KKEK 4304: Process Integration

Semester 1, Session 2018/2019

Project Title: Production of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

from Palm Oil

Name : Ho Wan Quan KEK 150024

Yap Loo Swan KEK 150103
Tan Lay Chew KEK 150088
Koet Tian Xin KEK 150028
Chong Woon Ling KEK 150013
Muhammad Dolah KEK 150001
Lecturer: Associate Prof. Dr. Rozita Binti Yusoff
 Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 1
2.0 Process Flow Diagram………………………………………………………………... 2
3.0 Process Description…………………………………………………………………... 4
4.0 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….. 6
5.0 Assumptions………………………………………………………………………….. 6
6.0 Steps in designing HEN………………………………………………………………. 7
6.1 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………… 7
6.2 Identify hot and cold streams……………………………………………………… 8
6.3 Heat Capacity Determination……………………………………………………… 8
6.4 Composite curves………………………………………………………………….. 9
6.5 Pinch point………………………………………………………………………….. 11
6.6 Problem Table Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 11
6.7 Grand Composite Curve (GCC)……………………………………………………. 13
6.8 Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design for Maximum Energy Recovery (MER)… 14
6.9 Loop Breaking - Reducing the Number of Heat Exchangers………………………. 16
7.0 Aspen Energy Analyzer………………………………………………………………… 20
8.0 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 24
9.0 References……………………………………………………………………………… 25
List of Figures

1.1 Onion Diagram of hierarchy in process design and process synthesis…………... 1

2.2 Process flow of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) production from palm oil
(part 1)…………………………………………………………………………… 2
2.3 Process flow of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) production from palm oil
(part 2)…………………………………………………………………………… 3
3.1 Reactions involved in the reactors………………………………………………. 4
6.1 Composite table for hot streams…………………………………………………. 9
6.2 Composite table for cold streams………………………………………………... 10
6.3 Composite curve…………………………………………………………………. 10
6.4 Difference in heat capacity and interval enthalpies……...………………………. 12
6.5 Grand composite curve…………………………………………………………... 13
6.6 Heat Exchanger Network solved manually……………………………………… 15
6.7 Loops in HEN design……………………………………………………………. 16
6.8 Loop 1 breaking in HEN design…………………………………………………. 17
6.9 New temperatures found after loop 1 breaking………………………………….. 17
6.10 Loop 2 breaking in HEN design…………………………………………………. 18
6.11 New temperatures found after loop 2 breaking………………………………….. 19
7.1 Input data streams in AEA……………………………………………………….. 20
7.2 Utilities stream used in AEA…………………………………………………...... 20
7.3 Target view of HEN design……………………………………………………… 20
7.4 Composite curves shown in AEA……………………………………………….. 21
7.5 Grand composite curve shown in AEA………………………………………….. 21
7.6 HEN design before loop breaking……………………………………………….. 21
7.7 HEN design after breaking loop 1……………………………………………….. 22
7.8 HEN design after breaking loop 2……………………………………………….. 22
7.9 Network performance shown in AEA……………………………………...……. 23
7.10 HEN design recommended by AEA…………………………………………….. 23
7.11 Network cost indexes and network performance of the recommended HEN 24
design…………………………………………………………………………….
List of Tables

6.1 Streams to be cooled and heated…………………………………………………. 7

6.2 Heat capacity of each stream…………………………………………………….. 8
6.3 Heat load of each stream………………………………………………………… 8
6.4 Interval temperatures of each stream……………………………………………. 11
6.5 Temperature intervals calculated………………………………………………… 11
6.6 Cascade heat……………………………………………………………………... 12
6.7 QHmin and QCmin solved manually………………………………………………… 15
1.0 Introduction

Pinch Technology provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in processes. The
methodology is based on thermodynamic principles. The process design hierarchy can be
represented in onion diagram as below.

Figure 1.1: Onion Diagram of hierarchy in process design and process synthesis

Pinch Analysis always begins with material and energy balance of the process. Using Pinch
Technology, it is possible to identify appropriate changes in the core process conditions that
can have a positive impact on energy savings. After establishing heat and material balance,
targets for energy saving can be set prior to the design of the heat exchanger network. The
Pinch Design Method ensures that these targets are achieved during the network design.
Pinch Technology therefore provides a consistent methodology for energy saving, from the
basic heat and material balance to the total site utility system.

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2.0 Process Flow Diagram

C1: 34°C to 300°C H1: 300°C to 180°C

C3: 140°C to 300°C

C2: 31°C to 70°C

H6: 278°C to 40°C

H2: 256°C to 150°C

Figure 2.1: Process flow of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) production from palm oil

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 H3: 173°C to 40°C

H5: 177°C to 40°C

H4: 287°C to 180°C

Figure 2.2: Process flow of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) production from palm oil

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3.0 Process Description

The plant operates for 330 days yearly (24 hours non-stop), taking into account the period for
scheduled annual maintenance. It produces Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) of
approximately 206,188 tonnes/yr and by-product oxygen of approximately 62,600 tonnes/yr.
In the hydrotreatment process, liquid Crude Palm Oil (30,000 kg/hr) – stored at 30℃ and
atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar) and hydrogen gas (1,436 kg/hr) are first compressed and
heated before being fed into a dual-phase packed bed reactor. The hydrogen is generated on
site using electrolyser at 70℃ and 30 bar. Water (8,900 kg/hr) fed into the electrolyser and
is dissociated based on the principle of electrochemical reaction. The electrolysis by-product,
oxygen (7,904 kg/hr) is pressurized and stored before being processed in a bottling plant and
sold to other companies.

Reactions that are involved in the reactor are as follow:

Figure 3.1: Reactions involved in the reactors

As the process being exothermic in nature, the reactor operates at 300℃ and 40 bar, and
contains a bed of alumina-supported Nickel Molybdenum, NiMo catalyst (NiMo/γ −Al2O3) to
promote the hydrogenation of crude palm oil components to free fatty acids, and the
simultaneous reactions of Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), decarboxylation (DCOX) and
decarbonylation (DCO). The gaseous and liquid products formed from the reactions are
subsequently separated in three flash separators. First separator after the reactor will further
separate liquid green diesel at 180℃ and 40 bar, which are then mixed together with liquid
product from the reactor. Second separator operating at 40℃ and 15 bar aims to remove
excess water, H2O from the gas stream of the first separator, so that hydrogen can be recover
back by passing through Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) unit at 40℃ and 15 bar where
80wt% hydrogen gas (99.7wt% purity) is recovered from the gaseous mixture and recycled

4
back to the reactor to reduce fresh hydrogen consumption. Mixed product stream are then
further purified by passing through the third separator operating at 40℃ and 1.013 bar. The
liquid green diesel produced (C15-C18) have a purity of 94.6 wt% flowing at 26013 kg/hr.
Both waste gas streams from PSA unit as well as final separator, which has high propane
concentration is used as fuel gas to lower electricity cost while the wastewater produced from
second separator will be sent to wastewater treatment plant to comply with the industrial
effluent standard.

Hence, heat exchangers involved in the process are described. Firstly, H-201 and H-202 are
used to heat the CPO feed and water feed from 34℃ to 300℃ (1.013 bar) and 31℃ to 70℃
(1.013 bar) respectively. H-203 is then used to heat the mixed hydrogen feed from 140℃ to
300℃ (42 bar). C-201 was used to cool down the vapor stream from reactor from 300℃ to
180℃ (40 bar) before entering the first separator while C-202 and C-206 are used to cool
down the oxygen product after being compressed from 256℃ to 150 ℃ ( 100 bar) and 278℃
to 40℃ ( 200 bar) respectively. C-203 was used to cool down the vapor stream from first
separator from 173℃ to 40℃ ( 15 bar) before entering second separator while C-204 and
C-205 are both used to cool down the HVO product liquid stream from 287℃ to 180℃
( 2.5 bar) and 177℃ to 40℃ ( 2 bar) respectively.

Although operating condition is at high temperature and pressure, it can also be concluded
that the novelty of this process is having lesser harmful by-products, lesser coking and wastes
formed such as carbon dioxide thus contributing to lower global carbon footprint by being
more environment friendly.

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4.0 Objectives

The main objectives of this project is to:

i. Perform a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design to enhance energy
efficiency for maximum energy recovery (MER) in HVO production plant.
ii. Reducing the number of heat exchangers unit.
iii. Minimize energy wastage and operating cost of the plant.
iv. Comparison between manual calculation and Aspen Energy Analyzer (AEA)

5.0 Assumptions

Several assumptions are made in HEN design:

i. Steady-state operation
ii. No heat loss to surroundings
iii. No pipe leakages
iv. Minimum temperature difference, ΔTmin = 10°C.

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6.0 Steps in designing HEN

There are total nine steps required for HEN design:

i. Data Collection
ii. Heat Capacity Determination
iii. Identify hot and cold streams
iv. Plot composite curves
v. Determine pinch point
vi. Problem Table Analysis
vii. Plot grand composite curve (GCC)
viii. HEN design for Maximum Energy Recovery (MER)
ix. Targets for minimum number of heat exchanger units.

6.1 Data Collection

From the process flow diagram in Section 2.0, streams that requires heating/cooling are
tabulated and shown in table.

Table 6.1: Streams to be cooled and heated

Streams
Initial
Tsupply Ttarget
HX
(°C) (°C)
C-201 300 180
C-202 256 150
C-203 173 40
C-204 287 180
C-205 177 40
C-206 278 40
H-201 34 300
H-202 31 70
H-203 140 300

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6.2 Heat Capacity Determination

*All specific heat capacity values of each stream are obtained from Aspen Plus Simulation.

Table 6.2: Heat capacity of each stream

Specific Heat
Heat Capacity,
Heat Mass flow Capacity CP CP
Exchangers rate(kg/hr) (kJ/kg.°C) (kJ/hr.°C) (MJ/hr.°C)
C-201 9401.81 3.21005 30180.28 30.18028
C-202 7904.1 1.02622 8111.346 8.111346
C-203 5032.32 3.31346 16674.39 16.67439
C-204 22034.3 3.04598 67116.04 67.11604
C-205 26403.8 2.69507 71160.09 71.16009
C-206 7904.1 1.06208 8394.787 8.394787
H-201 30000 1.88679 56603.7 56.6037
H-202 8900 4.80952 42804.73 42.80473
H-203 1436.16 14.5495 20895.41 20.89541

Heat Capacity (kJ/hr.°C) = Mass flow rate (kg/hr) x specific heat capacity (kJ/kg.°C)

6.3 Identify hot and cold streams

From the stream data listed in Section 6.1, streams can be classified into hot streams and cold
streams. The data is tabulated as below.

Table 6.3: Heat load of each stream.

Initial Stream Type Tsupply Ttarget CP Heat

HX No. (°C) (°C) (MJ/hr.°C) Load
(MJ/hr)
C-201 S1 Hot 300 180 30.18 3621.6
C-202 S2 Hot 256 150 8.111 859.766
C-203 S3 Hot 173 40 16.674 2217.642
C-204 S4 Hot 287 180 67.116 7181.412
C-205 S5 Hot 177 40 71.16 9748.92
C-206 S6 Hot 278 40 8.395 1998.01
H-201 S7 Cold 34 300 56.6 15055.6
H-202 S8 Cold 31 70 42.805 1669.395
H-203 S9 Cold 140 300 20.895 3343.2
Set ΔTmin = 10°C

8
6.4 Composite curves

A composite curve can be constructed in six step procedures:

i. Fix ΔTmin.
ii. Construct hot and cold composite table.
Iii. Draw hot composite curve and leave it fixed.
iv. Draw cold composite curve such that ΔT between hot and cold composite curves
not less than ΔTmin.
v. Temperature at which ∆T= ∆T min is the PINCH temperature.
vi. Non-overlap on right side is the Minimum Heating Utility (QH,min) and the
non-overlap on the left side is the Minimum Cooling Utility (QC,min).

Q=ΔT x ∑CP

The composite tables for both hot and cold streams are shown below and the composite curve
is constructed based on data in composite table as shown below too.

Composite table for hot stream:

30.18adsa
67.12
8.40
8.11

71.16
16.674

Figure 6.1: Composite table for hot streams

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Composite table for cold stream:

56.6 20.895

42.805

Figure 6.2: Composite table for cold streams

Composite Curve:

350
QHmin= 1390 MJ/hr
THP= 287°C
300

250 TCP=277°C
Temperature (°C)

200

150

100

50

QCmin= 6949 MJ/hr

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Heat Load (MJ/hr)

Figure 6.3: Composite curve

10
6.5 Pinch point

Hot pinch temperature and cold pinch temperature are 287 °C and 277°C respectively.

6.6 Problem Table Analysis

There are 5 steps required to construct and analyse the problem analysis table:
Step 1: Interval temperatures (Ti) for both supply and target temperatures for all streams
∆
were calculated. Hot stream supply and target temperatures were decreased by and cold
∆
stream supply and target temperatures were increased by .

∆𝑇 10℃
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∆𝑇 = 10℃, = = 5℃
2 2
Table 6.4: Interval temperatures of each stream
Stream CP
Type TS (°C) TT (°C) TSi (°C) TTi (°C)
No. (MJ/hr.°C)
H1 H 300 180 295 175 30.18
H2 H 256 150 251 145 8.11
H3 H 173 40 168 35 16.67
H4 H 287 180 282 175 67.12
H5 H 177 40 172 35 71.16
H6 H 278 40 273 35 8.40
C1 C 34 300 39 305 56.60
C2 C 31 70 36 75 42.81
C3 C 140 300 145 305 20.90

Step 2: Interval temperatures (Ti) were arranged from the highest to the lowest and the
temperature intervals (∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 ) were calculated.

Table 6.5: Temperature intervals calculated

Ti ΔTi
305
295 10
282 13
273 9
251 22
175 76
172 3
168 4
145 23
75 70
39 36
36 3
35 1

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Step 3: Difference in heat capacity (∑𝐶𝑃 − ∑𝐶𝑃 ) and interval enthalpies (∆𝐻 = [∑𝐶𝑃 −
∑𝐶𝑃 ] × ∆𝑇 ) were calculated using the sketch shown below.

Figure 6.4: Difference in heat capacity and interval enthalpies

Step 4: Cascade heat were constructed. The first row of the first column of cascade was
started with 0kJ/hr and the following rows were subtracted the values from the previous rows.
Then, the most negative value in the first column of cascade was selected and the second
column of cascade was started with this value. The same step of subtracting the interval
enthalpies was done. The results were summarized in the following table.

Table 6.6: Cascade heat

Ti ΔTi ∑CPC - ∑CPH ΔHi Cascade
305 0.00 1390.05
295 10 77.50 774.95 -774.95 615.10
282 13 47.32 615.10 -1390.05 0.00
273 9 -19.80 -178.21 -1211.84 178.21
251 22 -28.20 -620.31 -591.52 798.52
175 76 -36.31 -2759.33 2167.81 3557.85
172 3 60.99 182.97 1984.84 3374.89
168 4 -10.17 -40.68 2025.53 3415.57
145 23 -26.85 -617.44 2642.96 4033.01
75 70 -39.63 -2774.03 5416.99 6807.04
39 36 3.18 114.34 5302.65 6692.70
36 3 -53.42 -160.27 5462.93 6852.97
35 1 -96.23 -96.23 5559.16 6949.20

Step 5: The minimum hot utility requirement (QHmin) is the value on the first row of the
second column of cascade whereas the minimum cold utility requirement (QCmin) is the value
on the last row of the second column of cascade. The pinch temperature is the interval
temperature at which the value zero appears in the second column of cascade. Summary of
problem table analysis method is:

QHmin = 1 390 MJ/hr

QCmin = 6 949 MJ/hr
TP = 282 oC
∆ ∆
THP = TP + = 287 oC TCP = TP - = 277 oC

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6.7 Grand Composite Curve (GCC)

The GCC is a plot of interval temperatures against corresponding heat flow quantities. The
temperatures of the hot and cold process streams are divided into interval temperatures
according to the supply and target temperatures of the hot and cold streams, respectively. The
GCC plot depends on the process stream conditions as well as the minimum temperature
approach. The information required for the construction of the GCC comes directly from the
Problem Table Algorithm.
350
QHmin= 1390MJ/hr
300

250
Temperature (°C)

200

150

100

50

QCmin= 6949MJ/hr
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Heat Load (MJ/hr)

Figure 6.5: Grand composite curve

In the figure, a red horizontal straight line shows minimum hot utility required for the process.
Hot utilities of about 1 390 MJ/hr required to do heating from 282˚C to 305˚C on cold
streams. The pinch-point temperature (282˚C) is identified where the curve touches the y-axis.
In GCC, the pinch is the point where net heat flow is 0. Cold utilities of about 6 949 MJ/hr
required to cool hot streams from 282˚C to 35˚C.

13
6.8 Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design for Maximum Energy Recovery (MER)

Heat exchanger network (HEN) involves identifying the matches between process streams
where a match represents a counter-current heat exchanger with a specified heat load, and we
are also identifying the heaters and coolers required on process streams.

To achieve the maximum energy recovery (MER), we must make sure that the total loading
of heaters equals the minimum hot utility and the total loading of coolers equals the minimum
cold utility that was obtained from the composite curve plotted or the problem table analysis.

To achieve this in a systematic way, the streams must be represented in the form of grid. The
objectives of designing heat exchanger network are:

1. To design the network with minimum hot and cold utilities (in order to minimize
energy cost).
2. To design the network with minimum number of heat exchangers (in order to
minimize capital cost).

Rules and heuristics for achieving the first objective:

1. Divide the problem at the Pinch and design each half separately.
A MER design has no heat transfer across the Pinch, therefore each half is
independent.
2. Start the design at the Pinch and work away from it.
The Pinch is where the constraint is i.e. it is where the temperature approach, ∆T is
the minimum temperature approach ∆Tmin. Hence, we start the design from where
the constraint is so that the constraint can be net before moving away from the
constraint.
3. Immediately adjacent to the Pinch, there are CP constraints that must be met for
stream matches:
Above Pinch: CPhot ≤ CPcold
Below Pinch: CPhot ≥ CPcold
These constraints are necessary to ensure that the temperature profiles in the in the
exchangers do not converge when moving away from the Pinch (making ∆T <
∆Tmin).
4. Maximize exchanger loads.
In order to ensure that we obtain minimum number of heat exchangers, we should
transfer as much heat as possible in every unit. For heat exchangers, this means that
all of the smaller heat load in the two streams should be transferred in each match,
thus eliminating that stream from the design – “ticking off” the stream.
5. Use only hot utilities (heaters) above the Pinch and only cold utilities (coolers) below
the Pinch.
This is required so that we do not heat hot streams or cool cold streams.

14
The fully solved Heat Exchanger Network manually is shown in figure below.

HX9

HX10

HX11

HX12

HX13

HX1 HX3 HX4 HX7

HX8

HX2 HX5 HX6

Figure 6.6: Heat Exchanger Network solved manually

Table 6.7: QHmin and QCmin solved manually

Stream Above Pinch Below Pinch
Heat load before Heat load after Heat load before Heat load after
match (MJ/hr) match (MJ/hr) match (MJ/hr) match (MJ/hr)
1 392.34 0 3229.3 930.81
2 0 0 859.77 860
3 0 0 2217.6 548.25
4 0 0 7181.4 0
5 0 0 9748.9 2612.37
6 0 0 1998 1998.01
7 1669.395 909.46 13754 0
8 0 0 1669.4 0
9 480.59 480.59 2862.6 0
QHmin= 1390.05 QCmin = 6949.44

15
6.9 Loop Breaking - Reducing the Number of Heat Exchangers

NMER = 12 (Above pinch + below pinch) where [above pinch = 3 streams + 1 utility -1] and
[below pinch = 9 streams + 1 utility -1]

Nmin = 10 (9 streams + 2 utility streams -1)

No of loops = 12-10 = 2
Loop 1 = RED Loop 2 = GREEN
2 loops are shown in HEN design.
HX9

HX12

HX1 HX3 HX7

HX2 HX5 HX6

Figure 6.7: Loops in HEN design

16
Firstly, Loop 1 is broken where 3rd heat exchanger is removed as it has the smallest heat load.
Heat load from 3rd heat exchanger is being reduced in 2nd heat exchanger while added on to
the 1st and 5th heat exchangers.

Tx =295.78°C

Figure 6.8: Loop 1 breaking in HEN design

As there is ΔTmin violation between 2nd and 5th heat exchanger,
We let Tx = 290 ˚C to not violate ΔTmin.
X= 2690.79 - (290-167°C)*20.9 = 120 MJ/hr

Therefore, load x is reduced from the 5th heat exchanger while load x are added to 2nd and 9th
heat exchangers. New temperature is determined as below.
Ty =214.841°C

Figure 6.9: New temperatures found after loop 1 breaking

New Ty= 300°C – 2570.09/30.18 = 214.841°C

17
Then, Loop 2 is broken by removing the 6th heat exchanger as it has a smaller heat load and
does not violate ΔTmin. Hence, heat load is added to 2nd and 7th heat exchangers while heat
load is reduced for the 1st exchanger.

Tr =76.71°C

Tp =286.97°C
Tq =160.09°C

Tz =263°C

Figure 6.10: Loop 2 breaking in HEN design

Tp= 300°C - 737.63/56.6 = 286.97°C

Tq= 34°C + 7136.6/56.6 = 160.09°C

Tr= 177°C – 7136.6/71.16 = 76.71°C

Tz= 140°C + 2570.09/20.895 = 263°C

18
As there is ΔTmin violation between 1st and 4th heat exchangers, we let Tp= 277°C.
Load x is reduced for 7th heat exchangers to not violate the ΔTmin while load x is added on
to 1st and 12th heat exchangers.

X= (286.97°C - 277°C)*56.6 = 564 MJ/hr

Tr =84.64°C

Tp =277°C Tq =150.12°C

Tz =263°C

Figure 6.11: New temperatures found after loop 2 breaking

Hence, there is no ΔTmin violation.

New Tp= 277°C

New Tq= 34°C + 6572.4/56.6 = 150.12°C

New Tr= 177°C – 6572.4/71.16 = 84.64°C

New Tz= 263°C

There is a total of 11 units of heat exchangers after breaking 2 loops.

The heating utility after breaking the loop has increased up to 2074.92 MJ/hr. The cooling
utility after breaking the loops has increased to 7634.07 MJ/hr.

19
7.0 Aspen Energy Analyzer (AEA)

Aspen Energy Analyzer was used to compare with the manual calculation.
Firstly, data streams are firstly input.

Figure 7.1: Input data streams in AEA

Next, the utilities stream are identified as below.

Figure 7.2: Utilities stream used in AEA

Target View of the HEN design was obtained from Aspen Energy Analyzer, where the hot
and cold pinch, Minimum for MER and also the minimum target hot and cold utilities
required.

Figure 7.3: Target view of HEN design

By comparing both manually plotted HEN and HEN plotted using Aspen Energy Analyzer,
the Pinch temperatures, heat and cooling utilities required and the number of heat
exchangers required are the same. Composite and Grand Composite curve are also listed
below, which are similar to the manual calculation as well.

20
 Figure 7.4: Composite curves shown in AEA

Figure 7.5: Grand composite curve shown in AEA

The figure below shows the HEN design before breaking the loop, with a total of 13 units of
heat exchangers.

Figure 7.6: HEN design before loop breaking

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After breaking loop 1, cross pinch occurs and it’s still feasible.

Figure 7.7: HEN design after breaking loop 1

By breaking loop 2, another cross pinch occurs. Pinch lines are removed. A total of 11 units
heat exchangers are present now as shown in figure below.

Figure 7.8: HEN design after breaking loop 2

The heating utility after breaking the loop has increased up to 2074.92 MJ/hr. The cooling
utility after breaking the loops has increased to 7634.07 MJ/hr, which are similar to the
manual calculation.

22
Figure 7.9: Network performance shown in AEA

23
Recommended HEN Design by AEA:
The HEN Design case was converted into project to find the recommended HEN design by
the simulation. However, it is without breaking the loop. Hence, there are 13 units of heat
exchangers in one of the designs as recommended by Aspen Energy Analyzer as shown
below.

Figure 7.10: HEN design recommended by AEA

Figure 7.11: Network cost indexes and network performance of the recommended HEN
design

8.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, HEN design before and after breaking loop are feasible, as proven by the
Aspen Energy Analyzer. Both maximum energy recovery HEN design has hot utilities of
about 1 390 MJ/hr and cold utilities of about 6 949 MJ/hr. While after breaking loop was
done, number of heat exchanger units are reduced but utilities in both hot and cold increased
to about to 2074.92 MJ/hr and 7634.07 MJ/hr respectively. Number of heat exchanger units
has been reduced from 13 units to 11 units.

24
9.0 References

March.L.(1998) Introduction to Pinch Technology. Retrieved from

https://www.ou.edu/class/che-design/a-design/Introduction%20to%20Pinch%20Technology-
LinhoffMarch.pdf

Grand Composite Curve. Lecture-12. Module-04

Retrieved from https://nptel.ac.in/courses/103107094/module4/lecture3/lecture3.pdf

Gurdensen.T. Heat Integration- Targets and Heat Exchanger Network Design. Chapter 2.1 in
Handbook of Process Intergration.
Retrieved from http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ept/fag/tep4215/innhold/Handbook%20of%20PI%20-
%20Chapter%202-1.pdf

Jiri.J, Simon & Petar 2014. Basics of Heat Integration. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/WINDOW~1/AppData/Local/Temp/Basics_of_Heat_Integration.pdf

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