SIGN TEST Jansten B.
Mapatac
SIGN TEST?
▪ The sign test is used to determine if
there is a significant difference between
the mean characteristics of two
populations.
▪ Responses on each pair of A and B are
compared.
▪ The number of times A exceeded B is
used as the test statistic. It is denoted as
letter X.
▪ This is called the sign test because X is
the number of positive (or negative)
signs associated with the difference
between the pairs in population A and
B.
SIGN TEST?
▪ In such cases, the implied null
hypothesis is that the two
population distributions are
identical or there is no
significant difference between
the two population
distributions A and B.
▪ For any given pair, the
probability that A exceeds B is
p=0.05 when the null
hypothesis is true.
STEPS
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Determine the critical values.
3. Test Statistic
a. Examine each pair (A and B) of observations. If
A>B, assign a plus (+) sign, if A<B, assign a minus
(-) sign, if A=B, the pair must be discarded.
b. Count the number of pairs remaining and denote it
by n.
c. Count the number of times the less frequent sign
occurs and denote this by r.
4. Decision
5. Interpretation
EXAMPLE
▪ The response time, in seconds, for
two different stimuli (S1 and S2)
were recorded for ten subjects who
participated in a psychological
experiment. The following data were
obtained.
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S1 6.4 9.4 7.8 7.7 8.8 5.6 12.1 6.9 4.2 5.6
S2 7.8 10.3 8.9 5.2 11.3 4.1 14.7 8.7 7.1 8.1
SOLUTION
▪
SOLUTION
▪
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S1 6.4 9.4 7.8 7.7 8.8 5.6 12.1 6.9 4.2 5.6
S2 7.8 10.3 8.9 5.2 11.3 4.1 14.7 8.7 7.1 8.1
D - - - + - + - - - -
WILCOXON
SIGNED Jansten B. Mapatac
RANK TEST
WHY WILCOXON?
▪ The sign test is very simple to use; however, it
is not the most efficient distribution-free test
available.
▪ Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a better test
because it takes into account the magnitude of
the observed differences between paired values
in the two samples.
▪ The original signs of the differences are given
to their respective ranks, hence, it is also called
signed rank test.
STEPS IN WILCOXON
SIGNED RANK TEST
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Determine the level of significance and critical values.
3. Identify the statistical test to be used.
4. Test statistic
• Obtain the differences between paired values in two
samples/treatments.
• Rank the absolute values of these differences, giving the
smallest difference rank 1 and assigning average ranks
to tied differences.
• Get the sum of the positive ranks and the sum of the
negative ranks.
• Find the smaller of the absolute values of the two sums
of the ranks and denote it by T.
5. Decision and Interpretation
EXAMPLE
▪ A research team subjected to a
sensory evaluation test a camote
tops extract (CTE) beverage by
comparing it to a commercially
available green tea drink (GTD)
in terms of acceptability of the
product. The drinks were ranked
from 1 (lowest rank) to 10
(highest rank).
SOLUTION
▪
Evaluat CTE GTD D Rank Evaluator CTE GTD D Rank
or
1 7 9 -2 - 10.5 9 8 9 -1 -5
2 2 3 -1 -5 10 1 2 -1 -5
3 5 2 3 14.5 11 3 2 1 5
4 4 1 3 14.5 12 6 3 3 14.5
5 6 5 1 5 13 9 7 2 10.5
6 1 1 0 1 14 3 5 -2 -10.5
7 5 4 1 5 15 4 1 3 14.5
8 6 4 2 10.5 16 6 5 1 5
▪R1=-36
▪R2=+100
▪T=36
DECISION AND
INTERPRETATION
▪Since 36 > 29, null
hypothesis is not
rejected.
▪Hence, there is no
significant difference
on the acceptability of
the CTE and GTD.
SOLVE!
▪This study assessed the effectiveness of a new
drug designed to reduce repetitive behaviors in
children affected with autism. A total of 8 children
with autism enroll in the study and the amount of
time that each child is engaged in repetitive
behavior during three-hour observation periods are
measured both before treatment and then again
after taking the new medication for a period of 1
week. The data are shown below.
