the flywheel
rotor and ensure its high-speed rotation without mechanical
friction stably. The dual-functional electric machine is an
energy conversion hub, in which electrical energy and
mechanical energy are interchangeable in charging process
or discharging process. The housing provides a low-pressure
environment for flywheel rotor to reduce wind resistance
loss under high-speed rotation [11]. On the other hand, the
housing plays a protective role if flywheel bursts by the high
centrifugal force. The bidirectional power converter
equipped between FESS and power gird is to achieve the
stable storage and release of electrical energy.
Based on the mechanical and electrical structure, FESS
is an environmental-friendly, fast-response and deeply-
dischargeable ESS with long cycle life. Besides, the design of
energy and power ratings is decoupled, respectively
determining by the flywheel rotor and the nature of electric
machine and power converter [13]. In order to reduce the loss
in the FESS operating process, the magnetic bearings,
including permanent magnetic bearings, active magnetic
bearings and superconducting magnetic bearings, are used
instead of the mechanical ball bearings [11, 12]. Moreover,
the housing made of high strength material is usually a
vacuum container, eliminating the influence of air friction.
Therefore, FESS has low maintenance requirement and a long
life time (up to 20 years) under the low-loss environment.
With the development of FESS components, the power
density is more than 10 times greater than BESS, and up to
95% round-trip energy efficiency is achieved [7, 13].
Considering the fewer life time due to frequent
charge/discharge process in the BESS and the disadvantage
of FESS such as low stored energy and short duration time,
the hybrid ESS is a pretty engineering application where a
fast-response ESS is combined with a long-term ESS [14].
For example, in [15], a Li-Ion battery-flywheel hybrid stor-
age system was proposed to support the primary frequency
regulation. Except for the above types, there are still many
ESSs, such compressed air energy storage (CAES), super-
capacitor energy storage, superconducting magnetic energy
storage (SMES) and so on in the energy storage market and
laboratory. They have different and unique characteristics
and are suitable for various application, accelerating the
practical process of ESSs
III. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY IN NEW ENERGY
GENERATION
Traditional electric energy storage(EES) can be defined
as the technology to achieve EES and bidirectional
conversion, including pumped storage, compressed air
storage, flywheel storage, superconducting magnetic storage,
battery storage, etc. With these energy storage technologies
(EST) , electric energy is stored in the form of mechanical
energy, electromagnetic field, chemical energy and fed back
2859
 EI2 2020
Oct. 30- Nov. 1, 2020. Wuhan, China
to the power grid in time. Generalized EES can be defined
as one-way or two-way storage equipment between electric
power and thermal energy, chemical energy, mechanical
energy, etc.
The main primary energy such as wind, light, tide and
geothermal can be converted to electric energy through new
energy generation. Under the limitation of power grid
transmission and consumption capacity, part of new energy
generation will be converted by hydrogen generation and
heat generation, and part of new energy generation will be
stored and returned to power grid timely by two-way power
storage equipment such as electrochemical energy storage.
By the support of various ESTs, new energy power
generation and cogeneration units, fuel cells, heat pumps
and other conversion equipment operate in coordination,
achieving the matching of multi energy production and
consumption with power as the core under the goal of
efficient utilization of new energy.
In solar thermal power generation, heat storage
technology is used to solve the intermittence of solar power
generation, so that solar power generation has a more stable
output in 24 hours. What’s more, Large scale heat storage
technology plays an important role in dealing with the
consumption of new energy generation. During the heating
period in winter, in order to meet the heating load, the peak
shaving depth of the thermal power unit is limited. In the
area with a high proportion of new energy, there is a serious
phenomenon of wind/light abandonment. Heat storage
device (generally heat storage water tank) is equipped for
the thermal power unit, which can decouple the thermal
power and electric power of the unit to a certain extent, so
as to improve the operation flexibility and peak load
regulation capacity of the thermal power unit.
In recent years, small-scale demonstration projects of
hydrogen production from electrolytic water by using new
energy have been carried out at home and abroad. It is one
of the ways to improve the utilization rate of new energy
generation to generate hydrogen by using new energy in the
period of low load of power grid. The technology of
hydrogen production from alkaline electrolyzer and solid
polymer electrolyzed water has good adaptability to the
fluctuation of wind power.
Electrochemical energy storage has the advantages of
flexible installation and fast response, which can play an
important role in providing power service and energy
service for power grid. It has significant technical
advantages in restraining the rapid fluctuation of new energy
generation, grid frequency modulation, micro grid energy
management and stability support, distributed power access
and so on. At present, the application of electrochemical
energy storage in power system is growing rapidly. In the
off grid or weak network connection area, in order to use
wind and solar energy to provide stable and reliable power
supply, battery energy storage has been widely used, such as
Zhejiang Dongfushan island wind energy storage micro grid
project, which uses 100kW photovoltaic, 210kW wind
power generation, and 300kW lead-acid battery energy
storage to replace the original diesel generator in the island
Electricity supply.
IV. HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE
A. Hybrid energy storage of Battery and superconducting
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
technology
At present, the most popular research on hybrid energy
storage is a hybrid energy storage system composed of super
capacitors and batteries. Superconducting magnetic energy
storage has higher energy density and efficiency than super
capacitors, and the efficiency of superconducting magnetic
energy storage devices. Extremely high can reach 95%. The
research on superconducting materials and the rapid devel-
opment of their applications have also greatly reduced the
cost of superconducting magnetic energy storage devices.
By the end of the 20th century, the price had dropped to
15,000~25000$/MJ[16]. With the continuous development of
superconducting technology, the price of superconducting
magnetic energy storage devices will inevitably be further
reduced. With its unique performance advantages, the appli-
cation potential of hybrid energy storage systems with su-
perconducting magnetic energy storage is huge. In addition
to considering economic costs, battery cycle life is also an
important factor affecting the performance of hybrid energy
storage systems. Table I shows the relationship between the
depth of discharge (DoD) and the cycle life of the 6-QAW-
100 lead-type lead-acid battery [17].
TABLE I. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE DEPTH AND CYCLE
LIFE OF MODEL LEAD-ACID BATTERY
V. Dis- VI. Cy- VII. Dis- VIII. C
charge depth cle life charge depth ycle life
0.1 3800 0.6 900
0.2 2850 0.7 750
0.3 2050 0.8 650
0.4 1300 0.9 600
0.5 1050 1 550
It can be seen from Table I that the depth of discharge is
inversely proportional to the cycle life. Due to its large ca-
pacity, the battery can be used as the capacity-bearing role
of the hybrid energy storage system, but its cycle life is
greatly limited in engineering applications. In this respect,
superconducting magnetic energy storage has excellent
characteristics, long life and simple maintenance, and can be
compared with supercapacitor energy storage. Because the
core of the superconducting magnetic energy storage system
is a superconducting magnet, there is no resistance loss
when passing DC current, which can be transmitted. The
current density is 1~2 orders of magnitude higher than that
of conventional conductors. Superconducting magnets out-
perform supercapacitors in terms of cycle life and energy
storage density. Their service life can be as long as ten years
and the cycle life is 7~1 million. Times [18]. At present, the
research on hybrid energy storage system composed of bat-
tery-superconducting magnet is still in its preliminary stage,
but with the development cost of superconducting magnetic
technology decreasing, this hybrid energy storage configura-
tion scheme will become a hot research topic. In summary,
the hybrid energy storage system composed of lead-acid
batteries and superconducting magnets can achieve the pur-
pose of stabilizing intermittent energy power fluctuations,
maintaining stable operation of the micro-grid, and respond-
ing to emergency situations in the micro-grid. Based on the
difference between the response speeds of the two, the idea
of this paper is to treat the high-frequency fluctuations by
SMES, so as to reduce the fluctuation of the state of charge
of the battery and prolong the service life of the battery and
the hybrid energy storage system; the low-frequency fluctu-
ations are handled by the battery and The economic aspect
2860
 EI2 2020
Oct. 30- Nov. 1, 2020. Wuhan, China

considers the battery to bear most of the capacity of the hy-
brid energy storage system.
B Cogeneration technology
Cogeneration, heat pump, electric boiler, immersion
heater and other technologies promote the coupling between
power system and thermal system. Its importance is
reflected in: heat production is an important link in many
power generation processes, and effective use of heat energy
can be improved. Energy efficiency; electrical-thermal
coupling helps to dissipate renewable energy; heat is an
important component of end-user load. At the same time,
thermal energy is lost in the process of production and
transmission. The effective use of thermal energy is an
important goal in the concept of energy cascade utilization
and multi-energy complementation. The existing electro-
thermal coupling components are not perfect. Subject to the
supply and demand characteristics and transmission
characteristics of the thermal system, the electro-thermal
coupling components are mainly embodied in the integrated
energy system at the user level and the regional level, and
are rarely found in the inter-regional system. The user-level
electric-thermal coupling components mainly exist in the
form of temperature-controlled loads such as water heaters
and air conditioners, which embodies the energy conversion
between electric heating and heat, which is closely related to
people's lives, as shown in Fig. 2. The temperature control
load is an important load type of the power system, and it is
widely used, and its energy consumption characteristics are
greatly affected by external weather factors. At the same
time, thermal energy has a delay effect. By studying,
optimizing, and controlling the electro-thermal coupling
components, it can reduce its impact on the stability of the
power system, provide better auxiliary services to the power
system, and demand response, energy efficiency power
C Hybrid energy storage
The design goal of the integrated energy supply system
is to use the energy types available in the area (gas,
electricity, light, wind, geothermal, industrial, according to
the user's demand for different energy types (air-
conditioning, heating, hot water, electricity, steam, etc.).
Residual heat, etc., optimize the combination of various
energy conversion devices to meet the long-term changes in
energy supply needs of users, and to maximize the
comprehensive benefits of economic and environmental
protection. As the basis for the optimization design of the
energy station, the basic structure of the integrated energy
station must be comprehensive enough, and the subsequent
optimization of the program can lead to a comprehensive
and optimal plan. Specific attention should be paid to the
following principles: (1) The basic architecture should
include all the energy types that the user needs and all the
energy types available in the area and environment. The
environment here allows for the installation of energy
conversion equipment required to convert this type of
energy. For example, there are photovoltaic installation
roofs and walls, meeting the installation site requirements of
fans or light-to-heat conversion devices. (2) The basic
architecture should include all feasible energy conversion
technology types and energy storage technology types that
meet the site requirements and user demand scale. Figure 1
shows the common energy types and their connection to
energy conversion and storage equipment. The main steps in
the design of the basic architecture of the energy station in
practical applications are as Fig. 3.
3ULPDU\
HQHUJ\ 6XQVKLQH &RDO $OFRKRO %LRPDVV *DVRLO :LQG
HQHUJ\
6RODU
%RLOHU
,QWHUQDO
7XUELQH :LQG
LQVWDO 39 FRPEXVWLRQ 7XUELQHV
ODWLRQ JHQHUDWRU JHQHUDWRU

plants. After installing the energy storage system, the

operation of the traditional cogeneration unit will be greatly 6HFRQGDU\
6WHDP +RWZDWHU +RWDLU (OHFWUL &ROGZDWHU &ROGDLU
changed. First of all, after adding the heat storage device, HQHUJ\

the cogeneration unit output the same thermal power, the +HDW
H[FKDQJHU +HDW
(OHFWULF 3RZHU 8VHU
VKHHW JULG
electrical output adjustment range increased. The addition of VLQN
&RPSUHVVHG
8VHU
the power storage system further increases the adjustment +HDW
VWRUDJH +HDW
+HDW UHIULJHUDW
SXPS RU
range of the power output, which can effectively decouple GHYLFH H[FKDQJHU
8VHU
the thermoelectric coupling characteristics and achieve the :DWHU
KHDWHU
:DUPZDWHU
purpose of flexibly adjusting the output of the 7XUELQH
JHQHUDWRU
+HDW
H[FKDQJHU
thermoelectric unit. To the purpose of flexibly adjusting the (OHFWULF
output of thermoelectric unit. Other technologies have also 8VHU
ERLOHU &RRO
VWRUDJH
provided new ideas for related research [19]-[21]. $EVRUSWLRQ GHYLFH
FKLOOHU 3RZHU
VWRUDJH
GHYLFH

Fig. 3 Classification and conversion of energy types

PV

V. ESS BUSINESS MODLE

Wind Air Water
power conditioning heater
oven Although the value of ESS is obvious, the revenue is not
cover the investment for most users. In particularly, for
demand side ESS, owners always can’t afford the
investment cost without financial subsidy or economic
Power
grid Air Water Resistor strength large power companies. Thus, The world's leading
ESS vendors are actively pursuing innovation business
model to put the energy storage project into practice. And
Battery ESS business model can be divided into the following
Heat Electric Electric
categories: contract energy management model, Financing
pump heater furnace repo lease model, Third-party investment management
Electric
car model, "Rent for sale" model and shared ESS model.
Fig. 2 User-level electrical-thermal coupling component

2861

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 EI2 2020
Oct. 30- Nov. 1, 2020. Wuhan, China
A. contract energy management model
This model provide service by signing energy saving
service contract with customers, including energy audit,
project design, project financing, equipment procurement,
engineering construction, equipment installation and de-
bugging, personnel training. The benefit is derived from
customer's energy saving including Peak-valley gap arbi-
trage and demand side response.
t t
IE ¦ Gi * p  ¦ Gi * s  C1  C2
i 0 i 0
Where I E denotes the revenue of contract energy man-
agement company , Gi denotes the selling power. p denotes
the price of electric power. s denotes the state subsidies per
kilowatt hour of electricity. C1 and C2 denote the investment
cost and maintenance cost of the ESS respectively.
B. Financing repo lease model
The investor invests in the construction of energy stor-
age power station in full and leases it to the power grid for
use. At the end of the agreed lease period, the equipment
may be renewed at the agreed residual value of the assets
and may be repurchased at the residual value upon renewal.
IE PESS * prent  C1  C2
Where PESS denotes the rated power leased to the pow-
er grid. prent denotes the lease price of per kilowatt.
C. Third-party investment management model
As a third party, the investor is also the lead and con-
nector of the stakeholders in the marketization of the energy
storage system. It is necessary to comprehensively consider
the interest demands and rights and responsibilities of all
parties, so as to share risks and benefits.
D. “Rent for sale" model
Energy storage project developers lease energy storage
systems to users for taking advantage of it to reduce peak
electricity charge, charge demand electricity and to provide
backup power supply. Lease term can be set flexibly accord-
ing to the target user or product application. Users pay for
the rent per schedule period, including equipment usage fee,
operation and maintenance fee, software fee, installation
cost, tax, etc. The Energy storage project developers. The
rental fee is calculated on the basis of the project investment
cost.
E. Shared ESS model
In this model, with the assistance of the shared energy
storage provider, shared energy storage users determine the
capacity of shared virtual battery they need. Through a rea-
sonable optimization model according to their own histori-
cal load and photovoltaic output. Shared energy storage us-
ers pay a shared energy storage service fee to the shared
energy storage provider for the right to use the shared bat-
tery. Virtual battery can be designed for users of the shared
are of a similar features, and the real energy storage device
has the same charge and discharge parameters such as cycle
efficiency, self-discharge, and the difference is that the user
entity energy storage in physically located on the user side
and actual control by the user, the shared cell entity is actu-
ally a shared storage provider of centralized storage facili-
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ties and the leasing agent distributed storage resources.
These energy storage resources are actually controlled by
the shared energy storage provider.
(1)
Fig. 4 Shared ESS model
The main economic motivation of applying the sharing
principle to battery storage operation is to increase the
profitability by generating higher revenues for different
users, while ‘‘sharing” the costs of the investment. The
advantages from a technical point of view is showed in [22].
An increase of operating hours for additional revenue (to
align cycle and calendric lifetime),using synergy effects,
harnessing excess or curtailed energy and a potentially larg-
er battery size (compared to the optimal size for a single
case offering more operational flexibility.
(2)
VI. ESS CONFIGURATION METHOD
The optimal configuration of energy storage is one of the
key technologies to be solved first, and it is also the premise
to realize the large-scale development of energy storage on
the user side [22].
At present, scholars have carried out many researches on
the optimal configuration of energy storage. A two-stage
mixed integer programming method is proposed to plan and
configure a Integrated energy system with multiple new
energy sources and energy storage in [23]. A dual battery
system configuration and management method is proposed
to use in an independent microgrid in [24]. In [25], the op-
timal configuration strategy of energy storage for wind and
solar energy storage system is proposed. In reference [26],
the grid structure and power flow limitation of distribution
network are considered, a double-layer multi-objective op-
timization model of energy storage is established, and the
optimal configuration of energy storage of 30 node system
is solved by PSO-TLBO intelligent algorithm. It is suitable
for the distribution network with renewable energy, but it is
still from the system point of view, without considering the
user's energy storage behavior. Reference [27-28] further
consider the uncertainty of wind power, and innovates the
algorithm, by introducing the stochastic programming and
Monte Carlo simulation method to deal with the unbalanced
power of wind power, carries out the annual operation simu-
lation to determine the optimal energy storage configuration.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Tian, W. Luan, D. Zhang, et al, “Technical forms and key
technologies on energy internet,” Proceeding of the CSEE, vol. 35 pp.
3482-3494, 2015
[2] J. Cao and M. Yang, “Energy internet-towards smart grid 2.0,” in
Fourth International Conference on Networking and Distributed
Computing, pp. 105–110. 2013,
[3] X. Yuan, S. Cheng, J. Wen, “Prospects analysis of energy storage
application in grid integration of large-scale wind power,” Automation
of Electric Power Systems, vol. 37 pp.14-18, 2013.
2862
 EI2 2020
Oct. 30- Nov. 1, 2020. Wuhan, China
[4] S. Wang, X. Lai, S. Cheng, “An analysis of prospects for application
of large-scale energy storage technology in power systems”,
Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 37 pp.3-8, 2013.
[5] J. Li, L. Tian, X. Lai, “Outlook of electrical energy storage
technologies under energy internet background”, Automation of
Electric Power Systems, pp.15-25, 2015.
[6] Faisal M, Hannan M A, Ker P J, et al. 瀡Review of energy storage
system technologies in microgrid applications: Issues and challenges瀢.
IEEE Access, , vol. 6: pp.35143-35164澿 2018.
[7] Boicea V A. “Energy storage technologies: The past and the present”.
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, pp.1777-1794, 2014.
[8] Ogunniyi E O, Pienaar H C Z. Overview of battery energy storage
system advancement for renewable (photovoltaic) energy
applications//2017 International Conference on the Domestic Use of
Energy (DUE). IEEE, pp.233-239,2017.
[9] Pickard W F. The history, present state, and future prospects of
underground pumped hydro for massive energy storage. Proceedings
of the IEEE, , vol. 100, pp.473-483,2011.
[10] Arani A A K, Karami H, Gharehpetian G B, et al. “Review of
flywheel energy storage systems structures and applications in power
systems and microgrids”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol. 69, pp. 9-18, 2017.
[11] Amiryar M, Pullen K. “A review of flywheel energy storage system
technologies and their applications.” Applied Sciences, vol. 7, pp. 286,
2017.
[12] Goris F, Severson E L. A review of flywheel energy storage systems
for grid application[C]//IECON 2018-44th Annual Conference of the
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE, 2018: 1633-1639.
[13] Yulong P, Cavagnino A, Vaschetto S, et al. Flywheel energy storage
systems for power systems application[C]//2017 6th International
Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP). IEEE, 2017: 492-501.
[14] Barelli L, Bidini G, Bonucci F, et al. “Flywheel hybridization to
improve battery life in energy storage systems coupled to RES plants”.
Energy, vol. 173, pp. 937-950, 2017.
[15] Dambone Sessa S, Tortella A, Andriollo M, et al. “Li-Ion battery-
flywheel hybrid storage system: countering battery aging during a
grid frequency regulation service”. Applied Sciences, vol. 8, pp. 23-30.
[16] Karasik V㸪Dixon K㸪Weber C㸪et al. “SMES for power utility
applications㸸a review of technical and cost considerations”. IEEE
Trans on Applied Superconductivity㸪vol. 9, pp. 541-546.
[17] Bindner H㸪Cronin T㸪Lundsager P㸪et al. “Lifetime modelling of
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA. Downloaded on February 08,2023 at 14:18:35 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
lead acid batteries”. Jouinal of Power Sources㸪vol. 53, pp. 111-117,
2005.
[18] Xu Changhong 㸪 Li Peiqiang 㸪 Li Xinran 㸪 et al 㸬 “Effects of
thermostatically controlled load on low-frequency oscillations in
power systems” 㸬 Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering
and Energy㸪vol. 32, pp. 58-62, 2013㸬
[19] Wang Dan㸪Fan Menghua㸪Jia Hongjie㸬User comfort constraint
demand response for residential thermostatically-controlled loads and
efficient power plant modeling[J]㸬Proceedings of the CSEE㸪vol.
34, pp. 2071-2077, 2014㸬
[20] Wang Chengshan 㸪 Liu Mengxuan 㸪 Lu Ning 㸬 A tie-line power
smoothing method for microgrid using residential thermostatically-
controlled loads[J]㸬Proceedings of the CSEE㸪vol. 33, pp. 36-43,
2012.
[21] Lombardi, P. , and F. Schwabe . "Sharing economy as a new business
model for energy storage systems." Applied Energy vol. 188A, pp.
485-496 2017.
[22] W. Huang, N. Zhang, and J. Yang et al., "Optimal Configuration
Planning of Multi-Energy Systems Considering Distributed
Renewable Energy," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 2,
pp. 1452-1464, Mar. 2019.
[23] P. B. L. Neto, O. R. Saavedra and L. A. de Souza Ribeiro, “A Dual-
Battery Storage Bank Configuration for Isolated Microgrids Based on
Renewable Sources,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol.
9, no. 4, pp. 1618-1626, Oct. 2018.
[24] J. Li, B. Guo, and M. Niu et al., “Optimal Configuration Strategy of
Energy Storage Capacity in Wind/PV/Storage Hybrid System”
Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 33, no. 6, pp.
1189-1196, Mar. 2018.
[25] T. Cheng, M. Chen, and H. Luo, “Multi-objective allocation of energy
storage in distribution network penetrated with renewable energy
generation,” Power System Technology, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 2808-2815,
Sep. 2017.
[26] W. Wu , Z. Hu , and Y. Song , “Optimal sizing of energy system for
wind farms combining stochastic programming and sequential monte
carlo simulation,” Power System Technology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp.
1055-1062, Nov. 2018.
[27] H. Chen , H. Du, and R. Zhang et al, “Optimal capacity configuration
and operation strategy of hybrid energy storage considering
uncertainty of wind power,” Electric Power Automation Equipment,
vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 174-182+188, Aug. 2018.
2863