Part 2

Review
_____ – Darwin was 22 years old
studying at University of Cambridge, UK.
He was invited in an expedition.

1831-1836 – HMS Beagle was the ship

Darwin used for the expedition which
lasted for 5 years. He started exploring
___________.
 X X
X

X X

_________________________’ THEORY
______________ is the process through which
populations of living organisms adapt and
change. Individuals in a population are naturally
variable, meaning that they are all different in
some ways.
 _____________________

- He wrote a letter to
Darwin saying that he
also came up with
the same conclusion
that evolution was
produced by natural
selection.
 Evidence 1: Fossils
When Charles Darwin first
proposed the idea that all
new species descend from
one ancestor, he
performed an exhaustive
amount of research to
provide as much evidence
as possible. Fossils are
traces of organisms that
lived in the past and were
preserved by natural
process or catastrophic
events.
 Evidence 2: Comparative Anatomy

Another hint of
evolutionary concept is
from the comparative
anatomy. Structures
from different species
which have similar
internal framework,
position, and
embryonic
development are
homologous.
_________________ is an example of
an organ with similar underlying
anatomical features found in
different animals. It may have the
same origin but different functions.
____________________
have similar functions
but different origin. It
is similar because
they evolved to do
the same job, not
because they were
inherited from a
common ancestor.
 Evidence 3: Genetic Information

Another evidence of
evolution is provided by
the biochemical analysis
and amino acid
sequence of the
organisms’ DNA. The
greater the similarity in
amino acid sequence,
the closer the
relationship of the
organisms.
________________ first used the phrase, “survival
of the fittest” after reading Charles Darwin's On
the Origin of Species, in his Principles of
Biology (1864), in which he drew parallels
between his own economic theories and
Darwin's biological ones: "This survival of the
fittest, which I have here sought to express in
mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has
called 'natural selection', or the preservation of
favored races in the struggle for life."
Evolution and "survival of the fittest" are not
the same thing. Evolution refers to the
cumulative changes in a population or species
through time. "Survival of the fittest" is a popular
term that refers to the process of natural
selection, a mechanism that
drives evolutionary change.
 1st Article
There are many different
theories which explain
how different life forms
exist. In the mid-18th
century, most people
believed in creationism.
Creationism held the
idea that all forms of life
were created in its
present form and they
remain unchanged since
the beginning.
Fixity of species is a term
which means all species remained
unchanged throughout the history of the
earth.
Even the famous Carl
von Linnaeus, the Father
of Taxonomy, believed in
the fixity of species.
A long time ago, a
small flock of sparrow-
like birds called
finches were blown
out to sea by a fierce
storm. They lost their
bearings but flew on in
search of the
mainland, going
further and further out
to sea.
At the point of
exhaustion, 600 miles
from home, they
spotted a speck of
land - an island in the
middle of the sea.
They were saved
and could rest, drink
and feed before
returning home.
But this island was
perfect: it had abundant
seeds and other food,
plenty of shelter, nesting
sites and (amazingly) no
predators or other birds
to compete with. Life
was much harder on the
mainland. There was no
need for the birds to
move on.
Their numbers grew -
until they became just
a bit too numerous for
the little island. Some
found it hard to find
enough food for
themselves or their
offspring, and young
birds were driven away
from areas where food
was available.
Some birds were forced to fly across the sea to
nearby islands. As the plants and their seeds were
just a little different on each island, some birds
were better than others at finding and eating the
new food sources.
Birds which could break
open fruits and eat the
seeds, survived well
enough to produce lots
of babies. Eventually,
after a very long time, all
the islands became
occupied by these birds
but the finches on each
island were slightly
different.
 2nd Article
Theories of Evolution

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
- In 1809, the year when
Charles Darwin was born,
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
(1744-1829), a French
naturalist, published a book
entitled Zoological
Philosophy wherein he
presented his ideas on
evolution.
Lamarck was the first biologist who offer a
concrete hypothesis to explain how plants and
animals might have evolved.
Lamarckism - a theory of evolution based on the
principle that physical changes in organisms
during their lifetime-such as greater
development of an organ or a part through
increased use, could be transmitted to their
offspring.
Lamarck made two major assumptions:
theory of use and disuse and theory of
acquired characteristics
Theory of Use and
Disuse –
organs not in use
will disappear
while organs in
use will develop.
Theory of Acquired
Characteristics -
parent animals could
pass on its offspring
the characteristics it
had acquired during
its lifetime; thus, the
offspring would inherit
those characteristics
of their parents and
ancestors.
 Evolution of the giraffe’s neck according to
Lamarck

Lamarck believed that giraffes before have

short necks, but because of the need to survive
and in order to reach tall trees for food, they kept
stretching their necks until these became longer
and able to reach taller trees.
These acquired characteristics were
believed to be inherited by their offspring
and propagated by the next generation of
giraffes.
Many scientists
rejected the theories
of Lamarck. They
understood that if
there were changes in
cell or body structure,
there could be
changes in the
genetic information of
the species.
 Parent

Today, Lamarck’s idea

was proven to be
incorrect. Phenotypic
changes acquired
during an organism’s offspring
lifetime cannot pass onto
next generations. Cutting
the cat’s tail will not
produce kittens without
tail!
Fifty years after
Lamarck’s Theory of Use
and Disuse, Charles
Darwin suggested the
Theory of Natural
Selection, after his
voyage to the
Galapagos Island in HMS
Beagle. He was
fascinated by the
diversity of organisms he
found along the journey.
 Here are the four main
principles of Darwin’s theory
of natural selection:

Variation - differences
among members of a
population that can
be passed on to the
next generation.
Variations are the
basis for natural
selection.
Inheritance - Some traits
are consistently passed
on from parent to
offspring. Such traits are
heritable, whereas other
traits are strongly
influenced by
environmental conditions
and show weak
heritability.
Overproduction
- having many offspring
increases the chance
that some of them will
survive. These offspring
will compete for
resources (food,
shelter, and water).
Very few survive long
enough to reproduce.
Adaptation - set of
genetically acquired
traits that make the
organism better suited to
its environment.
Individuals with
advantageous
adaptations are more
likely to survive and
reproduce than those
individuals lacking the
adaptations.