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Lewis Dot Structures, VSEPR Theory & Polarity
Lewis Dot Structures, VSEPR Theory & Polarity
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Diatomic Molecules:
Covalent Bonding in Nonmetals
• “Co-valent” Bonding: atoms sharing valence electrons to reach a
fill outer shell.
• Occurs most often in bonding between NONMETALS
Lewis Dot Structures:
Valence electrons represented as dots
that PAIR UP to reach a complete octet
(or duet if Hydrogen)
Diatomic Molecules:
Understanding why certain elements pair up
OCTECT RULE:
Each atom shares enough electrons with its neighboring atoms to
arrive at a noble gas configuration with 8 ELECTRONS
• Write the Lewis Dot Structures for diatomic chlorine gas, oxygen
gas, & nitrogen gas
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B. PCl2
C. PCl3
Hint: They may combine in any ratio as
D. P3Cl needed so that each atom arrives at a
COMPLETE OCTET (through mutually
E. P2Cl3 sharing electrons with neighboring atoms).
H
H
C
H H
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6. If needed, move lone pairs from outer atoms to bond with the
central atom to form an octet on the central atom.
This will make double or triple bonds.
Table of Electronegativities
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6. If needed, move lone pairs from outer atoms to bond with the
central atom to form an octet on the central atom.
This will make double or triple bonds.
A. B. C.
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2 2 0
180°
The Total Number of Electron
Regions determines the Electron
Geometry:
2 REGIONS = LINEAR GEOMETRY
Linear
2 2 0
180°
Linear
3 3 0
120°
Trigonal planar
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3 2 1
4 4 0
109.5°
Tetrahedral
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4 3 1
109.5°
4 2 2
109.5°
Tetrahedral Bent
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Table of Electronegativities
A Continuum of Bonding
In reality, few bonds are purely ionic or purely covalent
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Bond Polarity
Electronegativity Differences generate “POLES” of charge separation
δ+ δ-
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POLAR MOLECULES:
1. Contain POLAR bonds
2. Have ASYMMETRIC SHAPES that cause the
bond dipole moments to add together
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REMEMBER: Even if a
molecule is asymmetric, it
CANNOT be polar if it only
has NONPOLAR bonds.
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A. CH4
B. CHF3
C. CF4
D. CCl4
E. They are all NONPOLAR
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