Mindanao state university

Marawi City
College of Social Sciences and Humanities

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF

JOSE RIZAL SUMMARY
CHAPTER
(GEC 109 –Yy2)

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP 3:
1. CAMILAH B. KHALIL
2. NASRIMA D. MACARAYA
3. ALNAIRA GAMPONG
4. LEANNA MAE GILO PALOMAR
5. JUHAIRA HADJI
6. AMEMA DISALO
7. HASSANOR AMER

SY 2022-2023
RIZAL AND HIS TIME
PROLOGUE
It is the economic revolution which started with the invention of steam engine and
resulted to the use of machinery in the manufacturing sector in the cities of Europe Industrial
Revolution It is when the first political revolt in Europe and in some parts of the world started
French Revolution In this period, the colonies first rejected the authority British Parliament to
govern without representation and formed self-governing independent states American
Revolution^ everything mentioned above is the concept of igniting the fire in Rizal about
overthrowing a despotic government The Rise of Social Sciences: It is the period stating the
reliance on human reason than on faith and religion Period of Enlightenment Opening of Suez
Canal Distance of travel between Europe and Philippines shortened to 2 3 months compared to
before on 6-9 months Rizal with his curious mind, thought that why do the Filipinos have no
equal rights with the Spaniards Effects of modernization in the 21st century(current)European
Imperialism happenings during Rizal's time Feb. 19, 1861 - the liberal Czar Alexander II issued a
proclamation emancipating 22,500,000 serfs to appease the rising discontent of the Russian
masses June 19, 1861 - birth of Rizal—the American Civil war was raging furiously in the US on
the negro slavery

Special chapter
Nation and Nationalism
Nation, ethnicity, nationalism and religion are four distinct and determinative elements
within European and world history. Not one of these can be safely marginalized by either the
historian or the politician concerned to understand the shaping of modern society. These four are,
moreover, so intimately linked that it is impossible, I would maintain, to write the history of any
of them at all adequately without at least a fair amount of discussion of the other three. That is a
central contention of this book and it stands in some disagreement with much modern writing
both about nationalism and about religion. The aim of this first chapter is six fold: to set out my
own position, to provide a review of recent literature, to establish the sense of an emerging
schism in this field between what we may call, for simplicity's sake, modernists and revisionists,
to explore the history of the word ‘nation’ and to lead on from there, through an analysis of the
relationship between language and society, to a larger discussion of the nature of both the nation
and nationalism.

Special Chapter: Understanding the Rizal Law

Republic Act No. 1425 or Rizal Law
● The mandatory teaching of Jose Rizal’s life with emphasis on his landmark
● Was passed in 1956 leaving a colorful narrative of debate and contestation
Vocabulary
● Bill - a measure which becomes a law if passed through the legislative process
● Unexpurgated - basically untouched
○ In the novels of Rizal, unexpurgated versions were those that were not changed or censored to
remove parts that might offend people
● Bicameral - involving two chambers of Congress: The Senate and the House of
Representatives
The Context of the Rizal Bill
● The postwar period saw a Philippines rife with challenges and problems
● Getting up on their feet was a paramount concern of the people and the government as the
country is torn and tired from the stresses of World War 2
● As the Philippines grappled with various challenges, particularly the call for nation-building,
prominent individuals who championed nationalism came to action
○ Pursued government measures to instill patriotism and love for country in the hearts and minds
of the Filipinos
○ Drew inspiration from the Philippine experience of the revolution for independence against
Spain and from the heroes of that important period in the country’s history
● A passage of the RA 1425 was primarily set to address a need for a rededication to the ideals
of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died
○ This was met with fierce opposition in both the Senate and the House of Representatives
How a Bill becomes a Law: The Legislative Process?
● The Senate and the House of Representatives follow the same legislative procedure.
● Legislative proposals emanate from a number of sources
○ May be authored by the members of the Senate or House as part of their advocacies and
agenda
○ Produced through the lobbying from various sectors
○ Initiated by the executive branch of the government with the President’s legislative agenda
○ Once ready, it will go through the steps illustrated in the right
● Steps:
1. Bill is filed in the Senate Office of the Secretary.
◆ Given a number and calendared for first reading
2. First Reading.
◆ Bill’s title, number, and authors are read on the floor
◆ After, it is referred to the appropriate committee
3. Committee Hearings.
◆ Bill is discussed within the committee and a period of consultations is held
◆ Committee can approve or reject
◆ Types of Aprovals:
– Approve without revisions
– Approve with amendments
– Recommend substitution or consolidation with similar bills
◆ After the committee submits the report, the bill is calendared for second reading
4. Second Reading.
◆ Bill is read and discussed on the floor
◆ Author delivers a sponsorship speech
◆ Other members of the Senate may engage in discussions regarding the bill and a period of
debates will pursue
◆ Amendments may be suggested to the bill
5. Voting on Second Reading.
◆ Senators vote on whether to approve or reject the bill
◆ If approved, bill is calendared for third reading
6. Voting on Third Reading.
◆ Copies of the final versions of the bill are distributed to the members of the Senate who will
vote for its approval or rejection
7. Consolidation of Version from the House.
◆ Similar steps above are followed by the House of Representatives in coming up with the
approved bill
◆ If there are differences, a bicameral conference committee is called to reconcile the two
◆ After, both chambers approve the consolidated version
8. Transmittal of the Final Version to Malacañan.
◆ The bill is submitted to the President for signing
◆ President can sign bill into law or veto it to Congress
From the Rizal Bill to the Rizal Law
● April 3, 1956 - Senate Bill was filed by the Senate Committee on Education
● April 17, 1956 - Senate Committee on Education Chair Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill and
began delivering speeches for the proposal legislation
○ Main author: Claro M. Recto
○ Controversial as the powerful Catholic Church began to express opposition against its passage
○ As the influence of the Church was felt with members of the Senate voicing their opposition to
the bill, Recto and his allies in the Senate entered into a
fierce battle arguing for the passage of SB 438.

 Debates started April 23, 1956

 Debates on the Rizal Bill also ensued in the House of Representatives.
 House Bill No. 5561 - identical version of SB 438
 Filed by Representative Jacob Z. Gonzales on April 19, 1956
 approved by the House Committee on Education without amendments on May 2, 1956
 Debates commenced on May 9, 1956

Chapter 1: Advent of a National Hero

The Birth of a Hero

June 19, 1861 – birth date of Jose Rizal.
Born in Calamba, Laguna Province.
June 22, 1862 – he was baptized in the Catholic church of his town at the age of 3.
Father Rufino Collantes – baptized Rizal.
Father Pedro Casañas – Rizal’s godfather.
Mariano Herbosa – nephew of Casañas who will marry Lucia (Rizal’s sister).
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda – full name of Jose Rizal.
Lieutenant-General Jose Lemary – governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born.
Meanings of Rizal’s Names
Jose – chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph).
Protacio – from Gervacio P. which came from a Christian calendar.
 Mercado – adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather of Jose
Rizal). The Spanish term “Mercado” means “market” in English.
Rizal – in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again.
Y – and
Alonzo – old surname of his mother.
Realonda – used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother.
Rizal’s Parents
Francisco Mercado Rizal
-Born on May 11, 1818.
-Born in Biñan, Laguna.
-Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
-June 28, 1848 – he married Teodora.
-The youngest of the 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado.
Teodora Alonzo Realonda
-Born on November 09, 1827.
-Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls.
-Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.
The Rizal Children
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) – oldest of the Rizal children; nicknamed Neneng.
2. Paciano (1851-1930) – older brother and confident of Jose Rizal; second father of Rizal;
Pilosopo Tasio in Noli Me Tangere.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) – pet name: Sisa.
4. Olimpia (185501887) – pet name: Ypia.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) – married Mariano Herbosa, who died of cholera in 1889 and was denied
Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal.
6. Maria (1859-1945) – nickname: Biang.
7. Jose (1861-1896) – the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; nickname: Pepe.
8. Concepcion (1862-1865) – pet name: Concha; she died of sickness at the age of 3; her death
was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.
9. Josefa (1865-1945) – pet name: Panggoy; died an old maid at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) – pet name: Trining; also died an old maid at the age of 83.
11. Soledad (1870-1929) – youngest of the Rizal children; pet name: Choleng.
Rizal’s Ancestry
Paternal Side
-Domingo Lamco – great-great grandfather of Rizal; a Chinese immigrant from Changchow; he
was married to a Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa
-1731 – he adopt the name Mercado meaning Market
-Francisco Mercado – Domingo Lamco’s son; married Cirila Bernacha.
-Juan Mercado – Francisco’s son married to Cirila Alejandro.
-Francisco Mercado – youngest son of Juan Mercado; Rizal’s father.
Maternal Side
-Lakan Dula – descendant; last native king of Tondo.
-Eugenio Ursua – great-great grandfather of Rizal; Japanese married to a Filipina named Benigna.
-Regina – daughter of Eugenio, married Manuel de Quintos (Filipino-Chinese lawyer).
-Brigida – daughter of Regina who married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso (Spanish-Filipino mestizo).
The Rizal Home
A 2-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hardwoods, and roofed
with red tiles.
Behind the house were poultry yard full of turkeys and chickens, and a big garden of tropical
fruit trees (atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc.).
A Good and Middle-Class Family
Principalia – a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines was one of the distinguished families
in Calamba.
Carriage – a status symbol of the ilustrados in Spanish Philippines.
Private Library – the largest in Calamba; consisted of more than 1,000 volumes.

Chapter 2: Childhood Years in Calamba

Calamba - Calamba was a hacienda town which belong to the Dominican Order, which also
owned all the lands around it. It is a picturesque town nestling on a verdant plain covered with
irrigated ricefields and sugar-lands. A few kilometers to the south looms the legendary Mouth
Makiling in somnolent grandeur, and beyond this mountain is the province of the Batangas. East
of the town is the Laguna de Bay, an inland lake of songs and emerald waters beneath the canopy
of azure skies. In the middle of the lake towers the stories island of Talim, and beyond it towards
the north is the distant Antipolo, famous mountain shrine of the miraculous Lady of Peace and
Good Voyage.

In 1876 - Jose Rizal was 15 years old and was a student in Ateneo de Manila, he remembered his
beloved town. Accordingly, he wrote a poem "Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo" (In Memory of My
Town).
Earliest Childhood Memories of Jose Rizal
First Childhood Memory - In his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he
was three years old.
Second Childhood Memory - The Daily Angelus Prayer.
Third Childhood Memory - The happy moonlit nights at the azotea after the nightly Rosary.
Fourth Childhood Memory - The nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a
moon.

Concepcion (little Concha) - Jose loved the most among his sisters. She died of sickness in
1865 when she was three years old. Her death brought Jose Rizal his first sorrow.

Devoted Son of the Church

 Rizal grew up a good Catholic.
 At the age of three, he began to take part in the family prayers. His mother taught him the
Catholic prayers.
 At the age of five, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish Family Bible.
 Jose Rizal laughingly called Manong Jose by the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras
Father Leoncio Lopez - The town priest, one of the men Jose esteemed and respected in
Calamba.

June 6, 1868 - Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, in order to
fulfill his mother's vow which was made when Jose was born. They rode in a Casco (barge).

The Story of the Moth - Doña Teodora told a stories to her favorite son, Jose, that of the young
moth made the profoundest impression on him.

Artistic Talents
 At the age of five, he began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and
wax objects which attracted his fancy.
  During the fiest, Jose painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the town folks
upon the town mayor's request. It was better than the religious banner which was always
used.
 When he was about six years old. His sisters laughed at him for spending too much time
making those images than playing games. He kept silent. But as they were departing, he
told them: "All right laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will make
monuments and images of me!".

First Poem by Rizal. At the age of eight, he wrote his first poem in the native language entitled
"Sa Aking Mga Kababata (To My Fellow Children)".

First Drama by Rizal. Wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy. It is said
that it was staged in a Calamba festival.

Rizal as boy magician. With his dexterous hands, he learned various tricks. He entertained his
town folks with magic-lantern exhibitions. When he attained manhood, he continued his keen
predilection for magic. In chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El Filibusterismo, he
revealed his wide knowledge of magic.

Lakeshore Reveries. During the twilight summertime Rizal, accompanied by his pet dog, used
to meditate at the shore of Laguna de Bay on the sad conditions of his oppressed people.

Influences on the Hero's Boyhood.

The following influences which cause some to be great and others not. In Rizal's case, all of
these are favorable to him.

1. Hereditary Influence: According to biological science, there are inherit qualities

which a person inherits from his ancestors and parents.
2. Environmental Influence: According to psychologist, environment, as well as
heredity, affects the nature of a person. It includes places, associates, and events.
3. Aid of Divine Providence: A person may have everything in life, but without the
aid of Divine Providence, he cannot attain greatness in the annuals of nation.

Chapter 3: Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

Doña Teodora, Rizal's mother - She was Jose's first teacher. She was a remarkable woman of
good character and fine culture. She discovered first that her son had a talent for poetry.
Maestro Celestino - Jose's first private tutor.
Maestro Lucas Padua - Jose's second private tutor.
Leon Monroy - A former classmate of Rizal's father who became his tutor. He lived at the
Rizal's home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. After his death, Jose's parents decided to
send Jose to a private school in Biñan.
June 1869 - Jose goes to Biñan. He was accompanied by Paciano, who acted as his second father.
The same night, Jose with his cousin, Leandro, went sightseeing in the town. Instead of enjoying
the sights, he became depressed because of homesickness.
First Day in Biñan School. Paciano bought Jose to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino
Cruz.
Jose was assigned his seat in the class. The teacher asked him:
"Do you know Spanish?"
"A little, sir."
"Do you know Latin?"
"A little, sir."
The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher's son, laughed at his answers.
First School Brawl
 In the afternoon, Jose challenged Pedro to a fight for making fun of him during his
conversation with the teacher. Pedro readily accepted it. The two boys wrestled furiously
in the classroom. Jose, having learned the art of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel,
defeated the bigger boy.
 After the class in the afternoon, a classmate named Andres Salandanan, challenged him
to an arm-wrestling match. Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked his head
on the sidewalk.
 In succeeding days, he had other fights with the boys of Biñan. He was not quarrelsome
by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.

Juancho - His house located near the school. He was an old painter and was the father-in-law of
the school teacher. He gave Jose a free lesson in drawing and painting.
Jose Guevarra - Jose's classmate and who also loved painting, became apprentices of the old
painter.
Daily life of Biñan. Jose led a methodical life in Biñan, almost Spartan in simplicity. Such a life
contributed much to his future development. It strengthened his body and soul.
Best Student in School. In academic studies, Jose beat all Biñan boys. He surpassed them all in
Spanish, Latin, and other subjects.
Before the Christmas season in 1870, Jose received a letter from his sister Saturnina, informing
him of the arrival of the streamer Talim which would take him from Biñan to Calamba.
December 17, 1870 - Jose left Biñan on Saturday afternoon.
Arturo Camps - A Frenchman and a friend of Jose's father, who took care of him on board.
January 20, 1872 - 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership
of Lamadrid. Filipino sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual
privileges.
Martyrdom of GomBurZa - The Spanish authorities, in order to liquidate Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, leaders of the secular movement to Filipinize the
Philippine parishes, and their supporters magnified the failed mutiny, into a "revolt" for
Philippine Independence.
February 17, 1872 - Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were executed at sunrise by order of
Governor General Izquierdo. There martyrdom was deeply mourned by the Rizal family and
many other patriotic families in the Philippines.

 Paciano enraged by the execution of Burgos. He told the heroic story of Burgos to his
younger brother Jose, who was then nearly eleven years old.
 The martyrdom of GomBurZa in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish
tyranny and redeem his oppressed people.
In 1891 - Jose dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa.
Before June of 1872 - Tragedy struck the Rizal's family. Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested
on a malicious charge that she and his brother tried to poison the latter's perfidious wife.
Jose Alberto - Doña Teodora's brother and a rich Biñan ilustrado.

The Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil, who took this opportunity to avenge himself from
Don Francisco (Jose's father) who refused to give him a fodder for his horse, arrested Doña
Teodora, with the help of Calamba's gobernadorcillo, Antonio Vivencio del Rosario, a menial of
the friars.
After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish Lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba
to Santa Cruz, a distance of 50 kilometers. Upon arrival in Santa Cruz, she was incarcerated at
the provincial prison, where she languished for two years and a half until the Manila Royal
Audiencia (Supreme Court) acquitted her of the alleged crime.

Chapter 4: Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)

Escuela Pia, whose name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and later became the Ateneo de
Manila.
June 10, 1872 - Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila. He took the entrance
examinations on Christian doctrine, arithmetic, and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran,
and passed them. His father decided to send Jose to Ateneo.
Father Magin Fernando - the college registrar and refused to admit Jose for two reasons: (1) he
was late for registration and (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age.
Manuel Xerez Burgos - Nephew of Father Burgos. Because of him, Jose was admitted at the
Ateneo.
Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname "Rizal." He registered under his name at the
Ateneo because their family name "Mercado" had come under the suspicion of the Spanish
authorities.
Outside Intramuros - Jose was first boarded. Located on Caraballo Street.
Titay - A sprinter who owned the boarding house and owed the Rizal family the amount of P300.
Jesuit System of Education
Students were divided into two groups:
1. Roman Empire - consisting of the infernos (boarders). They had red banner.
2. Carthaginian Empire - composed of the externos (non-boarders). They had blue banner.
Each empire had its ranks
Emperor - the best students in each "empire"
Tribune - the second best
Decurion - the third best
Centurion - the fourth best
Standard-Bearer - the fifth best
Uniforms of Ateneo students in Rizal's time: Hemp-fabric trouser and striped cotton coat.
Rayadillo - the coat material.
Rizal's First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873)
Fr. Jose Bech - Rizal's first professor in the Ateneo.
In June, 1872, Rizal was an externo and was assigned to the Carthaginians.
 At the end of the month, he became "emperor" and was awarded his first prize he ever
won at the Ateneo.
Santa Isabel College - Where Rizal took private lessons to improve his Spanish.
 In the second half of his first year, he was placed second, although all his grades were
still marked "excellent."

March, 1873 - Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation.

Inside Intramuros - Rizal's second boarding house, located at No. 6 Magallanes Street.
Doña Pepay - an old widow and Jose's landlady. She had a widowed daughter and four sons.

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

 Rizal was offended by the teacher’s remark during his first term. So, to regain his lost
class leadership, he studied harder. Once more he became emperor.
 At the end of the school year, he received excellent grades in subjects and a gold medal.
During Rizal's summer vacation, he went to Santa Cruz in order to visit his mother in provincial
jail. He cheered up his mother with news of his scholastic triumphs in Ateneo. Rizal told his
mother that she would be released from prison in three month's time.
Barely three months passed, Rizal's prophecy became true. His mother suddenly set free.
During the summer vacation in 1872 in Calamba - Rizal began to take interest in reading
romantic novels.
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas - Rizal's first favorite novel.
Some of the novels Rizal read were:
Cesar Cantu's historical work entitled Universal History and Travels in the Philippines by
Dr. Feodor Jagor.

Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875)

 Despite of Rizal's happiness of his mother released from prison, he did not make an
excellent showing in his studies as in the previous year. He only won one medal in Latin
and failed to win the medal in Spanish. He himself was not impressed by his scholastic
work.
Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876)
June 16, 1875 - Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo.
Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez - one of Rizal's professor and inspired him to study harder and
to write poetry. Rizal had the highest affection and respect for him. He became Rizal’s favorite
professor.
 In the end of the school term, he topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five
medals.
Last year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
 Rizal's excelled in all subjects. He was the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was
truly "the pride of the jesuits".
 Rizal's finished his last year at the Ateneo in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest
grades in all subjects.

March 23, 1877 - Rizal, who was sixteen years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo
Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors.
Rizal carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
Father Lieonart - Impressed by Rizal's sculptural talent and requested him to carve for him an
image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Felix M. Roxas - One of Rizal's contemporaries in the Ateneo.
Manzano and Lesaca - quarreled and violently hurled books at each other and accidentally hit
Rizal in the face.
Julio Meliza - who cried because his kite was caught by the vines and bigger boys were
laughing at him. Rizal helped him to retrieved his kite.
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) - Rizal's first poem he wrote and was
dedicated to his mother on her birthday. This poem was written when he was 14 years old.
Through Education Our Motherland Receives Light - Rizal's poem on education. He believed
in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation.
The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education - Another Rizal's poem that
showed the importance of religion in education.
Al Niño Jesus (To The Child Jesus) and A La Virgen Maria (To The Virgin Mary) - One of
the religious poem Rizal's wrote.
June 2, 1876 - Rizal finished his religious drama in poetic verses.
San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr) - Rizal's drama he wrote.
Segunda Katigbak - Rizal's first romance. A fourteen-year old Batangueña from Lipa.
Olimpia - Segunda's close friend.
Manuel Luz - Segunda was engaged with him.

Chapter 5: Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Mother's Opposition to Higher Education.

  After graduating with the highest honors from the Ateneo, Rizal had to go to the
University of Santo Tomas for higher studies.
 Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the university, but
Doña Teodora vigorously opposed the idea.

In April, 1877 - Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo
Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and Letter.
Father Pablo Ramon - Rector of the Ateneo. Who had been good to him during his student days
in the college. Rizal asked for his advice on the choice of a career.
During Rizal's first year term (1877-1878), he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy,
and History of Philosophy.
In 1879-1879 - Rizal received the Ateneo Rector's advice to study medicine.
Rizal took the vocational course in Ateneo leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert
surveyor).
At the age of 17, Rizal passed the final examination in the surveying course, but he could not
have granted the title as surveyor because he was below age. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881.
Romances with Other Girls
Miss L - Rizal described her as "fair with seductive and attractive eyes". Rizal's father did not
like the family of Miss L.

During Rizal's sophomore in University of Santo Tomas, he boarded in the house of Concha
Leyva in Intramuros.
Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela - who were Doña Concha's next-door
neighbors and from Pagsanjan, Laguna.
Leonor Valenzuela - Capitan and Capitana Valenzuela's charming daughter. Rizal courted her.
She was a tall girl with a regal bearing.
Orang - Leonor's pet
Leonor Rivera - Antonio Rivera's daughter. She was engaged to Jose Rizal.
During the summer vacation in 1878 - Rizal experienced his first taste of Spanish brutality.
In 1879 - Rizal, who was then 18 years old, submitted his poem entitled A La Juventud Filipina
(To The Filipino Youth) in a literary contest and he won.
In 1880 - The Artistic-Literary Lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the
fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes. This time the contest was opened for both Filipinos
and Spanish.
Cervantes - Spain's glorified man-of-letters and famous author of Don Quixote.
Rizal entered the literary joust and submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los
Dioses (The Council of the Gods). He won the first prize.
D.N. del Puzo - a Spanish writer and won the second prize.
Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - Rizal's other poems and a zarzuela, which was staged by the
Ateneans on December 8, 1880.
In 1889 - Rizal wrote a sonnet entitled A Filipinas for the album of the Society of Sculptors. In
this sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
In 1879 - Rizal composed a poem entitled Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma, which was declaimed by
Manuel Fernandez on the night of December 8, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo's Patroness.
In 1881 - Rizal composed a poem entitled Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon. He wrote this poem as an
expression of affection to Father Ramon.

Father Pablo Ramon - The Ateneo Rector and a kind and helpful to Rizal.
May, 1881 - Rizal went on a pilgrimage to the town of Pakil. He was accompanied by his sisters,
Saturnina, Maria, and Trinidad and their female friends.

Turumba - people dancing in the streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous
Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
Vicenta Ybardolaza - Rizal was infatuated to her and who was skillfully played the harp at the
Regalado home.
Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in their frequent fights against the arrogant
Spanish students.
Compañerismo (Comradeship) - In 1880, Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in
the University of Santo Tomas.
Companions of Jehu - members of Compañerismo
Rizal became the chief of this secret student society.
Galicano Apacible - Rizal's cousin from Batangas and a secretary of this secret society.
Rizal was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because:
(1) Dominican professors were hostile to him
(2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards, and
(3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
  In his novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated
and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction
was.
 Because of the unfriendly attitude of his professors, he failed to win high scholastic
honors. Although his grades in the first year of the Philosophy course were all "excellent",
they were not impressive in the four years of his medical course.
 After finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain.

Chapter 6: In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)

 During Spanish colonial after Rizal finish his medicine Study at university of Santo
Thomas.
 Rizal decided to pursue his study in Spain with the help of his brother Paciano. Rizal
change his name from Jose Mercado to Jose Rizal. On May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on
board the Spanish steamer Salvador bound for Singapore. On May 11, 1882 Rizal left
from Singapore to Colombo with a French steamer Djemna. A Djemna steamer continue
to cross the Indian ocean until it reach the port said terminal of Mediterranean terminal of
sue Cana. On June 11 reach naples an Italian city and on June 12 Djemna Docked at the
French harbor of Marseilles. In his arrival he first visits the famous Chateau d'If where
Dantes the hero of The count of Monte Cristo, a novel by alexander Dumas. On June 15,
1882 Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain and reach Barcelona
on June 16, 1882. When Rizal arrive at Barcelona he changed his bad impression to a
good impression to that place. When Rizal arrive at Barcelona some of his friend in
Ateneo welcome him. In this city, Rizal found time to write an essay entitled "El Amor
Patrio" (love of country). After the summer vacation of Rizal, he decided to move to
Madrid where he enrolled his medicine and philosophy and letters at the Universidad
Central Madrid (presently the Universidad Complutense de Madrid) on November 3,
1882. He also studies his painting and sculpture at the academia de san Fernando, and
took his lesson in French, English, and German at the Madrid Ateneo also he too his
fencing school at the schools of Sanz and Carbonell. When Filipinos in Madrid
occasionally visited Don pablo Ortega y rey, the former city mayor of manila under the
term of Governor-General Carlos Matia de la Torre where Rizal meet his daughter and
attracted to Consuelo and fell in love. However, Rizal back out for the love he felt
because of two reason 1. He is still engaged to Maria Leonor Rivera, 2. His friend
Eduardo de lete was madly in love with Concuelo and he don’t want to ruin their
friendship. In 1883, Rizal wrote poem for Consuelo entitled A Señorita C. O. y R where
he expressed his admiration to a young noble lady.
 On 1883 during his summer vacation in Spain Rizal visit in Paris, where he wrote a letter
to his family " Paris is the coolest capital of Spain". On march 1883 Rizal joined the
masobic lodge called "acasia”. And later he transferred to la solidaridad(Madrid), where
he became a master Mason on November 15, 1890. While Rizal in Spain there was an
unexpected problem in Calamba because of drought and locust that cause a problem in
Rizal’s family business loss. Despite the problem that they face Rizal did not stop in
studying he receive an award with the degree and title of licentiate in medicine for
 passing the medical examinations on June 1884-85. With this title Rizal was able to
practice medicine. He continued enrolling in courses that would led him to doctorate in
medicine but the degree was not given to him because he failed to pay the free required to
defend his thesis. Rizal also finished his studies in Philosophy and Letten, with higher
grades. He was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the
Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 with a rating of sobresaliente.

Chapter 7: Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

 After completing his study Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in
ophthalmology, where he choose this branch of medicine to cure his mother ailment.
During his training in Paris were he trained under the leading of popular ophthalmologist
in Europe like (r. Louis de wicker of Paris where he worked as an assistant from October
1885 to march 2886. He also continued his travel and observations of European life and
customs, government and laws in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Berlin in 1886. And he
also became assistant in Germany under the leading by Dr. Javier Galezowsky and Dr.
Otto Becker Heidelberg in 1886and Dr. R. Schuler and Dr. Schwinger in 1887(De
Viana,2011). Outside of his working hours at Dr. Eckert’s clinic. Rizal relaxed by
visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix, and Paz),
Juan Luna, and Felix Resurrection Hidalgo. Rizal be friended different scholars like
Fredrich Razzle, a German historian. Through his fiend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal
was also able to meet Feodor Jag or and hunch Virchow, anthropologists who were doing
studies on Filipino culture.
 Rizal as a musician, Rizal learned solfeggio the piano and by determination with a
constant practice Rizal came to play the flute fairly well in the Filipino reunions. Where
he composed a song alin mang lahi (any race) a patriotic song asserts that any aspires for
freedom and sad danza la Deportacio (deportation)which he composed during his exile in
Dapitan.

Chapter 8: Noli Me Tangere Published in Berlin (1887)

 The bleak winter of 1886 was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons: first. It was
a painful episode for he was hungry, sick, and despondent in a strange city and, second it
brought him great joy, after enduring s0 much sufferings. He finishes his first novel Nole
Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887 Like the legendary santa Claus, Dr.
Maximo Viola, his friend from Bulacan arrived in Berlin at the height of his despondency
and loaned him the needed fund to publish his novel.
 Writing Noli Me tangere was inspired to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Novel Uncle Tom's
Cabin, and spolarium a painting by Juan Luna. Uncle tom's Cabin a novel portraying the
slavery in America while the spolarium portraying the suffering faced by humanity in the
face of inequalities.
  The writing of Noli Me tangere toward the end of 1884 and finish in writing about half of
Noli in Madrid. And when he went to Paris in 1885 after completing his studies in
Central Universidad of Madrid. He continued to write the novel, and finished the one half
of second half of the Noli. He finished the last part of the novel in Germany. He revised it
on February 1886 for the final revision of manuscript of Noli.
 When friend of Rizal Fernando Canon told Rizal that his book is hard to published he
was devastated. But when his friend come Maximo viola also known as the savior of Noli
Me Tangere. He was the one who help Rizal to published his novel though loaning for
the cost of publishing.
 Noli Me tangere had biblical reference to the gospel John in which Jesus appeared to
Mary Magdalene and uttered this word: “touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my
Father.” The choice of title according to Rizal was fitting because he intended to write
about themes that were taboo in the Philippines for centuries; things that people dared not
touch.

Chapter 9: Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola (1887)

 THE tours begin at dawn of May 11, 1687, Rizal and Viola two brown-skinned doctor on
a roaming spree, left Berlin by train. And their destination is Dresden “the best city in
Germany”. While they tour in Germany they visited Dr. Adolph B. Mayer and later Dr.
Jagor and visit Leitmeritz in order to see Blumintritt. After Bumintritt, Rizal with his
friend visit the city of Prague. On May 20 Rizal and Veola arrive at viena, where Rizal
receive his lost diamond stickpin. It was found by maid in Hotel Krebs and given to
Blumentritt. On May 24 Rizal and Viola left viena on a boat to see the beautiful sight of
the denube River. And the river voyage ended in Lintz. Ater that they visit the rheinfall
(cascade of the Rheine). At rheinfall, they saw a waterfall “the most beautiful waterfall in
Europe. After Rheinefall in staying on June 2 to 3, 1887 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
They continued their tour to Basel(Bale), Bern, and Lausanne. And lastly Geneva where
they stay up on 15 days and celebrate the 26th birthday of Rizal and after that they
separated. Viola returned to Barcelona while Rizal continue his tour in Italy. While Rizal
in tour in Europe with his friend viola, he receives a bad news from his friend in Madrid
about deplorable condition of primitive Igorots who is exhibit in this exposition, some of
whom died, and who scanty clothing(G-string) and crude weapon were mocked by the
Spaniards.
 From Geneva, Rizal went to Italy. He visited Turin, Milan, Venes
 Ce, and Florence on June 27, 1887. He reached Rome, the Eternal City also called City of
Caesars. And describe Rome as a "grandeur that was Rome". On June 29th the feast day
of St. Paul he visited The Vatican for the first time, Vatican "City of the popes" and the
capital of Christendom.

CHAPTER 10: FIRST HOMECOMING, 1887-1888

August 1887 - After five years of memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal retuned to the Philippines
and practiced medicine in Calamba.
 He was determined to return to the Philippines for the following reasons:

1.) to operates on his mother’s eyes.

2.) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
3.) To find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards in the Philippines; and
4.) to inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

June 19, 1887 – In Geneva, Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt.

June 29, 1887 – In Rome, Rizal wrote to his father, announcing his homecoming.
July 15 – He wrote, “I shall embark for our country, so that from the 15th to the 30th of August,
we shall see each other.”
 Delightful trip to Manila

- Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French port without mishap.
July 3, 1887 – He boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same steamer which brought him to Europe
five years ago.
1882 – The first time was when he sailed to Europe from Manila.
July 30 – At Saigon, he transferred to another steamer Haiphong which was Manila bound.
August 2 – This steamer left Saigon for Manila.
August 5 – Near midnight, the Haiphong arrived in Manila.
August 8th – He returned to Calamba.
- In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother, who was
almost blind.
Rizal – who came to be called “Doctor Uliman” because he came from Germany.
P900 – His earned within a few months as a physician.
February 1888 – He earned a total of P5,000 as medical fees.
 Rizal suffered one failure during his six months of sojourn in Calamba – to see
Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to Dagupan, but his parents absolutely forbade him
to go because Leonor’s mother did not like him for son-in-law.

 STORM OF THE NOLI

- One day Rizal received a letter from Governor General Emelio Terrero (1885-88)
requesting him to come to Malacañang Palace.
 - Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for the copy he sent them, but they would not part
with it. The Jesuits, especially his former professors – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr.
Jose Bech, and Fr. Federico Faura – were glad to see him.
Father Faura – who ventured an opinion that “everything in it was the truth”.
- He added; “You may lose your head for it”.

Lieutenant Don Jose Taviel de Andrade

- A young Spanish, who assigned as bodyguard of Rizal.
- He belonged to a noble family.
- He was cultured and knew painting, and could speak English, French, and Spanish.
Msgr. Pedro Payo
- One of Rizal’s enemies.
- He is the Archbishop of Manila.
- A Dominican who sent a copy of the Noli to Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of the
University of Santo Tomas for examination by committee of the faculty.
December 29 – The report of this commission was drafted by its head, Fr. Salvador Font
Augustinian cura of Tondo and submitted to the governor general.
 ATTACKERS OF THE NOLI
Fr. Jose Rodriguez
– Another Augustinian. Prior of Guadalupe, published a series of eight pamphlets under the
general heading Cuestiones de Sumo Interes (Questions of Supreme Interest).
These eight pamphlets were entitled as follows:
1. Porque no los he de leer? (Why Should I Not Read Them?)
2. Guardaos de ellos. Porque? (Beware of Them, why?)
3. Yque me dice usted de la peste? (And What Can You Tell Me of Plague?)
4. Porque Triunfan los impios? (Why Do the Impious Triumph?)
5. Cree usted que de veras no hay purgatoria? (Do You Think There is Really No
Purgatory?)
6. Hay o no hay infierno? (Is There or Is There No Hell?)
7. Que le parece a usted de esos libelos? (What Do You Think of These Libels?)
8. Confession o condenacion? (Confession or Damnation?)

It was fiercely attacked on the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes by various
senators, particularly.
 General Jose de Salamanca (April 1, 1888)
 General Luis M. de Pando (April 12)
 Sr. Fernando Vida (June 11)
Vicente Barrantes
 -The Spanish academician of Madrid.
-He formerly occupied high government positions in the Philippines, bitterly criticized the
Noli in an article published in La Espana Moderna (a newspaper of Madrid) in January
1890.
 DEFENDERS OF THE NOLI
 Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce,
Other Filipino reformists in foreign land, Father Sanchez, Don Segismundo Moret and Dr.
Miguel Morayta.
- A brilliant defense of the Noli came from an unexpected source.
Rev. Vicente Garcia
- A Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral, and a Tagalog
translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis.
- Writing under the penname Justo Desiderio Magalang, wrote a defense of the Noli which
was published in Singapore as an appendix to a pamphlet dated July 18, 1888.
February 1880 – In a letter written in Brussels, Belgium, Rizal himself defended his novel
against Barrantes attack.
June 13, 1887 – According to Rizal, in a letter to Fernando Canon from Geneva, the price he set
per copy was five pesetas (equivalent to one peso), but the price later rose to fifty pesos per copy.
 CALAMBA’S AGRARIAN TROUBLE
December 30, 1887 – The Civil Governor of Laguna Province directed the municipal authorities
of Calamba to investigate the agrarian conditions of their locality.
January 8, 1888 - Rizal wrote down his findings which the tenants and three of the officials of
the hacienda signed.
 FAREWELL TO CALAMBA
He was compelled to leave Calamba for two reasons:
1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by
writing in foreign countries.

 A POEM FOR LIPA

1888 – Shortly before Rizal left in Calamba, his friend from Lipa requested him to write a poem
in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of the Becerra Law of 1888.
“Himno Al Trabajo” (Hymn to Labor) – Rizal wrote the poem dedicated to the industrious folk
of Lipa.

CHAPTER 11:IN HONG KONG AND MACAO, 1888

February 1888 – Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time. He was then a full-
grown man of 27 years of age.
 THE TRIP TO HONG KONG
February 3, 1888 – when Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and
sad during the crossing of the choppy China Sea.
February 7 – He did not get off his ship when it made brief stopover at Amoy.
For three reasons:
1. He was not feeling well.
2. It was raining hard.
3. He heard that the city was dirty.
February 8 – He arrived in Hong Kong.
February 16, 1888 – Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt, expressing his bitterness.
--The title of his letter was “Hong Kong”.
Victoria Hotel – Where Rizal stayed when he is in Hong Kong.
Jose Sainz de Varanda
- A Spaniard, who was a former secretary of Governor General Terrero, shadows Rizal’s
movement in Hong Kong.
- He was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.
VISIT TO MACAO
February 18
- Rizal, accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer kiu kiang for Macao.
- He was surprised to see among the passengers a familiar figure – Sainz de Varanda.
Don Juan Francisco Lecaros
- A Filipino gentleman married to a Portuguese lady.
- Where Rizal and Basa stayed in Macao.
- He was rich and spent his days cultivating plants and flowers, many of which came from
the Philippines.
February 19 – He witnessed a Catholic procession, in which the devotees were dressed in blue
and purple dresses and were carrying unlighted candles.
February 20 – Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, again on board the ferry steamer kiu
kiang.
 DEPARTURE FROM HONG KONG
February 22, 1888
- Rizal left Hong Kong on board the Oceanic, an American steamer.
 - His destination was Japan.
British Protestant Missionary
- Cabinmate of Rizal, who had lived in China for 27 years and knew the Chinese language
very well.
- Rizal called him, “a good man”.

CHAPTER 12: ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN (1888)

(February 28 – April 13, 1888)

- One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the
Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half.
Seiko Usui
- Rizal fell in love with the Japanese girl, whose loveliness infused joy and romance in his
sorrowing heart.
- Rizal affectionately called her O-Sei-San.
- Rizal saw the qualities of his ideal womanhood – beauty, charm, modesty, and
intelligence.
February 28, 1888 – Early in the morning of Tuesday, Rizal arrived in Yokohoma. He
registered at the Grand Hotel.
March 2-7 – He proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel.
Juan Perez Caballero
- Who was visited Rizal at his Hotel.
- A secretary of the Spanish Legation.
Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons:
1. He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation.
2. He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.
March 7 – Rizal checked out of Tokyo Hotel and lived at Spanish Legation.
Spring season – when he saw Seiko Usui.
April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer, at Yokohama, bound for the
United States.
 O-Sei-San after Rizal’s Departure
1897 – A year after Rizal’s execution, she married Mr, Alfred Charlton, British teacher of
chemistry of the Peers’ School in Tokyo.
Mrs. Charlton (O-Sei-San)
 - Lived in a comfortable home in Shinjuko district, Tokyo.
- She survived World War II, but her home was destroyed in 1944.
- She died on May 1, 1947, at the age of 80.

 VOYAGE ACROSS THE PACIFIC

- On board the ship, he met a semi-Filipino family – Mr. Reinaldo Turner, his wife Emma
Jackson (daughter of an Englishman, their children, and their maid servant from
Pangasinan
Tetcho Suehiro
- Another passenger which Rizal befriended on board the Belgic.
- He was a fighting Japanese journalist, novelist, and champion of human rights.
London – where Rizal and Tetcho departed.
(April 13 – December 1, 1888) – Almost eight months their intimate acquaintanceship.
December 1, 1888 – Rizal and Tetcho last warm handshake and bidding each other ‘goodbye’
and they parted ways. Tetcho returned to Japan.
In 1889 – shortly after his return to Japan, he published his travel diary which contained his
impressions of Rizal.
1890 – Tetch was elected as member of the lower house of the First Imperial Diet (Japanese
parliament), where he carried on his fight for human rights.
1891 – He published a political novel titled Nankai-no-Daiharan (Storm Over the South Sea)
which resembles Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere in plot.
1894 – He published another novel entitled O-unabara (The Big Ocean) which was like El
Filibusterismo.
February 1896 – Tetcho died of heart attack in Tokyo. (Ten months before Rizal’s execution)

CHAPTER 13: RIZAL’S VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888)

April 28, 1888

- Rizal first saw America.
- The steamer Belgic, Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on Saturday morning.
May 4, 1888 – Friday afternoon, the day he was permitted to go ashore, Rizal registered at the
Palace Hotel, which was considered a first-class hotel in the city.
Leland Stanford
- Rizal mentioned in his diary, who was a millionaire senator representing California in the
U.S Senate at that time.
 - This senator was the founder and benefactor of Stanford University at Palo, Alto,
California.
May 4-6, 1888 – Rizal stayed in San Francisco for two days. The President at that time was
Grover Cleveland.
May 6, 1888 – Sunday 4:30 P.M – Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland, nine miles across San
Francisco Bay, by ferry boat.
May 7 – he awoke and had a good breakfast at Reno, Nevada. And he saw an India attired in
semi-European suit and semi-Indian suit.
May 8 – He stop from place to place. He is near in Ogden.
May 9 – He passes through the mountains and rocks along the river.
May 10 – He woke up in Nebraska. The country is plain. He reached Ornaha, a big city – the
biggest since he left San Francisco.
May 11 – He woke up near Chicago.
May 12 – A good Wagner Car – He were proceeding in a fine day.
May 13 – He woke up near Albany. And Rizal reached in New York, thus ending his trip across
the American continent.
May 16, 1888 – Rizal left New York for Liverpool on board the City of Rome. According to
Rizal, this steamer was the “the second largest ship in the world, the largest being the Great
Eastern”.
The good impressions of Rizal in United States are the following.
1. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries, and busy factories.
2. The drive and energy of the American people.
3. The natural beauty of the Land.
4. The high standard of living.
5. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.
The bad impression of Rizal in United States
1. Lack of racial equality.

In 1890 – Two years after Rizal’s visit to the United States, Jose Alejandro who was then
studying engineering in Belgium, roomed with him on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, Brussels.

CHAPTER 14: RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-89)

After visiting the United States, Rizal lived in London from May 1888-March 1889 (11 months).
Three reasons why he chose to live in London:
(1) To improve his knowledge of English language
(2) To study & annotate Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
(3) London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny.

Rizal engaged in: Filipiniana studies and Completed annotating Morga's book and Wrote
many articles for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish critic o Penned a
famous letter "To the young women of Malolos" and Carried voluminous correspondence with
Blumentritt and relatives, and romance with Gertrude Beckett.

Trip across the Atlantic. Rizal was on board the "City of Rome". While on board, Rizal
entertained the American and European passengers with his marvelous skill of the yo-yo as a
defensive weapon. Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888. He spent his night at
Adelphi Hotel. He also wrote to his family, "is a big and beautiful city and its celebrated port is
worthy of it's great game. The entrance is magnificent and the customhouse is quite good".
Life in London. On May 25, 1888 went to London. He stayed as a guest at home of Dr.
Antonio Ma. Regidor, and exile of 1872 and practicing lawyer in London. By the end of May, he
was a boarder of the Beckett family. Mr. Beckett, an organist at St. Paul Church, Mrs. Beckett,
his wife, his three son's and four daughters the eldest of the sister was Gertrude
("Gettie"/"Tottie").
Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and the authority on Malayan Languages and Customs. He called Rizal, "A pearl of a man" (una
perla de hombre). Rizal spent of his time at the British Museum.
News from Home, Good and Bad . The bad news were injustices commits by Spanish authorities
on the Filipino people and the Rizal family. Among which were as follows:
1) Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed the "Anti-Friar Petition of 1888"
2) Persecution of Calamba tenants, including Rizal's family and relatives
3) Furious attack on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida
4) Rizal's brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, was exiled to Bohol without due process of
Law
5) A friend of Rizal, Laureno Viado, was jailed in Bilibid prison, because copies of "Noli
Me Tangere" were found in his house. One good news cheered Rizal, and that was Rev.
Vicente Garcia's defense of the Noli against the attack of the friars.

Annotating Morga's Book. The greatest achievement of Rizal was annotating of Morga's
Book, Sucesos De Los Islas Filipinas which was publish in Mexico, 1609. Rizal laboriously read
the old histories of the Philippines written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Colin, Fr. Argensola, Fr. Plasencia
etc.
Short Visit to Paris and Spain o Early September 1888, he visited Paris for a week. He
was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife, Paz Prado de
Tavera.On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He met
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.
Rizal returned to London on December 24 and spent Christmas and New Year with the
Beckett Family. He sent Christmas gifts to his friends: To Blumentritt: bust of Emperor of
Augustus, to Dr. Carlos Czepelak, a bust of Julius Caesar, to Rizal's landlady, Mrs. Beckett a
book entitled "The Life and the Adventures of Valentine Vox, The Ventriliquist".
Rizal Became a Leader of Filipinas in Europe. Rizal learned that Filipinas in Barcelona
were planning to establish a patriotic society. This was called: Association La Solidaridad
(Solidaridad Association) was inaugurated on December 31, 1888 with following officers:
Galiciano Apacible - President ;Garciano Lopez - Vice President; Manuel Santa Maria -
Secretary; Mariano Ponce - Treasurer; Jose. Ma Panganiban - Accountant.
Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper On February 18, 1889, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded
the patriotic newspapers called La Solidaridad in Barcelona o It aims were as follows:
(1) To work peacefully for political and social reforms
(2) To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy them
(3) To oppose evil forces of reaction and medievalism
(4) To advocate liberal ideas and progress
(5) To champion the legitimate aspiration of Filipino people to life, democracy and
happiness.

The First Article in La Solidaridad. Rizal's first article was entitled "Los Agricultures
Filipino (The Filipino Farmers), published on March 25, 1889 (six days after he left London for
Paris).
Writing in London. Rizal received news on Fray Rodriquez' unabated attack on his Noli.
In defense, he wrote a pamphlet: La Vision de Fray Rodriquez ( The Vision of Fray Rodriguez),
which was publish in Barcelona under his nom-de-plume "Dimas Alang". In this pamphlet,
Rizal demonstrated two things: (1) His profound knowledge in religion and, (2) his biting satire.
"Young Women of Malolos" (Feb 22, 1889) in Tagalog. The main point of this letter were: (1) A
Filipino mother should teach her children Love of God, fatherland and mankind (2)The Filipino
mother should be glad, like the Spartan mother, to her sons in defense of the fatherland (3) A
Filipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor (4) A Filipino woman
should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues; (5) Faith is not merely
retaining long prayers and wearing religious pictures but rather it is living in the real Christian
way, with good morals and good manners.
Dr. Rost, editor of Trubner's Record requested Rizal to contributed some articles. In
response, he prepared two articles: (1)"Specimens of Tagalog folklore" published in the journal
in May 1889; and (2) "Two Eastern Fables" published in June 1889.
Romance with Gertrude Beckett. Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the
four Beckett sisters, Gertrude, Gettie as she was affectionally called was a Buxom English girl
with brown hair, blue eyes and rosy cheeks.
 Rizal eventually called the finish 4 sculptural work: (1) Prometheus Bound (2)The
Triumph of Death over life (3)Triumph of science over death (4) A composite carving of the
Beckett sisters (The last name carving was a farewell gift to the Beckett sisters).
Adios to London. Suddenly on March 19,1889, Rizal bade goodbye to the kind Beckett
Family (particularly to Gertrude) and he left in London for Paris. He was sad as he crossed the
English channel for he cherished so many beautiful memories of London
Chapter 15: Rizal's Second Sojourn in Paris and the Universal Exposition of 1889
Paris in the spring of 1889 was bursting with gaiety and excitement because of the Universal
Exposition.The Universal Exposition of 1889 attracted thousands of tourists; thus, all hotel
accommodations were taken.
Rizal and Paris exposition of 1889.The greatest attraction of this exposition was the Eiffel Tower.
Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies and saw the cutting of the ribbon by
President Sadi Carnot. One of the features of the exposition was the International Art
Competition, in which they participated. Felix R. Hidalgo = 2nd prize; Juan Luna & Felix Pardo
de Tavera = 3rd prize Rizal’s bust = no prize.
Kidkat club. Purely a social society of a temporary nature. It was founded by Rizal to bring
together young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could enjoy their sojourn in the city
during the duration of the Universal Exposition. It will disappear like lightning.
Indios Bravos. Rizal and the members of the Kidlat Club were amazed to see the Buffalo Bull
show which featured the American Indians. These Red skinned Indians were proudly riding their
sturdy ponies, elegantly dressed in their native attire and wearing their war feathers and paints.
Rizal told his friends; Let us be proud of the name Indio and make our Spanish enemies revise
their conception of the term,we shall be Indios Bravos.The Indios Bravos (brave Indians)
replaced the ephemeral Kidlat Club. Members pledged to excel in intellectual and physical
prowess in order to win the admiration of the foreigners, particularly the Spaniards.They
practiced with great enthusiasm the use of the sword and the pistol.Rizal taught them judo, an
Asian art of self-defense that he learned in Japan.
R.D.L.M. SOCIETY .The letters R.D.L.M. are believed to be the initials of the society’s secret
name Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malays). It was patterned after
Freemasonry . The aim of the secret society, as stated by Rizal was the “propagation of all useful
knowledge –scientific, artistic, literary, etc. –in the Philippines.” . Rizal was inspired by a
famous book entitled Max Havelaar written by Multatuli; This book exposed the miserable
conditions of the oppressed Malay inhabitants of the Netherlands East Indies under Dutch Rules.
Rizal's letter to Blumentritt from Hong Kong on February 23,1892; Revealed his intentions to be
a leader of freedom, if not in the Philippines, then in Borneo; If it is impossible for me to give
freedom to my country at least I should like to give it to these noble compatriots in other lands.
Annotoated Edition Of Morga Published. Blumentritt censured Rizal for two things which
revealed Rizal’s errors, namely: (1)Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the
events of the past in the light of present standards,(2)Rizal’s attack on the Church were unfair
and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to mean the Catholicism
is bad.Rizal dedicated his new edition of Morga to the Filipino people so that they would know
of their glorious past. His dedication is as follows: Born and reared in ignorance of our past like
almost all of you: without voice nor authority to speak of what we have not seen nor studied I
deemed it necessary to invoke the testimony of an Illustrious Spaniard who controlled the
destinies of the Philippines at the beginning of its new era and personally witnessed the last days
of our ancient nationality. Rizal proved that the Filipinos were already civilized before the
advent of Spain,They had clothes, government, laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, sciences,
and commerce with neighboring Asian nations. Rizal blasted the historical heresies of the
Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos were savages and were of low mentality.
The Philippines within a Century. In this article, Rizal predicted with amazing accuracy the
tragic end of Spain’s sovereignty in Asia. Colonies established to subserve the policy and
commerce of the sovereign country, all eventually become independent.
The Indolence of the Filipinos. It is an able defense of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos.
Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his people did not work hard during the Spanish
regime.His main thesis: Filipinos are not by nature indolent. The Spanish conquest of the country
brought about a decline in economic activities because the Filipinos had abandoned their pre-
Spanish industries and worked less than their ancestors. Such decline in economic life was due to
certain causes: (1)Native revolts and other internal disorders which followed the establishment of
Spanish rule, (2)The wars which the Filipinos fought for Spain’s enemies,(3)The frightful raids
on the coastal towns and village of Christian Philippines by the Muslim pirates of Mindanao and
Sulu; (4)the forced labor which compelled thousands of Filipino laborers to work in public works
resulting in the abandonment of their personal works (5)Lack of stimulus to work harder because
the people could not enjoy the fruits of their labor; (6)Government neglect and indifference to
agriculture, industry, and commerce, (7) The bad example shown by the Spaniards in despising
manual labor (8)The teaching of Spanish missionaries that it is easier for a poor man to enter
heaven than for a rich man, hence the Filipinos prefer not to work and be poor so that they could
easily enter heaven after they die (9)Encouragement and propagation of gambling by the Spanish
authorities;and (10)System of Spanish education did not promote economic enterprise and
activity.
It's is true, admitted Rizal, that the Filipinos are easy going and do not work so hard because they
are wise enough to adjust themselves to their warm, tropical climate. They do not have to kill
themselves working hard in order to live because nature gives them abundant harvests by
working less than those in temperate and arid countries.
International Association Of the Filipinologists .The aim of the association is to study the
Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view. Their inaugural convention did not
materialize because the French government discouraged the holding of conferences by private
organizations during the period of the international exposition.
Project For Filipino College in Hong Kong.This College aims to “train and educate men of good
family and financial means in accordance with the demands of modern times and circumstances”.
A rich Filipino resident in Paris, Mr. Mariano Cunanan, from Mexico, Pampanga, promised to
help him raise P40,000 as initial capital for the college. This project of Rizal to establish a
modern college in Hong Kong did not materialize.
Por Telefonk. This satirical pamphlet under the authorship of “Dimas Alang” is a witty satire
which ridicules Fr. Font. It describes in comical vein a telephone conversation between Fr. Font
who was in Madrid and the father provincial of the San Agustin Convent in Manila. Rizal
predicted much ahead of his times that people could carry on overseas telephonic conversations-
12 years after the publication of Rizal's "Por Telefono".
Christmas in Paris. December 25, 1889 was a wintry day. Rizal and Jose Albert planned to have
a sumptuous Christmas dinner. This dinner proved to be Rizal's last Christmas dinner in Paris.
Shortly after New Year, Rizal made a brief visit to London. Biographers do not know the
purpose of this visit. It may be due to two reasons;(1) to check up his annotated edition of
Morgan's Sucesos with the original copy in the British Museum and (2) to see Gertrude Beckett
for the last time.By the middle of January 1890,he was back in Paris. He complained of a terrible
headache. At the an epidemic of influenza was raging in Europe, he was not stricken with flu.
Chapter 16: In Belgian Brussels (1890)
On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels,capital of Belgium.
Life in Brussels. Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris: (1)The cost of living in Paris
was very high because of the Universal Exposition,(2) the gay social life of the city hampered his
literary works. Rizal was busy writing his second novel and writing articles for La Solidaridad.
New Orthography of Tagalog Language. The tagalog letters k and w should be used
instead of the Spanish c and o. The word Salacot should be written salakot ,and the term arao be
changed to araw.
Rizal Criticizes Madrid Filipinos for Gambling. Rizal’s letter to del Pilar: Luna in Paris
complains of the gambling of the Filipinos in Madrid. We are serving the friars’ scheme.
Filipinos do not come to Europe to gamble and to amuse himself but to work for his liberty and
for the dignity of his race .We in whom the poor people place their modest hopes. The gambling
Filipinos in Madrid were angry when they learned of Rizal’s moralizing. They derisively called
him “Papa” (Pope) instead of “Pepe”.
Bad news from Home. The Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.The management
of the Dominican Hacienda continually raised the land rents until such time that Rizal’s father
refused to pay his rent. The Dominican Order filed a suit in court to dispossess the Rizal family
of their lands in Calamba. Tenants were persecuted. Jose’s letter to Soledad; I have caused much
harm to our family, but at least there remains to us the consolation of knowing that the motive is
not disgraceful nor does it humiliate any body. It raises us up and gives us more dignity in the
eyes of our enemies themselves; to fall with the head high and the brow serene is not to fall, it is
to triumph. The sad thing is to fall with the stain of dishonor.
resentment Of Death. He feared that we would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but
he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to his grave. Letter to del Pilar: In my
childhood I had a strange belief that I would not reach 30 years of age,I am preparing myself for
death and for any eventuality. Laong Laan (Ever Ready) is my name.
Preparation to go home. In the face of the sufferings which is afflicted his family, Rizal
planned to go home.He could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his family are persecuted.
Letter to Ponce: Graciano Lopez Jaena should not go to Cuba but to our country to allow himself
to be killed in defense of his ideals. We have only once to die, and if we do not die well, we lose
an opportunity which will not again be presented to us. I want to go back to the Philippines. We
are not making any progress by following prudence.
Decision to go to Madrid. Rizal ignored the dire warning of his friends to return to the
Philippines. No threat of danger could change his plan. Something happened suddenly made him
change his plan. It was a letter from Paciano which related that they lost the case against the
Dominicans in Manila, but they appealed it to the Supreme Court in Spain. A lawyer was needed
to handle it in Madrid. Rizal wrote to del Pilar retaining the latter's services as lawyer. Jose
informed del Pilar that he was going to Madrid to supervise the handling of the case.
To My Muse. A poem that represents Jose's worries on the disasters experienced by his
family.
Romance with Petite Jacoby. Two things brought some measure of cheer to the
despondent Rizal, as he was preparing for his trip to Madrid: (1)Summertime Festival in
Belgium, which was celebrated in carnival style;(2)Romance with Petite Jacoby, niece of his
landladies. Like other women, Suzanne fell in love with Rizal. She cried when he left toward the
end of July, 1890 for Madrid,stopping for a few days in Paris.

Chapter 17. Misfortunes In Madrid (1890-91)

Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means to seek justice for his
family and the Calamba tenants but not to avail. He almost fought two duels - one with Antonio
Luna and the other with Wenceslao E. Retana.
Failure to Get Justice for Family. When Rizal arrived in Madrid,he immediately sought the help
of the Filipinos colony, the Association Hispano-Filipina and the Liberal Spanish newspapers in
securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants with his familly. Nothing came out of Rizal's
interview with Fabie. As El Resumen, a Madrid newspaper which sympathized with the Filipino
cause, said: "To cover the ears , open the purse, and fold the arms- this is the Spanish colonial
policy".
More terrible news reached Rizal in Madrid as he was waging a futile fight for justice. From his
brother-in-law, Silvestre Ubaldo, he received a copy of the ejectment order by the Dominican
against Francisco Rizal and others Calamba tenants. From his sister, Saturnina, he learned of the
deportation of Paciano(Rizal) , Antonio, Silvestre, Teong, and Dandoy to Mindoro, these
unfortunate deportees were arrested in Calamba.
Rizal's Eulogy to Panganiban. Rizal settled down in Madrid, when he experienced another
disappointment. This was the doleful news that his friends, Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-
worker in the Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona on August 19, 1890, after a lingering
illness. He deeply mourned the passing of this Bicol Hero.
Aborted Duel With Antonio Luna. Towards the end of August , 1890, Rizal attended a social
reunion of the Filipinos in Madrid. At that time, Luna was bitter because of his frustrated
romance with Nellie Bousted, so he became drunk. Deep in his heart he was blaming Rizal forr
his to win her. Luna suddenly uttered unsavory remarks about Nellie, out of control.Rizal heard
him and they fight.
The Filipinos were shocked by the incident. they tried to pacify Rizal and Luna, pointing out to
both that suck a duel would damge their cause in Spain.
Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel. Rizal was,by nature, neither hot-tempered not pugnacious.But
when the honor of his people, family,women, or friends was. besmirched, he never hesitated to
fights even if he were risking his own life.On another occasion,he challenged another man to
duel- Wenceslao E. Retana, his bitter enemy of the pen.
Retana, a talented Spanish Scholar. Used to attack the Filipinos, including Rizal. One day he
imprudently wrote an article in La Epoca, an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid,asserting that the
family a d friends of Rizal had not paid their rents so that they were ejectes from their lands in
Calamba by the Dominicans.
Infidelity of Leonor Rivera. In autumn of 1890 Rizal was feeling bitter at so many
disappoinments he encountered in Madrid. One night he and some friends attended a play at
Teatro Apolo, and there he loast his gold watch chain with a locket containing the picture tf
Leonor Rivera, his beloved sweetheart.
Adios Madrid. Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his compatriots for electing him as Responsible,
Sadly,be packed up his bags, paid his bills, and boarded a train leaving for Biatrizz. As his train
pulled out his of the railway station, he gazed through its window at the city of Madrid, where he
was happy during his first sojourn (1882-85) but unhapon his second visit (1890-91). It was the
last time he saw Madrid. His agonizing heart bade goodbye to the metropolis, of which he had
written years ago.

CHAPTER 18: Biarritz Vacation and Romance with Nelly Boustead (1891)

 To seek solace for his disappointment in Madrid.

 Guest of the Boustead family-VILLA ELIADA
 Used to fence, attend parties.
 It was BIARRITZ where he had a serious romance with NELLIE.
 Finished the last chapter of his second novel, EL FILIBUSTERISMO.

WITH THE BOUSTEADS IN BIARRITZ

 FEBRUARY 1891-When Rizal arrived in BIARRITZ
-warm welcomed by BOUSTEADS (as a family guests, he was treated with friendliness and
hospitality)
*his one-month vacation in Biarritz made him forget the bitter memories in Madrid.
 -Scenic beaches
-Refreshing breezes of Atlantic Ocean
-Festive atmosphere of the city
Romance with Nellie Boustead
 BIARRITZ- A romantic or ideal setting for romance
 RIZAL’ AFFECTION FOR NELLIE-found her to be a real Filipina, highly intelligent,
vivacious in temperament, and morally upright.
 February 4, 1891-Teasing of M.H. DEL PILAR
 Rizal courtship – Rizal marriage proposal failed for 2 reason:
1. Refusing of giving up his CATHOLIC FAITH –converted to
PROTESTANISM
2. Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal as son-in-law (because she had no wish to
entrust her daughter to man who is poor in material things, a physician without a paying
clientele, a writer who earned nothing from his pen, and a reformer who has persecuted
by friars and government officials by his country).
 Nellie bade goodbye to RIZAL
–they part as friends
–her letter to Rizal
EL FILIBUSTERISMO FINISHED IN BIARRITZ
 March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the
manuscript of EL FILIBUSTERISMO.
TO PARIS AND BACK TO BRUSSELS
 March 30, 1891
-bade goodbye to the Boustead
–proceed by Paris by train
-stayed to his friend VALENTIN
VENTURA, ON 4 Rue de Chateaudeum. –wrote his letter to his friend JOSE MA. BASA
(HONGKONG)
 APRIL 4 –He desire to go back to British colony to practice ophthalmology to
earn his living also he requested BASA to order him a first class steamer ticket from
EUROPE to HON KONG.
 Middle o April 1891- he went back to BRUSSELS and happily received by Marie and
Suzanne Jacoby (landladies).
–Petite Suzanne (the Belgian girl who loved him)
RITEREMENT TO PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
 Abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January 1891
 Intrigues of his jealous patriots he desired to publish his second novel, to practiced
medical profession and make a vigorous campaign for the country’s redemption.
 May 1, 1891 – notifying the PROPAGANDA to cancel monthly allowance and devote
the money to the education of young Filipino student in EUROPE.
RIZAL STOPPED WRITING FOR LA SOLIDARIDAD
-Rizal ceased to write articles of La Solidaridad but in spite of this matter many of his friends in
Spain urged him to continue writing for the patriotic periodical because his articles are attached
considerable attention in European countries.
 August 7, 1891 M.H, DEL PILAR wrote a letter begging forgiveness.
 May 30, 1891 – the revision is apparently completed.
 June 13- Rizal informed Basa about his negotiation with the printing firm.

CHAPTER 19: FILIBUSTIRISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1891)

Days flew fast like fleeting arrows in Brussels. Rizal, unmindful of Suzanne Jacoby’s enticing
affection, was busy correcting and polishing his novel- El Filibusterismo.
 October 1887 – He began writing it in Calamba.
 1888- He made some changes in the plot and revised the chapter already written.
– He wrote more chapters in Paris, Madrid and Biarritz.
 March 29, 1891- He finished the manuscript in Biarritz, after toiling on it for three years.
From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent, where printing was cheaper
 September 18,1891- El Filibusterismo, the sequel to the Noli, came of the Press.
Privations in Ghent
 July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent.
Reasons:
- The cost of living was lower
- The price of printing was much cheaper than in Brussels
- To escape from enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne
 Owing to his limited funds, Rizal lived in a cheap boarding house with Jose Alejandro as
roommate.
 They lived frugally in Ghent for three months –from July to September 1891.
 To economize further on their living expenses, they prepared their own breakfast.
The Printing of “El Filibusterismo”
 Rizal searched for a printing shop that could give him the lowest quotation for the
publication of his novel.
 At last, he did find a publisher – F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRESS, No. 66 Viaanderen
Street- who was willing to print his book on installment basis.
 He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and early partial payment during
the printing of the novel.
 Rizal became the desperate because his funds were running low.
 He received some money from Basa and two hundred pesos from Rodriguez Arias for the
copies of Morga’s S- Rucesos sold in Manila but these funds were also used up.
  July 1891-Rizal wrote a letter to Basa saying that if no money comes have to stop the El
Fili’s publication.
 August 6- The printing had to be suspended, as Rizal feared, because he could no longer
give the necessary funds to the printer.
“El- Filibusterismo” Comes Off the Press
 In his morbid moments of despair, Rizal almost burned the manuscript of El
Filibusterismo.
 When everything seemed last, help came from an unexpected source. Valentin Ventura
heard of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent the amount needed to finish the
publication of the novel.
 September 18, 1981- El Fili came off to press.
 Rizal immediately send two copies to Hong Kong – one for Basa and the other for Six to
Lopez.
 He gratefully gave the original manuscript of El Fili and a printed copy with his
autograph to Valentin Ventura.
 Filipino patriots praised the novel. The members of the Filipino colony of Barcelona
published a tribute in La Publicidad, a Barcelona newspaper, eulogizing the novel’s
original style.
 The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo Regimen, serialized the novel in its issues of
October 1891.
 All copies of the first edition (Ghent edition) on El Fili were placed in wooden boxes and
shipped to Hongkong, but almost all the boxes were confiscated and the books were lost.
 The book immediately became rare and the few available copies in Ghent were sold at
very high prices, reaching as high as four hundred pesetas per copy.
 Rizal, in all his studies, travels and labors in foreign lands, had not forgotten the
martyrdom of Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, which Paciano related to him when he
was a mere lad in Calamba. He dedicated El Fili to them.
 The Manuscript and the Book- the original manuscript of El Fili in Rizal’s own
handwriting is now preserved in the Filippiniana Division of the Bureau of Public
Libraries, Manila.
-Acquired from Valentin Ventura for P10,000
– Consisting of 279 pages of long Sheets of paper.
 2 Features that didn’t appear in the printed book
- Foreword
- Warning
These two were not put into the print, evidently, to save printing cost.
Foreword- appears just before the dedicatory page in the manuscript. It is for the Filipino
People and the Government.
Warning- found on the other side of the dedication.
 The title page of El Fili contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Rizal’s Unfinished 3RD Novel
  September 22,1891- four days after the Fili came off the press, he wrote to Blumentritt
saying that he’s thinking of writing a third novel where ethics will play the principal role.
 October 18, 1891 – Rizal boarded the steamer Melbuorne in Marseilles bound for Hong
Kong.
 During the voyage he wrote the 3rd novel has no title.
 It consists of 44 pages in Rizal’s handwritings
 The manuscript is still preserved in the Bureau of Public Libraries (formerly National
Library)
 The hero of the novel was Kamandagan, descendant of Lakan-Dula last king of Tondo.
He plotted to regain the lost freedom of his fathers.
 It is said that Rizal was fortunate not to finish this novel, because it would have caused
greater scandal and more Spanish vengeance on him.
Other Unfinished Novels
 Makamisa- tagalog novel written in light sarcastic style but it is incomplete with only
two chapter and consists of only 20 pages.
 Dapitan – written in Ironic Spanish, he wrote it while he was in Dapitan to depict the
town life and cutoms and it consists of eight pages.
 A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, a town in Laguna and it consists of One hundred
forty-seven pages without title
 Another unfinished novel of Rizal, also without title, is about Cristobal, a youthful
Filipino student who has returned from Europe and it consists of thirty-four pages.
 The beginnings of another novel are contained in two notebooks- the first notebooks
contain twelve written pages and its written in Spanish with ironic style.

CHAPTER 20: Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong (1891-1892)

Rizal left to Europe for Hong Kong, where he lived from November 1891 to June
1892.Furtheromere he had reasons in leaving Europe they were:
 Life was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with M.H. del Pilar
and other Filipinos in Spain.
 To be near his idolized Philippines and family.
Farewell to Europe
 Rizal left to Ghent for Paris on October 3, 1891
 He proceeded by train to Marseilles and on October 18, he boarded the streamer
Melbourne bound for Hong Kong.
 He brought with him a letter of recommendation by Juan Luna for Manuel Camus, a
compatriot living in Singapore, and 600 copies of the El Fili.
 Manuel Camus – during that time, he was a student and was made as a mason on October
12,1898 at Zetland in the East Lodge No 508 IN Singapore under the jurisdiction of the
M.W. Grand Lodge of England. He then became a Senator of the Philippines on his later
years.
  There were over 80 first class passengers- mostly Europeans, including two Spaniards.
 He befriended many missionaries and one of them is Fr. Fuchs, a Tyrolese, which he
enjoyed playing chess with. He even wrote to Blumentritt saying:
“He is a fine fellow, a Father Damaso without pride and malice”
Arrived in Hong Kong
 November 29, 1891 Rizal arrived in Hong Kong
 He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, especially his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa.
 He then established his residence at No. 5 D Aguilar Street, No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace,
where he also opened his medical clinic.
 December 1, 1891-he wrote his parents asking their permission to return home.
 On the same date, his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter, relating the
sad news of the deportation of Twenty- five persons from Calamba, including father,
Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano, and the rest of us.” Also stated in his letter that he was
preparing a letter to the Queen Regent of Spain explaining the Calamba situation in ord to
secure justice.
Family Reunion in Hong Kong
 Before Christmas of 1891, he was gladdened by the arrival of his father, brother and
Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law) in Hong Kong.
 Not long afterwards his mother and sisters Lucia, Josefa, and Trinidad also arrived.
 January 31, 1892- he wrote to Blumentritt recounting their pleasant life in Hong Kong
Ophthalmic Surgeon in Hong Kong
 Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques- a friend and admirer who helped him to build up a wide
clientele.
 He successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she was able to read and write
again.
 January 31, 1892 – he wrote to Blumentritt stating the spread of epidemic.
 Rizal was given a moral support and sunbstantial aid in his medical practice in Hong
Kong from some of his friends in Europe.
 Mr. Boustead (the father of Nelly Boustead) wrote to him on March 21, 1892, praising
him for his medical profession.
 Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin –sent him a congratulatory letter a book on Diagnostic
Pathology by Dr. H. Virchow and another medical book entitled Traite Diagnostique by
Masnichock.
 Don Antonio Vergel de Dios- offered him his services for the purchase of medical books
and instrument which he might need in his profession.
Borneo Colonization Project
 Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah).
 He planned to move those Filipino families to that British-owned island and carve out of
its virgin wilderness a “New Calamba.”
  March 7,1892- he went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon authorieties for the
establishment of a Filipino colony.
 His mission was successful.
 The British Authorities of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino colonist, 100,000
acres of land, a beautiful harbor and a good government for 999 years, free of all charges.
 By April 20, he was back in Hong Kong.
 Rizal friends in Europe enthusiastically endorsed his Borneo colonization project.
 Lopez Jaena express his desire to join the project and wrote to Rizal saying:
“I have a great desire of joining you. Reserve for me there a piece of land where I
can plant sugarcane. I shall go there to dedicate myself to the cultivation of
sugarcane and the making of sugar. Send me further details.”
 Hidalgo, on the other hand, objected to the colonization project saying:
“This idea about Borneo, is no good. Why should we leave the Philippines, this
beautiful country of ours? And besides what will people say? Why have we made
all this sacrifices? Why should we go to a foreign land withoutfirst exhausting all
means for the welfare of the country which nurtured us from our cradles?Tell me
that!"
 The infamous Weyler, whom the Cubans called “The Butcher” was relieved of his
gubernatorial office.
 A new governor general Eulogio Despujol, the Count of Caspe, announced to the Filipino
peoples a fine program of government.
 Rizal sent him a letter of felicitation (dated December 23, 1891) and offering his
cooperation, but instead the governor did not even acknowledge receipt of his letter.
 Rizal wrote a second letter (dated March 21, 1892), in this second letter, he requested the
governor general to permit the landless Filipinos to establish themselves in Borneo.
 Despujol, did not give Rizal the “courtesy of reply”. Instead, he notified the Spanish
consul general in Hong Kong to tell Rizal that he could approve the Filipino immigration
to Borneo, alleging that, “the Philippines lacked laborers” and “it was not very patriotic
to go off and cultivate foreign soul.

CHAPTER 21: Second Homecoming and The Liga Filipina

Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Front Santiago

 July 6, 1982 (Wednesday) –Rizal went to malacanang to resume his series of interviews
with governor general. The governor general showed some printed leaflets were entitled
Pobres Frailes (Poor Frailes). Rizal denied having those leaflets. Despite his denial and
instent demand for investigation. He was placed under aresst and escorted to Fort
Santiago by Ramon Despujol the nephew and aide of Governor General.
Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan
  July 7 1982 (Thursday)- Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest the same
issue the gubernatorial decree gave him the reasons for Rizal’s deportation as follows:
1. Rizal published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain which
were “frankly anti Catholic” and “prudently anti-friar”.
2. A few hours after his arrival “there was found in his packages. a bundle of handbills
entitled ‘Pobres Frailes”.
3. His novel “El Filibustiresmo” was dedicated to the memory of the three triators.
4. The end to which the pursues in his effort and writings is to tear from the loyal
Filipino breats the treasures of “catholic faith”.
 July 15, 1982- Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the sender steamer Cebu which
was sailing to Dapitan (1:00 Am) the steamer under Captain Delgras departed sailing
south, passing Mindoro and Panay.
 July 17, 1982- Reached Daptan at 7:00 in the evening. Captain Delgras handed Rizal
over Captain Ricardo Canicero, Spanish commandant of Dapitan the same night, Rizal
began his exile in Dapitan which would last until July 31, 1986, a period of four years.
Writings in Hong Kong
 He wrote “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao” (a tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man”
proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789)
 About the same time (1891), he wrote “A la Nacion Espanola” (To the Spanish Nation),
which is an appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.
 Another proclamation, entitled “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen) was written in
December 1891 explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
 Rizal contributed articles to the British daily newspaper, The Hong Kong Telegraph,
whose editor, Mr. Franzier Smith, was his friend.
 March 2, 1892- Rizal wrote “Una Visita a La Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to Victoria Gaol),
an account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. In this article he contrasted
the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane prison system.
 He wrote an article entitled “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de
Iles Philippines” Colonization of British North Borneo by families from the Philippine
Islands) to elucidate his Borneo colonization project
 He elaborated on the same idea in another article in Spanish, “Proyecto de Colonization
of British North Borneo by the Filipinos)
 June 1892- he wrote “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) which denounces the frequent
outbreaks of intentional fires in Manial.
 “Constitution of the Liga Filipina” – printed in 1892, was the most important wrting
made by Rizal during his Hong Kong sojourn
 To deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed copies carries to the false information that
the printing was done by the London Printing Press, No. 25, Khulug Street, London.
 The idea of establishing the Liga Filipina was originally conceived by Jose Ma. Basa, But
it was Rizal who wrote its constitution and realized its establishment.
Decision to Return to Manila
 May 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila.
 The decision was spurred by the following:
 1. To confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization
project.
2. To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila.
3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that
he being comfortable and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the
country’s cause.
 Lete’s attack which was printed in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1892, portrayed Rizal as
cowardly, egoistic, opportunistic- a patriots in words only.
 Rizal protested to Del Pilar saying:
“I am more convinced that yourself to be carried away. Friend or Enemy, if the
article has harmed me, it would harm more the interest of the Philippines. Who
knows, however, if after all it was for the best; it has shaken me awake, and long
after a long silence I enter the field a new….I am going to activate the Propaganda
again and fortify the Liga.”
 To Ponce, Rizal confided on May 23,1892:
“I am very sorry that Del Pilar allowed the article to be published because it will
lead many to believe that there is really a schism among us. I believe that we can
well have a little misunderstanding and persanel differences among ourselves,
without exhibiting them in Public… A for myself .. I always welcome criticism
because they improve those who wish to be improved”.
Last Hon Kong Letters
 On June 19, 1892 he spent his 31st birthday in Hong Kong.
 Evidently, he had premonition of his death, for the following day June 20 he wrote too
letters which he sealed, inscribed in each envelop “to bo opened after my death,” and
gave them to his frien, Dr. Marques for safekeeping.
-The first letter was addressed to his Parents, Brethren, and Friends.
-The Second letter was addressed to the Filipinos.
Rizal Falls into Spanish Trap
 The Spanish consul-general sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim “is in
the Trap”.
 On the same day a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for
anti-religiousand anti-patriotic agitation”.
 Despujol ordered his secretary, Luis de la Torre, to find out if Rizal was naturalized as
German citizen, as was rumored, so that he might take proper action against on “who had
the protection of strong nation”
 Meanwhile, Rizal and his sister were peacefully crossing the China Sea. They were fully
unaware of the Spanish duplicity.
Jose Rizal’s Second Homecoming and La liga Filipina
 June 1982- Rizal’s bold return to Manila and His second homecoming
 August 1887- His first homecoming from abroad.
 “The battlefield is in the Philippines” –Dr. Jose P. Rizal
 Two months later, on December 31, 1891
 He reiterated this belief in a letter to Mentritt.
“I believe that La Solidaridad is no longer our battlefield: now is a new
struggle the fight is no longer in Madrid”. –Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Arrival in Manila with his Sister
 June 26, 1892- At noon Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia (wife of the late Mariano
Herbosa) arrived in Manila
Rizal Described his Second Homecoming as follows:
1. I arrived at Manila on June 26 1892, Sunday, at 12:00 noon. I was met by many
carabineers headed by a major. There were in addition one captain and one sergeant
of the Veteran Civil Guard. I came down with my luggage and they inspected me at
the customhouse. From there I went to the Hotel de Oriente whre occupied room
No.22, facing the church of Binondo.
2. In afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacanang palace to seek audience with the
Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol Conde de Caspe. He was told to
come back at the night at 7:00 o’clock. Promptly at 7:00 pm he returned to the
Malacanang palace and was able to confer with Governor General Despujol, who
agreed to pardon his father but not the rest of the family and told him to return on
Wednesday June 29.
3. After his brief interview with the Governor General Despujol, He visited his sisters in
the city..First Narcisa and then later Saturnina.
Visiting Friends in Luzon Central
 Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in the following places:

6:00 pm of June 27 we went to

1. Malolos, Bulacan
2. Tarlac
3. San Fernando, Pampanga
4. Bacoor, Pampanga
5:00 pm of June 28
1. Rizal returned by train to Manila whether he knew it or not, he was
shadowed by government spies who was carefully watching his
every moment.
2. The homes he had visited were raided by the Guardia Civil which
seized some copies of the Noli and El Fili and ome “subversive”
pamphlets.
Other Interviews with Despujol
 Wednesday June 29 at 7:30-9:15- I saw his excellency I did not succeed to have the
penalty of exile lifted, but he gave me hope with regard to my sisters. As it was the feat
of St. Peter and St. Paul.
  Thursday June 30- We talked about the question of Borneo. The general opposed to it,
very much opposed. He told me to come back Sunday.
 Sunday July 3 – We talked about sundry things and I thanked him for having lifted the
exile of my sisters. I told him that my father and brother would arrive on the first boat. He
asked me if I would like to go abroad to Hong Kong. I told him “Yes”. He told me to
return on Wednesday.
Founding of the La liga Filipina
 July 3, 1892 Sunday evening –Rizal attended a meeting of the patriots at the home of
the Chinese- Filipino mestizo on Ylaya Street, Tondo Manila. Rizal explained the
objectives of the Liga Filipina, a civic league of the Filipinos. He presented the
Constitution of the Liga which he had written in Hong Kong. The patriots were
impressed and approved the establishement of The Liga.
Objectives of the La liga Filipina- a civic league of Filipinos, which he desired to established
and its role on the socio-economic life of the people.
OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE:
 Jose Rizal, Founder
 Ambrosio Savador, President
 Agustin dela Rosa, Fiscal
 Bonifacio Arevalo, Treasurer
 Deodato Arellano, Secretary and First Supreme leader of Katipunan
Contstitution of the Liga Filipina
1. To unite the archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encourage of Education, agriculture and commerce.
5. Study of application and reforms.
MOTTO: “Unus Instar Omnium” (one like all)
Duties of the Liga Filipina Members
1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Court;
2. To help in recruiting new members;
3. To keep in strictest secrecy, the decisions of the Liga authorities;
4. To have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he becomes president of the
council;
5. To report to the fiscal anything that he may hear which affects the Liga;
6. To behave well add benefits a good Filipino;
7. To help fellow members in all ways.

Chapter 22: Exile in Dapitan

 Father Pablo Pastells
- superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines.
 Father Antonio Obach
- Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan
 DonRicardoCarnicer(Spanishcaptain)
-a poem which Rizal wrote for Captain Carnicero on the occasion of captain’s birthday
August 26, 1892
 Francisco Equilior
- Spanish resident of Dipolog
 Wenceslao E. Retana
-Rizal first Spanish biographer and former enemy
 Mr. Juan Lardet
-a French businessman whom Rizal had a conflict
 Father Jose Vilaclara
-cura of Dipolog
 Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
-Rizal’s favorite teacher at the Antonio de Manila.
-He was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere in public.
 Florencio Namanan
- a real name of Pablo Mercado
-A native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and about 30 years old.
-he was hired by the recollect friars to a secret mission in Dapitan
 Ramon Carreon
- Rizal’s partner in business and a merchant in Dapitan
 Josephine Bracken
- an Irish girl of sweet eighteen.
 James Bracken- Josephine’s father
- A corporal in the British Garrison
 Elizabeth Jane MacBride
-Josephine’s mother
DAPITAN
- a remote town in Mindanao which was under the missionary jurisdiction of
the Jesuits.

BEGINNING OF EXILE IN DAPITAN

 the steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells
to Father Antonio Obach.
 In this letter, Father Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could live at the

Parish convent on the following conditions:

 That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make statements that
were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution.
 That he perform the churchy rites and make a general confession of his past life.
 That henceforth he conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject
and a man of religion.
 Rizal , on his part, admired the kind, generous Spanish captain. As evidence of his esteem,
he wrote a poem, A Don Ricardo Carnicero, On August 26,1892, on the occasion of
captain’s birthday

WINS IN MANILA LOTTERY

 on September 21, 1892 , the sleepy town of Dapitan burst in hectic excitement. The mail
boat butuan was approaching the town, with colored pennants flying in the see breezes.
 Butuan- mail boat which brought the news about Rizal’s winning in the lottery
 The mail boat, Butuan, brought no Spanish officials but the happy tidings that the Lottery
Ticket No. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carnicero, Dr. Rizal, and Francisco Equilior won
the second prize of P20,000 in the Government owned Manila Lottery

Rizal’s share of the winning lottery ticket

= P20,000- lottery prize
= P6,200 of it was given to Rizal
= P2,000 of his share he gave to his father and
=P200 to Basa(Best friend of Rizal) in HongKong
=the rest he invested through purchasing agricultural lands from the coast of Talisay about
kilometer away from Dapitan

Three (3) pesetas- amount were Rizal allotted for lottery tickets every month.
Rizal was a lottery addict

RIZAL-PASTELLS DEBATE ON RELIGION

 The debate started when Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda along with an advice that Rizal
should desist from his majaderas (foolishness) in viewing religion from the perspective of
individual judgment and self-esteem.
 The debate can be read in four (4) letters.
 Rizal was bitter against the friars because they commit abuses ender the cloak of
religion.
 Father Patells tried to bring back to Catholicism Rizal by telling him that human
intelligence is limit, thus he needs the guidance of God
 Behind the debate, Pastells and Rizal were friends as evidently pictured when:
 Pastels gave Rizal a copy of Imitacion de Cristo by Father Thomas a Kempis.
 Rizal gave Pastells a bust of St.Paul which he had made Rizal continued to hear
mass and celebrate religious events.

RIZAL CHALLENGES A FRENCHMAN TO A DUEL

 While Rizal was still debating with Father Pastells by means of exchange of letters, he
became involved in a quarrel with a French acquaintance in Dapitan
 This man purchased many logs ( some of the logs were of poor quality) Rizal flared up in
anger and confronted Lardet and challenged him for a duel.“ My friend, you have not a
Chinaman’s chance in a fight with Rizal on a field of honor, Rizal is an expert in martial
arts particularly in fencing and pistol shooting”-Capt. Carnicero. Lardet then apologize

RIZAL AND FATHER SANCHEZ

 Father Pastells, aside from his personal efforts to persuade Rizal to discard his “errors of
religion”, instructed two(2) Jesuits in Mindanao- Father Obach and Father Jose Viclara to
try their best to bring back Rizal within the Catholic fold.
 Furthermore, he assigned Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez.
 Father Sanchez was the only Spanish priest to defend Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere in public.
 They argued theologically in a friendly manner but all the efforts of Sanchez were in vain.
 Fr. Sanchez enjoyed the latter’s company and he even assisted Rizal in beautifying the town
plaza
 On his birthday, Rizal gave him a precious birthday gift- a manuscript entitled Estudios
sobre la lengua tagala (Studies on the Tagalog Language)

IDYLLIC LIFE IN DAPITAN

 in Dapitan, Rizal had an exemplary life, idyllic in serenity.

 August, 1893, members of his family took turns in visiting him in order to assuage his
loneliness in the isolated outpost of Spanish power in the Moroland.
 Among his family members who visited Rizal were:
 his mother
 his sisters Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa
 Nephews Teodosio, Estanislao, Mauricio and Prudencio
 Rizal built a house by the seashore of Talisay surrounded by fruit trees, a school for boys,
and a hospital for his patients.
 December 19, 1893 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt for describing his life in Dapitan.

RIZAL’S ENCOUNTER WITH THE FRIAR’S SPY

 Pablo Mercado- assumed name of the spy who visited Rizal at his house and pretended to be
a relative by showing a photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials P.M as evidence
of kinship.
 The spy offered to be Rizal’s courier of letters for the patriots in Manila. Rizal became
suspicious and wanted to throw the spy outside but considering his values and late hour of
the night, he offered the spy to spend the night at his house. The next day, he sent the spy
away.
 The spy stayed in Dapitan and spread talks among the people that he was a relative to Rizal
 Rizal went to the commandancia and reported the impostor to Captain Juan Sitges (successor
of Carnicero)
 Sitges ordered Pablo Mercado’s arrest and told Anastacio Adriatico to investigate him
immediately
 The secret mission of Pablo Mercado was not an assassination attempt but espionage only
plot concocted by the friars.

AS PHYSICIAN IN DAPITAN

 Dona Teodora and Maria lived with Rizal for a year and a half. It is here when Rizal
operated his mother’s right eye. Though the operation was successful, his mother had a
wound infection after ignoring Rizal’s instruction of not removing the bandages.
 However the infection was immediately treated.
 He had many patients came from Luzon, Bohol, Cebu, Panay, Negros and Mindanao and
even from HongKong
 Don Ignacio Tumarong paid him Php3,000
 An Englishman paid him Php500
 Don Florencio Azacarraga paid him a cargo of sugar
 Rizal became interested in the local medicine
 Rizal prescribed medicinal plants to his poor patients

WATER SYSTEM FOR DAPITAN

 As a perito agrimensor (expert surveyor), Rizal applied his engineering knowledge by
constructing a system of waterworks to furnish clean water to the towns people.
 Mr. H.F Cameron- an American engineer who praised Rizal for his engineering ingenuity.

COMMUNITY PROJECTS IN DAPITAN

 When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given
talents, and to awaken the civic consciousness of its people.
Rizal had:
 Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria that was infesting Dapitan
 Equipped the town with lighting system using P500 one of his patients paid him.
 The lighting system consisted of a coconut oil lamps Beautified the town of Dapitan by
remodeling the town plaza and making a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth,
stones and grass

RIZAL AS A TEACHER
 Rizal established in Dapitan a school. It began with 3 pupils who increased to 16 and
eventually 21.
 16 of his pupils did not pay tution, instead of charging them fees, Rizal made them works in
his gardens and construction projects.
 Formal classes were between 2:00p.m and 4:00p.m. he also applied the “emperor” system
like that of Ateneo
 During recess, pupils built fires to drive away insects, pruned fruit trees and manured the soil.
 Outside class hours, students had gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone throwing, swimming
and boating.

HYMN TO TALISAY

 Rizal conducted his school at his home in Talisay, near Dapitan, where he had his farm and
hospital after which the place was named.
 A poem Rizal wrote in honor of Talisay which he made his pupil’s sing.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE

 Rizal found Mindanao a rich virgin filed for collecting specimens. With his baroto (sailboat)
and accompanied by his pupils, he explored the jungles and coast, seeking of specimens and
plants.
 Rizal sent specimens he found to the museum of Europe especially the Dresden Museum.
In turn, he received scientific books and surgical instruments. He had :
 Built up a rich collection of concology (consisting of 346 shells of 203 species)
 Discovered rare specimens like:
a. Draco- a flying dragon
b. Apogonia rizali- a small beetle
c. Rhacophorus- a rare frog
 He conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological and geographical
studies

LINGUISTIC STUDIES

 Rizal continued his study of languages learned in Dapitan

 Bisayan
 Subanum
 Malay languages
 He knew by that time 22 languages (Tagalog, Malay, Ilokano, Hebrew, Bisayan, Sanskrit,
Subanum, Dutch, Spanish, Catalan, Latin, Italian, Greek, Chinese, English, Japanese,
French, Portuguese, German, Swedish, Arabic, and Russian)

ARTISTIC WORKS IN DAPITAN

4. Rizal pursue his artistic activities in Dapitan

5. He contributed paintings to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the
Holy Virgin
6. He made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan
7. He modeled a statuette called “ The Mothers Revenge” to stress the moral of the incident
where a puppy of his dog, Syria, was eaten by a crocodile
8. He constructed a statute of a girl called “ The Dapitan Girl”. A woodcarving of Josephine
Bracken
9. He made a bust of St. Paul for Father Pastells

RIZAL AS FARMER

 In Dapitan Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture

 He bought 16 hectares of land in Talisay, where he built his home, school and hospital and
planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, coconuts and fruit trees
 Rizal acquired total holdings of 70 hectares where 6,000 hemp plants, 1000 coconut trees
and numerous fruit trees, sugarcane, corn, coffee and cacao were planted.
 He planned to establish an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot because it was ideal for raising
cacao, coffee, coconuts and cattle. However, this did not materialized due to lack of support
from the government.

RIZAL A BUSINESSMAN

Ramon Carreon- Rizal’s businessman partner in Dapitan Rizal made profitable business
ventures in fishing, copra and hemp industries

Hemp Industry- Rizal’s most profitable business Once he shipped 150 bales of hemp to Manila,
he purchased hemp in Dapitan at P7 and 4 reales per pisul and he sold it to Manila at P10 and 4
reales
 Rizal also engaged in lime manufacturing capacity of more than 400 bags of lime
January 1, 1895- He organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break
Chinese monopoly
 According to its constitution, which he had drafted, its purposes were to improve the farm
products, obtain better outlets for them, collect fund for their purchases and help the
producers and workers by establishing a store wherein they can buy prime commodities at
moderate prices

RIZAL’S INVENTIVE ABILITY

 Rizal is also an inventor

 He invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blimentritt called “sulpukan” was
made of wood. Its mechanism is based on the principle of compressed air.
 He invented a machine for making bricks. This machine could manufactured about 6,000
bricks daily.

MY RETREAT

In February, 1895 Doňa Teodora, with her eyesight fully restored, returned to Manila.
Seeing how busy Rizal is, she regetted neglecting her muses. She requested Rizal to write
poetry. As a response Rizal wrote “Mi Retiro” on October 22, 1895 relating his serene
life as an exile in Dapitan

RIZAL AND JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

 The death of Leonora Rivera left a poignant void in Rizal’s heart. In his loneliness, he met
Josephine
 Josephine Bracken- Irish girl of sweet eighteen who was born on Hongkong
 James Bracken and Elizabeth Jane Macbride- Josephine’s parents who are both Irish in
citizenship
 Mr. George Taufer- man who adopted Josephine after her mother died of Childbirth
 Mr. Taufer became blind so he sought for an ophthalmic specialist. This is how Josephine
and Rizal met.
 Manuela Orlac- Filipina companion who accompanied Josephine Bracken to Dapitan
 Rizal and Josephine Bracken decided to get married but Father Obach refused to marry them
without the permission of Bishop of Cebu.
 Hearing of the planned marriage and unable to endure the thought of losing Josephine,
 Mr. Taufer tried to commit suicide by cutting off his throat with a razor but Rizal was able to
prevent this.
 To avoid strategy, Josephine accompanied Mr. Taufer returned to HongKong alone while
Josephine stayed with the Rizal in Manila.
 Having no priests to marry them, Rizal and Josephine married themselves before the eyes of
God
 The two were happy for the were expecting for a baby. However, Rizal played a prank on
Josephine making her give birth to an eight- month baby boy. The baby lived for only hours.
He was named “Francisco” in honor of Rizal’s father.
 Rizal wrote a poem which entitled Josephine, Josephine.

RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNAN

 While Rizal was mourning the loss of his son, ominous clouds of revolution gradually
darkened the Philippine skies, Andres Bonifacio the Great Plebeian was sowing the seeds of
an armed uprising.
 The secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892, was
gaining more and more adherents
 Pio Valenzuela- emissary to Dapitan in order to inform Rizal of the plan of Katipunan
during the meeting at a little river called Bitukang Manok.
 Venus- steamer Valenzuela boarded to reach Dapitan
 Raymundo Mata- blind man who came with Valenzuela to camouflage his mission

Rizal objected Bonifacio’s project because:

1. The people are not ready for a revolution
2. Arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution he also
disapproved of the other plan of the Katipunan to rescue him because he had given
word of honor to the Spanish authorities And he did not want to break it.
VOLUNTEERS AS MILITARY DOCTOR IN CUBA

 When Cuba is under revolution and raging yellow fever epidemic, Rizal wrote to Governor
General Ramon Blanco offering his services ass military doctor
 July 1, 1896 Governor Blanco later notified Rizal of the acceptance of the offer. The
notification came along of acquiring first as pass for Manila from the politico-military
commander of Dapitan.

THE SONG OF THE TRAVELER

 Upon receiving the acceptance of his offer to go to Europe then to Cuba to help in the curing
of patients suffering yellow fever, he wrote a poem “El Canto del Viajero”.

ADIOS DAPITAN

 July 31, 1896, Rizal’s four years in Exile in Dapitan came to an end
 Espania- steamer which brought Rizal to Manila from Dapitan
 Rizal was accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica( Narcisa’s daughter), his three
nephews and six pupils
 As farewell, the town brass of Dapitan played the dolorous Funeral March of Chapin
 He stayed in Dapitan for 4 years, 13 days and a few hours.

CHAPTER 23 (LAST TRIP ABROAD 1896)

Dr. Jose P. Rizal was kept as a guest on board of the Spanish cruiser Castilla
August 26, 1896 Katipunan raised the cry for revolution in the hills of Balintawak

FROM DAPITAN TO MANILA

 In Dumaguete, Rizal visited a friend and former classmate Herrero Regidor who was the
judge of the province.
 He also visited Periquet and Rufina families.
 In the afternoon, he operated on a Spanish captain of the Guardia Civil.

RIZAL MISSES SHIP GOING TO SPAIN

 Rizal was unable to catch the mail ship Isla de Luzon for Spain
  Staying in Manila for one month might give him troubles so he requested to Governador
General to be isolated from everybody, except his family
 Near midnight the same day, August 6 Rizal was transferred to Spanish cruiser Castilla
by the order of Governador General.
 Enrique Santalo, cruise captain, said he wasn’t a prisoner but a guest detained on board in
order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies
 Rizal stayed on the cruiser for about a month, from August 6 to Sept. 2 1896

OUTBREAK OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

 While Rizal was patiently waiting on the cruiser of Castilla for the next steamer to take
him to Spain, portentous events occurred presaging the downfall of Spanish power in
Asia.
 August 19 1896, the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution
was discovered by Augustinian Cura of Tondo Gray Mariano Gil
 This incident struck error into the hearts of Spanish officials and residents, producing
hysteria of vindictive retaliation against the Filipino patriots
 The tumuli produced by the discovery of the Katipunan plot was aggravated by the “Cry
of Balintawak” which was raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros on August 26
1896
 August 30, revolutionist led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan but they were
repulsed by heavy issues
 After the battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the
first eight provinces for rising arms against Spain
 Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and
Tarlac

Rizal was worried when he read the news at newspaper for two reasons:

1. The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause
much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property, had started and
2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against al Filipino patriots

DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN

 August 30 1896, when the state of war was proclaimed, Rizal received two letters of
introduction from Governor General Ramon Blanco for the Minister of war and Minister
of Colonies with a covering letter which absolved him from all the blame for the raging
revolution
 Minister of War: General Marcelo de Azcarraga
 Sept. 2, Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay which was sailing for
Barcelona, Spain
  Sept. 3, the steamer left Manila bay. Rizal’s last trip to Spain began.
 Among his fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro Roxas (rich Manila creole
industrialist and his friend) and his son named Periquin

RIZAL IN SINGAPORE

 Isla de Panay arrived at Singapore in the evening of Sept. 7

 Don Pedro advised Rizal to stay behind too and take advantage of the protection of
British Law. Rizal did not heed his advice.
 Filipino residents of Singapore headed by Don Manuel Camus boarded the steamer
urging him to stay in Singapore to save his life which he ignored because he already gave
his word to the Governador General

VICTIM OF SPANISH DUPLICITY

 Without his knowledge, Governador General Blanco was secretly conspiring with the
Ministers of War and the Colonies (ultramar) for his destruction
 Rizal proved to be as gullible as Sultan Zaide who is another victim of Spanish intrigue
 One of Rizal’s greatest mistakes was to believe in the Governador General that he was a
man of honor and a friend because he allowed him to go as a free man to Spain to
become a physician-surgeon of the Spanish army in Cuba
 According to the declassified documents in the Ministries of War and the Colonies was
that Blanco regarded Rizal as a “dangerous Filipino” who was responsible for the raging
Filipino revolution, and therefore plotted his doom
 Rizal was unaware that since his departure from Manila, Blanco and the Ministries of
War and Colonies were exchanging coded telegrams and confidential messages for his
arrest upon reaching Barcelona and that he was a deportee and was being secretly kept
under surveillance

RIZAL ARRESTED BEFORE REACHING BARCELONA

 Isla de Panay with Rizal on board left Singapore at 1:00 pm Sept. 8.

 On Sept. 25, he saw the steamer Isla de Luzon leaving the Suez Canal crammed with
Spanish troops. Two days later (Sept 25) he heard from the passengers that a telegram
arrived from Manila reporting the execution of Francisco Roxas, Genato and Osorio
 On Sept. 28, a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of Suez
Canal) a passenger told Rizal that he would be arrested by order of Blanco and would be
set in prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco) opposite of Gibraitar
 Shocked by the news, Rizal then realized that he was duped by the Spanish officials and
sly Blanco
  Sept. 30 he was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin
until further orders from Manila which he graciously obliged

ARRIVAL IN BARCELONA AS A PRISONER

 Sept. 30, steamer anchored in Malta

 Rizal was unable to visit the famous island-fortress of the Christian crusaders
 On Oct. 3, Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona with Rizal as a prisoner. The trip from
Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days
 His jailor was no longer the ship captain but the Military Commander of Barcelona who
happened to be General Eulogio Despujol, the same one who ordered his banishment in
Dapitan in July 1892 was one of the coincidences in the lives of men that make “history
stranger than fiction”
 Oct. 6, Rizal was escorted to the grim and infamous prison
 fortress named Monjuich.
 About two in afternoon, he was taken out of the prison and brought to the headquarters of
General Despujol. He told Rizal that he would be brought back to Manila on board the
transport ship Colon which would leave that evening

CHAPTER 24: THE LAST HOMECOMING AND THE TRIAL

 Rizal’s homecoming in 1896 was the last and his saddest return to his native land
 He knew that he was facing a supreme test, which might cost his life but he was unafraid
 He desired to meet his enemies and offer himself as a sacrificial victim to their sadistic
lust and unholy designs for he knew that his blood would water the seeds of Filipino
freedom.
 Trial was held shortly after his homecoming was one of history’s mockeries of justice

MARTYR’S LAST HOMECOMING

 Since he leave Barcelona, he recorded the events in his diary

 On Oct. 8, a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspaper was full of the news
about the bloody revolution in the they were blaming him for it
 He treated as a blessing that he could go back on the Philippines to meet his slanderers

CONFISCATION OF RIZAL’S DIARY

 Spanish authorities know of the fact that Rizal was keeping tabs of his daily events in the
diary and they were curios of what might be written on it
  They were suspicious that something seditious or treasonable might be written on his
diary. But after the cabin searched thoroughly, they found nothing.

UNSUCCESFUL RESCUE IN SINGAPORE

 News of Rizal predicament reach his friends in Europe and Singapore.

 From London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatchedfrantic telegrams to
an English lawyer in Singapore named Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish
steamer when it reached Singapore by means of writ of habeas corpus
 Mr. Fort’s legal contention was that Rizal was illegally detained on Spanish steamer
 Chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying
Spanish troop to the Philippines. Hence, it is a warship of foreign power, which under the
international law and was beyond the jurisdiction of the Singapore authorities

ARRIVAL IN MANILA

 Nov. 3, the Colon reached the Manila, where it was greeted with wild rejoicing by the
Spaniards and friars because it brought more reinforcement and military supplies.
 Rizal was quietly transferred under heavy guard from the ship to Fort Santiago
 Many Filipino Patriots: Deodato Arellano, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose
Dizon, Domingo Franco, Temoteo Paez, and Pedro Serrano Laktaw were brutally
tortured to implicate Rizal
 Paciano is also arrested and cruelly tortured but he never signed any damaging statement
incriminating his younger brother. Although his body was shattered on the torture rack
and his left Hand crushed by the screw, his valiant Asian Spirit remained unbroken

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

 Nov. 20. Preliminary investigation began

 Rizal appeared before the Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive- Rizal is subjected to
grueling five day investigation
 He answered the questions asked by the Judge but he wasn’t permitted to confront those
who testified against him
2 kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal:
1. Documentary
2. Testimonial

Documentary evidence which is consisted of fifteen exhibits

 1. Letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16 1888, showing
Rizal connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain
2. A letter of his Rizal to his family, dated Madrid August 20 1890, stating that the
deportations are good for they will encourage the people to hate tyranny
3. A letter from Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, Jan. 7 1889,
implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain
4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on Sept. 12 1891. This
poem is as follows
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, dated Barcelona, Sept. 18 1891,
describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression
6. A Masonic document, dated Manila, Feb. 9 1892, honoring Rizal for his patriotic
services
7. A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal’s pseudonym) to Teniuz (Juan Zulueta’s pseudonym)
dated HK. May 24 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who
may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities
8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee, dated HK, June 1 1892 soliciting
the aid of the committee in the patriotic work
9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the HK Telegraph, censuring the
banishment of Rizal to Dapitan
10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila Sept. 3 1892, saying that the Filipino
people look up to rizal as their savior
11. A letter of Ildefonso Laure to Rizal, dated Manila, 17 1893 informing an unidentified
correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroten Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador
12. A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid,
June 1 1893 recommending the establishment of a special org, independent of Masonry,
to help the cause of Filipino people
13. Transcript of speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), areunion of the Katipunan on July 23
1893, in which the following cry was uttered “Long live Philippines! Long live liberty!
Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!”
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion,
where in the Katipuneros shouted: “Long live the eminent Dr. Rizal! Death to the
oppressor, nation.”
15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay, in which the author make the Dapitan
school boys sing that they know how to fight for their rights

Testimonial evidence consisted of the oral testimonies of:

 Martin Constantino
 Aguedo del Rosario
 Jose Reyes
 Moises Salvador
 Jose Dizon
 Domingo Franco
 Deodato Arellano
 Ambrosio Salvador
 Pedro Serrano Laktaw
  Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 Antonio Salazar
 Francisco Quison
 Timoteo Paez

- After the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to Blanco
and the latter appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as Special Judge Advocate to institute the
corresponding action against Rizal
- Governador General transmitted the resume of charges to the Judge Advocate General Don
Nicolas dela Pena for an opinion

Pena submitted the following recommendations:

 The accused be immediately brought to trial
 He should be kept in prison
 An order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of 1M pesos as
indemnity4. He should be defended in court by an army officer, not a civilian lawyer

RIZAL CHOOSES HIS DEFENDER

 Only right given to Rizal was to choose a defense counsel which is also restricted
because he had to choose only from a list submitted to him
 Dec. 8, Feat Day of Immaculate Conception, list of 100 1st and 2nd lieutenant in the
Spanish army was presented to Rizal. He chose Don Luis Traviel de Andrade, 1st
lieutenant of the Artillery to become his defender
 The chosen defender is the brother of Jose Traviel de Andrade, Rizal’s bodyguard. He
gladly accepted it since he heard of him from his brother

READING OF INFORMATION OF CHARGES TO THE ACCUSED

 December 11, information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison cell, with
his counsel present.
 He was accused of “being the personal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection, the founder of societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and
propagating ideas of rebellion.” Rizal raised no objection on the jurisdiction but pleaded
not guilty to the crime of rebellion
 He admitted the he wrote the Constitution of La Liga Filipina which was merely civic
association
 He also said he had taken no part in politics since his exile in Dapitan
  Dominguez forwarded the papers of Rizal to Malacanan Palace Dec. 13 same day when
General Camilo G. de Polavieja with the help of powerful Dominican friars succeed
Blanco
 The withdrawal of Blanco from the gubernatorial office sealed Rizal’s fate for he was
more humane in character than the ruthless Polavieja and moreover he firmly believed
that Rizal wasn’t a traitor to Spain. Had he remained longer in the office, Rizal wouldn’t
have been executed but it was just a what if

RIZAL MANIFESTO TO HIS PEOPLE

 Dec. 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people appealing to them to stop the necessary
shedding of blood and just to achieve liberties by means of education and industry. It was
written in Fort Santiago
 Judge Advocate General Nicolas dela Pena recommended to Governador General to
suppress manifesto which the later heeded. Thus saving Rizal from the shame of his
manifesto being misinterpreted and disobeyed by the Filipino in arms

RIZAL SADDEST CHRISTMAS

 While everybody was celebrating the birthday of Christ joyously, Rizal who was
accustomed to spend his merry season in the company of his beloved family or dear
friend, was alone on his last Christmas and depressed in dreary prison cell
 He was in despair for he had no illusions about his fate. He then wrote a letter to his
defender

TRIAL OF RIZAL

 Trial of Rizal was an eloquent proof of Spanish injustice and misrule

 It was patently a mistrial because Rizal, a civilian, was trialed by a military court
composed of alien military officers. His case was prejudged; he was considered guilty
before the actual trial. The military court meant not to give him justice, but to accuse and
condemn him. It accepted all testimonies and charges against him, and ignored all
arguments and evidences in favor. Rizal wasn’t given a right (which any accused is
entitledto have in a real court of justice) to face the witnesses against him in open court
 December 26, court-martial of Rizal started in military building called Cuartel de Espana.
 Seven members of the military court: Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arijona (president), Capt.
Ricardo Munoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorito, Capt.
Braulio Rodriguez Nunez, Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano, Capt. Fermin rodriguez
 Also present to the courtroom were Rizal, Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Capt. Rafael
Dominguez (Judge Advocate), Lt. Enrique de Alcocer (Prosecuting Attorney), and the
spectators: Josephine Bracken, some newspapermen, and many Spaniards
  Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer summarized the charges against Rizal and urged the court
to give the verdict of death to the accused. They applauded noisily at Alcocer’s petition
 After Alcocer, Andreade gave his eloquent defense of Rizal. He ended his defense with a
noble but futile, admonition to the members of military: “The judges cannot be vindictive,
the judges can only be just.” Which fell on deaf ears because officers were both
vindictive and unjust
 Rizal supplements of defense which he wrote in his Prison cell. He proved his innocence
by 12 points
1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Valenzuela in Dapitan not to
rise in revolution
2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary Elements
3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If He were guilty, he
could’ve escaped in Singapore
4. If he had a hand in revolution, he could’ve escaped in a Morovinta and would not
build a home, a hospital and Bought lands in Dapitan
5. If he were the chief of revolution, why was he not consulted By the revolutionists?
6. It was true that he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but This is only a civic
association—not a revolutionary society
7. The Liga Filipina did not live long for after the 1st meeting, He was banished to
Dapitan and died out
8. If the Liga, reorganized 9 months after it, he did not know About it
9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionists, Otherwise they wouldn’t
have supplanted it with Katipunan
10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizal’s letters, it was
because they were written in 1890 When his family was being persecuted, being
dispossessed Of houses, warehouses, lands, etc., his brothers and Brothers-in-law
were deported
11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politico-Military commanders and
missionary priest could attest
12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by 1 Speech at the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by Witnesses whom he would like to confront. His
friends knew His position to armed rebellion. Why did a Katipunan send An
emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because Who knew him were
aware that he would never sanction Any violent movement
 Despite of his intelligent defense, military court Remained indifferent toward Rizal’s
pleading
 The president, Lt. Col. Togores Arjona (president) Considered the trial over and the hall
cleared. After Short deliberation, military court unanimously voted For sentence of death
 The court decision was submitted to Polavieja which he then seek the opinion of Judge
Advocate General Nicolas dela Pena which the latter affirmed

POLAVIEJA SIGNS RIZAL’S EXECUTION

 December 28, Polavieja approved the decision of the Court-martial and ordered Rizal to
be shot at 7:00 AM of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field (Luneta)
  For signing the fatal document ordering the execution of Rizal, Governor Polavieja won
the eternal odium of the Filipino people. He and other Spanish officials who were
responsible for the death of Rizal will evermore remain as obnoxious villains in
Philippine History

CHAPTER 25: MARTYRDOM AT BAGUMBAYAN

 Rizal called his beloved country: Pearl of the Orient Sea In his last poem, and Pearl of the
Orient in an article Entitled “Unfortunate Philippines” published in The HK Telegraph on
Sept. 24 1892

LAST HOURS OF RIZAL

- 6:00 AM (Dec. 29) Captain Rafael Dominguez take charge of all arrangements for the
execution of the condemned prisoner, read the death sentence to Rizal
– to be shot at the back by a firing squad at 7:00 AM at Bagumbayan
- 7:00 AM: after the reading of death sentence, Rizal was moved to prison chapel where he spent
his last moments
- His first visitors were Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector of ateneo Municipal), and Father
Luiz Viza, Jesuit teacher
- At 7:15: Rizal reminded Father Viza of the statuette of the sacred heart of Jesus which he had
carved with his pen knife as an Ateneo student. He gave it to Rizal and the latter placed it on his
writing table
- 8:00 AM: Fr. Antonio Rosell arrivd to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited him to join him for
breakfast which he did.
- After breakfast, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade came and he thanked him for his gallant services
- 9:00 AM: Father Frederico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he said that Rizal would
lose his head for writing Noli saying that he is a prophet
- 10:00 AM: Fr. Jose Villaclara (rizal’s teacher at Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit
missionary in Dapitan who had befriendd him during his exile) also visited.
- Santiago Mataix, Spanish journalist interviewed him for the newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid
- 12:00 AM to 3:30 PM, Rizal was left alone. After lunch, he wrote his farewell poem and hid it
inside his alcohol cooking stove which was given by Paz Pardo de Taverra during his visit in
Paris 1890
- He then wrote his letter to Blumentritt
- 3:30 PM: Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed with Rizal about his
retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his writings and membership in Masonry
- 4:00 PM: Rizal’s mother arrived. He knelt down and kissed her hands, begging her to forgive
him
- They were both crying when guards separated them. Then Trinidad came and fetched his
mother, Rizal then gave Trinidad the alcohol cooking stove and whispered to her in English that
there’s something inside
- Father Villaclara and Estanislao March and Father Rosell entered the cell
- 6:00 PM: Don silvino Lopez Tunion, Dean of Manila Cathedral
- 8:00: rizal had his last supper. He then informed Captain Dominguez that he forgive his
enemies, even the military judges who condemned him to Death
- 9:30 PM: Don Gaspar Cestanio, fiscal of the Royal Audencia of Manila. Good impression of
his intelligence and noble character
- 10:00PM: The draft of the retraction sent by the Anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda was submitted by Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature but rejected because it was
too long so Father Balaguer gave a shorter version which was prepared by Father Pio Pt.
Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Phil.
- Rizal then wrote his retraction in which he abjured Masonry and his religious ideas which were
anticatholic
- The retraction was now a controversial document. Rizalist scholars, either Masons or anti
catholic, claim it to be forgery. While Catholic Rizalist claimed it to be
genuine.
- 5:30 AM: Josephine Bracken accompanied by a sister of Rizal (Josefa). Rizal gave her a
religious book Imitation of Christ by Father Thomas a Kemps
- 6:00: wrote his letter for beloved parents

DEATH MARCH AT BAGUMBAYAN

- 6:30, a trumpet sounded which signed to begin the death march to Bagumbayan
- He was with Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, and two Jesuits, Father March and Villaclara
- He saw Ateneo

MARTYRDOM OF A HERO

- He bade farewell to both Jesuits and his defense counsel. He firmly clasped their hands even his
hands were tied
- One of the priests blessed him and offered him a crucifix to kiss
- He requested to be shot facing the firing squad which the commander denied
- A Spanish military physician, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo, asked his permission to feel his pulse
and was amazed to find it normal showing that Rizal isn’t afraid to die
- He fell on the ground dead, facing the morning sun. It was exactly 7:03 when he died in the
bloom of manhood—aged 35 years 5 months and 11 days
- 14 years before the execution Rizal predicted in his dream that he would die on December
30th. He was then a med student in Madrid

AFTERMATH OF HERO-MARTYR DEATH

-The friars not Jesuits and corrupted officials Polavieja exulted with sadistic joy
-Spanish spectators shouted Viva Espana Muerte a los Traidores (Long Live Spain, Death to the
Traitors) and the Spanish military band played the gay Marcha de
Cadiz
-They were fully unaware of history’s inexorable tides. For the execution of Rizal presaged the
foundation of independent nation
-Spanish bullets killed Rizal’s brain but the libertarian ideas spawned by his brain destroyed the
Spanish rule in the Phil
-Cecilio Apostol
-By his writings, Filipino were awakened Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the Phil
revolution, he proved that the pen is mightier than the sword. As many splendored genius, writer,
scientist, and politicalmartyr, he richly deserves history’s salute as the sssnational hero of the
Philippines.