In 1826 Georg Simon Ohm found that, at

a constant temperature, the electrical

current flowing through a fixed linear
resistance is directly proportional to the
voltage applied across it, and also
inversely proportional to the resistance.
This relationship between the Voltage,
Current and Resistance forms the basis
of Ohm’s Law .
Voltage is the pressure
from an electrical circuit's
power source that pushes
charged electrons
(current) through a
conducting loop, enabling
them to do work such as
illuminating a light. (also
known as potential
difference)
The term recognizes Italian physicist
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), inventor of
the voltaic pile—the forerunner of today's
household battery.
Current is a flow of
electrical charge carriers,
usually electrons. The
common symbol for
current is the uppercase
letter I. The standard unit is
the ampere symbolized by
A. Ampere was named
after André-Marie
Ampère.
Resistance is a
measure of the
opposition to
current flow in an
electrical
circuit. Resistance is
measured in ohms,
symbolized by the
Greek letter omega
(Ω).
Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm
(1784-1854), a German physicist who
studied the relationship between voltage,
current and resistance.
To find the Voltage, ( V )
[V=IxR] V (volts) = I (amps) x R (Ω)
To find the Current, ( I )
[I=V÷R] I (amps) = V (volts) ÷ R (Ω)
To find the Resistance, ( R )
[R=V÷I] R (Ω) = V (volts) ÷ I (amps)
 VOLTAGE ( V )

CURRENT ( A ) RESISTANCE ( Ω )
 1. A 12Ω resistor is connected to a 120-volt
source. What is the current?

Given: R =12 Ω I=V/R

V = 120 V
I= I = 120 V / 12 Ω

I =10 A
2. The current through a certain resistor is 4
amps. What is the resistor if the potential
difference is 20 volts?
Given: I = 4A R = V/I
V = 20 V
R = 2OV / 4A
R=?
R=5Ω
3. In problem 2 what happens to the
resistance if the potential difference is
doubled & the current is halved?
Given: I = 2A R = V/I
V = 40 V
R = 40 V / 2A
R=?
R = 20 Ω
Electrical Power, ( P ) in a circuit is the rate at
which energy is absorbed or produced within a
circuit. A source of energy such as a voltage will
produce or deliver power while the connected
load absorbs it. Light bulbs and heaters for
example, absorb electrical power and convert it
into either heat, or light, or both. The higher their
value or rating in watts the more electrical power
they are likely to consume.
To find the Power (P)

[P=VxI] P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps)

Also:

[ P = V2 ÷ R ] P (watts) = V2 (volts) ÷ R (Ω)

Also:

[ P = I2 x R ] P (watts) = I2 (amps) x R (Ω)

1. What is the power of an electric circuit
that is running on 1.2 amps and 4 volts?

Given: V = 4 V P=VxI
I = 1.2 A
P = 4V (1.2A)
P=?
P = 4.8 W
2. Calculate the power of an electric
circuit that is running on 3.75 amps with a
resistance of 32 Ω.
Given: R = 32 Ω P = I 2 x R

I = 3.75 A
P = (3.75A)2 x 32 Ω
P=?
P= 450W
3. Determine the power an electric circuit
has, that runs with a voltage of 20 volts
and has a resistance of 6.5 Ω.
Given: R = 6.5 Ω P = V 2 / R

V = 20V
P = (20V)2 / 6.5 Ω
P=?
P= 61.54W
All electromagnetic waves can travel
through a medium but unlike other types
of waves, they can also travel in vacuum.

8
They travel in vacuum at a speed of 3x10
m/s and denoted as c, the speed of light.
The wave speed frequency, and
wavelength are related by the following
equation:
v= λf or c= λf
where,
v is the wave speed/c as speed of light;
λ (lambda) is the wavelength (meters); and
f is the frequency (Hertz/Hz)
 wave speed

λ f
wavelength frequency
1. What is the frequency of radio waves
with wavelength of 20 m?

f=v/λ
8
Given: v=3x10 m/s
λ = 20 m 8

f= ? = 3x10 m/s
20 m
= 1.5x10 Hz
7
2. What is the frequency of light waves with
wavelength of 5x10 m?
-7

f=v/λ
8
Given: v=3x10 m/s
λ = 5x10 m
-7
8

f= ? = 3x10 m/s
5x10 m
-7

= 6x10 Hz
14
3. Calculate the wavelength of a certain
wave travelling in crown glass at a speed
8 6
of 1.67x10 m/s, with a frequency of 1.32x10
Hz.
8
Given: v =1.67x10 6 m/s λ= v / f 8
f = 1.32x10 Hz = 1.67x10 m/s
λ= 1.32x10 6
Hz

= 126.52 m