Sheet - 01

(Inorganic Chemistry) CHEMICAL BONDING
𝐕𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐀𝐀𝐋′𝐒 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄𝐒

• These are the weakest type of inter molecular forces that exist among the chemical species which
bring a significant change in physical properties.
• These are non-directional, non-valence cohesive forces. These attractive forces being played
between the two molecules, are independent of the presence of other molecules.
• Solid, liquid or gaseous states of many molecules are explained on the basis of inter molecular
forces other than covalent, ionic or metallic bonds. Although inert gases do not form any type of
bond but may exist in liquid and solid states. This shows that the atoms of inert gases are
attracted by each other through some type of intermolecular forces. These intermolecular forces
are called Vander Waals forces.
➢ Types of Vander Waal's Forces
(1) Dipole-dipole interaction :
The force of attraction between the oppositely charged poles of two polar molecules (for example
: H2 S, HCl, PH3 etc.) is called dipole-dipole attraction.
• Two type of arrangements:
(a) Head to Tail (in gas): H − Cl−δ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋅ H +δ − Cl(E ∝ 1/r 6 )
• (b) Anti parallel (in solid and liquid): H +δ − Cl−δ (E ∝ 1/r 3 )
. .
. .
. .
Cl−δ − H +δ
(1) Anti parallel arrangement is better arrangement than Head to Tail arrangement, when
(a) Thermal agitation is not too high (b) Molecule is not too fatty.
(2) Dipole-induced dipole interaction : This type of cohesive forces occurs in a mixture of polar and
non polar molecules. For example force of attraction between Cl2 and H2 O.
• Size of non polar molecules increases then interaction between molecules increases.
(3) Instantaneous dipole-Induced dipole interaction : The weak intermolecular forces operating in
similar non polar gaseous molecules are called London forces. These forces are very weak in
nature and exists only at low temperature. For example weak intermolecular forces in F2 , Cl2 ,
N2 , molecules and in nobel gases.
[Notation: upward arrow (↑) represent increasing value, down ward arrow (↓) represent
decreasing value]
• London forces present in both polar and non-polar species but dominate in non-polar molecule.
• [ Size ↑, LDF ↑, attraction ↑ ]
• LDF depends upon-
APNI KAKSHA 1
(Inorganic Chemistry)
(a) size (b) molecular mass (c) polarizable electron

• Other type of interaction :
(1) Ion-dipole interaction :
Polar molecules are attracted by ions. The negative pole is attracted by cation and positive pole
attracted by the anion.
Na+ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋅ ⋯ Clδ−
(Polar) − H
δ+
(ion)
(2) Ion-induced dipole interaction :

When non polar molecules come in contact with ions, its electron cloud gets polarized and the
oppositely charged end of it is attracted by the ion. For example attraction between Na+ and Cl2
molecule.
• Size of non-polar molecule increases, attraction force increases.
Na+ … … . … . Cl
⏟2
(ion)
(non-polar)
• Boiling point depends on molecular mass and interaction force between molecules.
• Order of boiling point

(1) BF3 < B(Me)3 (2) NF3 < N(Me)3
(3) CO > N2 (4) ICl > Br2
(5) CCl4 > SiCl4 (6) CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
(7) HF > HI > HBr > HCl (8) H2 O > H2 Te > H2 Se > H2 S
(9) H2 O > HF > NH3 (10) H2 SO4 > Me2 SO4
(11) H3 PO4 > Me2 PO4 (12) H3 BO3 > Me3 BO3
(13) CH4 < CF4 (14) C2 H6 < C2 F6
(15) C3 H8 < C3 F8 (16) C5 H12 > C5 F12
(17) H2 > He
• Interaction energy relation with radius :
1
Ion-dipole attraction ∝ r2
1
Dipole- dipole attraction (Ek ) ∝ r3
1
Ion-induced dipole attraction ∝ r4
1
Dipole induced dipole attraction (Ed ) ∝
r6
1
Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole attraction (EL ) ∝ r6
APNI KAKSHA 2
Ek > Ed > EL (interaction energy)

Note : H-bonding is a special case of Dipole-Dipole attraction
• Generally boiling point of ionic compound is greater than the covalent compound unless
covalent compound do not have 3-D network like structure.
• Order of boiling point
(i) LiCl < NaCl
(ii) NaCl < SiO2
(iii) NaCl > Dry ice
(iv) SiO2 > NaCl > LiCl > solid CO2
• When the non-polar gas or molecule is passed into polar solvent, after crystallization the
compound obtained is called clathrates. (Ex:- XeF6 . 6H2 O)
• Order of Boiling Point :
BF3 < ⋯ … … … … … . < BI3
CH4 < ⋯ … … … … … . . < PhH4
CH4 < C2 H6 < C3 H5 … … ….
PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
H2 S < H2 Se < H2 Te
HCl < HBr < HI
He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe
H2 < D2 < T2
H2 O < D2 O
C2 H4 < C2 F4
C2 H2 < C2 F2
O(CH3 )2 < S(CH3 )2
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
> >
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3

C=C < C=C
CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3 C
Molecular weight : 84 300 (Approx)
APNI KAKSHA 3
• Solved Example :
Sodium bicarbonate partially soluble in water while potassium bicarbonate completely soluble
in water.
Reason → NaHCO3 exist in polymer for KHCO3 exist in dimer form
NaHCO3
[Massive hydrogen bonding]

KHCO3
[Compact hydrogen bonding]
Q. Compound in which ion dipole interaction (H-bond) is present
KHSO4
APNI KAKSHA 4
Q. KF & HF are soluble in each other why?

Due to ion dipole attraction
KF ⟶ K + + F −
HF + F − ⟶ F − ------ H − F(HF2− )
HF2− + K + ⟶ KHF2
Identify the type of force of attraction :-
(1) x -ion dipole attraction
Na(H2 O)−
(2) x -ion dipole attraction
I(H2 O)−
(3) [Co(NO2 )6 ]3+ -ion dipole attraction
(4) 4 dipole-dipole, ion-dipole attraction & hydrogen bond
H9 O+
(5) H3 P − − − − − − − −HF dipole-dipole intercation
(6) H − C ≡ N − − − H − C ≡ N = 3.25 dipole-dipole interaction

(7) CHCl3 O(CH3 )3 dipole-dipole interaction
(8) C2 H5 NO2 > C2 H6 dipole-induced interaction

Polar Non polar
APNI KAKSHA 5
DO YOUR SELF – 1
1. Dipole-dipole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules (as in solids) is
proportional to
1 1 1 1
(A) r3 (B) r4 (C) r6 (D) r12
2. Which of the following possess large dipole moments and has more intermolecular attractive
forces?
(A) CH3 − NO2 (B) CH3 − CH3 (C) CH3 − Cl (D) CH3 − CH2 − Cl
3. Which of the following order is INCORRECT against the indicated properties
(A) CCl4 > SiCl4 (boiling point) (B) C5 H12 > C5 F12 (boiling point)
(C) CF4 < CH4 (boiling point) (D) NaCl < SiO2 (boiling point)
4. Which of the following statements are INCORRECT?
(A) BF3 is more volatile than BI3
(B) Xe(g) has lesser interatomic forces than Xe(s)
(C) The boiling point of H2 is lesser than He
(D) OF2 has higher boiling point than CF4
5. Which of the following has Vander Waal's interaction with permanent dipole only ?
(A) Liquid- NH3 (B) Liquid-He
(C) Xe − H2 O (D) Both (A) and (C)
BENT'S RULE
Δ
PCl5 ⟶ PCl3 + Cl2
If all the bonds are sp3 d − 3p then why are there strength is different?
• Reason:
It is due to the difference in % s character of hybrid orbital.
s p−1
cos θ = s−1 or Where θ is Bond Angle
p
Equatorial Axial
θ = 120∘ θ = 90∘
s s
cos 120∘ = s−1 cos 90∘ = s−1
% s = 33.33% %s=0
• Key Point:
Bond Angle ↑, % s ↑, attraction ↑, Bond Length ↓, Bond Strength ↑
(Bond Length = Hybrid orbital length + size of Surrounding atom/central atom)
APNI KAKSHA 6
➢ Type of hybridization
Equivalent hybridization = sp, sp2 , sp3 , sp3 d2
Non- equivalent hybridization = sp3 d, sp3 d3
Hybridisation in H2 O :-
cos 104.5 = −0.25
s
cos θ =
s−1
s = 20%
% s character must be greater in order to hold lone pair of electron

% s = 30 %
% s = 30 %
% s = 20 %
% p = 80 %
Hybridisation of bonded orbital in water = sp3 (only denotes % s-character, not related with
number of orbital)
➢ NOTE: In a molecule, % s character of lone pair is always greater than that of bonded orbital.
➢ Statement of Bent's Rule:
(a) When all surrounding atom are attached with central atom through single bond, then more
electronegative surrounding atom prefer to stay with to that hybrid orbital which has less
percentage of s-character.
(b) Multiple bond and lone pair prefer to stay with that hybrid orbital which has more percentage s-
character.
(c) Lone pair has slightly more percentage s character than multiple bond.
➢ Percentage of 𝐬-character can be defined by mathematical equation.
s p−1
cos θ = or Where θ is Bond Angle
s−1 p
Ex. Draw the geometry of PCl3 F2
Sol.
Correct Wrong
Structure Structure
APNI KAKSHA 7
➢ Reason:
Because highly electronegative atom occupy axial position (axial position has smaller percentage
of s-character)
• Solved Example:
1. Compare the C − H Bond Length in F3 CH and Cl3 CH
Ans. F3 CH < Cl3 CH
2. Compare H − Ĉ − HH − Ĉ − FF − Ĉ − F bond angle in CH2 F2
Ans. H − Ĉ − H > H − Ĉ − F > F − Ĉ − F
3. Compare the dipole moment (μ) for the given compound:
Ans. P(CH3 )2 (CF3 )3 > P(CH2 )3 (CF3 )2
4. Compare P − F Bond Length in
Ans. PF2 (CH3 )3 > PF2 (CF3 )3
5. Compare O − O Bond Length in H2 O2 and O2 F2
Ans. H2 O2 > O2 F2 .
6. Compare N − N Bond Length in
Ans. (a) N2 H4 > N2 F4 (b) N2 H2 > N2 F4
7. Compare Feq − Ŝ − Feq .in SF4 and SOF4
Ans. SF4 > SOF4
• Shape of 𝐒𝐅𝟒 molecule
1. See saw 2. Sawhorse 3. Teeter totter
4. Squash tetrahedral 5. Disphenoidal
8. Compare x and y
Exception of bent's Rule:

Order of Bond Angle: H2 O < OCl2 (110.8∘ )
H2 O < OBr2 (111∘ )
H2 O < OI2 (112∘ )
APNI KAKSHA 8
9. Compare C-F bond length in

Ans. CH4 < CHF3 < CH2 F2 < CH3 F
10. Compare O-F bond length in
Ans. O2 F2 > OF2
11. Which of the following is correct regarding H2 CSF4 ?
(A) H − Ĉ − H < Feq − Ŝ − Feq (B) H − Ĉ − H > Feq − Ŝ − Feq
(C) Nodal plane of π-bond present in axial plane (D) Maximum 6 atoms in one plane.
Ans. (B, C, D)
12. Select the correct statment for given compund :
(A) θ > 109 (B) θ < 109 (C) θ = 109 (D) Data is insufficient
Ans. (B)
13. Compare x and y.
𝐀𝐧𝐬. x < y
𝐀𝐧𝐬. x > y
𝐀𝐧𝐬. x > y (Steric Repulsion)
%s =x<y<z
H.O.L. =x>y>z
B.L. =x<y<z
APNI KAKSHA 9
p>q>r>s
APNI KAKSHA 10
(xx) Compar CH bond length in CH4 , CH3 F, CH2 F2 , CHF3

CH4 > CH3 F > CH2 F2 > CHF3
𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐎′𝐒 𝐑𝐔𝐋𝐄
➢ On the basis of experimental bond angles of certain molecules fulfilling the following three
conditions,
(i) Central atom belongs to third or lower period in periodic table
(ii) Central atom must contain atleast one lone pair of electron
(iii) Electronegativity of surrounding atom is < 2.5
• Drago generalised that in such molecules justification of experimental bond angle can be made
satisfactory if one considers no hybridisation, i.e., overlapping of almost pure atomic orbitals
from central atom.
• In such molecules bond angle is approximately 90∘ .
Group 15 Bond angle Group 16 Bond angle
NH3 107∘ 48′ H2 O 104∘ 28′
PH3 93∘ 36′ H2 S 92∘
AsH3 91∘ 48′ H2 Se 91∘
SbH3 91∘ 18′ H2 Te 90.5∘
• Right order of bond angle.
(a) H2 O > H2 S > H2 Se > H2 Te
(b) NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
Ex: PH3
Explanation :
∵ 600 kJ/ mole (energy required for hybridzation) > 3 P-H bond energy
Hence, hybridisation does not occur in PH3 .
𝐄𝐱: PH4+
Explanation:
sp3 hybridisation.
Hybridisation occurs because 600 kJ/ mole (energy required for hybridzation) < 4P − H bond.
Other example is SiH4
APNI KAKSHA 11
Ex: P4
Explanation:
No hybridisation because central atom belongs to third period and Electronegativity of
surrounding atom less than 2.5 .
Que. What is the % of p character in P4 ?
(A) 50 (B) 75 (C) 25 (D) 33.33
Ans. (B)
𝐄𝐱: P(SiH3 )3 (Tri silyl phosphine)
Explanation:
No hybridisation
Geometry : Pyramidal
• Effect on properties:
(a) Formation of NH4 + or PH4+
PH3 + H + ⟶ PH4+ (slow)
NH3 + H + ⟶ NH4+ (fast)
(b) Solubility in water : NH3 > PH3
NH3 + H + − OH−⟶ NH4+ OH
PH3 + H + − OH − ⟶ PH4+ OH −
Que. Compare bond angle
(A) PF3 < PCl3 (B) PF3 > PH3 (C) BF3 < BCl3 (D) All of these
Ans. (A, B)
Some important order :
• % of s character in orbital NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
of lone pair
• % of p character in NH bond NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
• M − H bond length NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
(M = N, P, As, Sb)
• Bond angle NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
• Bond energy NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
• Thermal stability NH3 > PH3 > SbH3
• Acidic strength NH3 < PH3 < AsH3
• Lewis basic strength NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
• Reducing nature NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
• Order of solubility in water : NH3 > PH3
APNI KAKSHA 12
DO YOUR SELF – 2
Q.1 Which of the following has greater bond length?
(A) P − O (B) S − O (C) Cl − O (D) O = O
Q.2 The percentage of p-character in the orbital forming P-P bonds in P4 is -
(A) 25 (B) 33 (C) 50 (D) 75
Q.3 Which one of the following has the highest bond angle -
(A) H2 O (B) H2 S (C) NH3 (D) PH3
Q.4 The bond angle in PH3 is :
(A) Much lesser than in NH3 (B) Equal to than in NH3
(C) Much greater than in NH3 (D) Slightly more than in NH3
Q.5 What can not be explained by VBT -
(A) Overlapping (B) Bond formation
(C) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen (D) Shapes of molecules.
𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐁𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆
(1) BACK BONDING
Back bonding generally takes place when out of two bonded atoms one of the atom has vacant
orbitals (generally this atom is from second or third period) and the other bonded atom is having
some non-bonded electron pair (generally this atom is from the second period). Back bonding
increases the bond strength and decreases the bond length.
For example, in BF3 the boron atom completes its octet by accepting 2p-electrons of fluorine into
2p empty orbital.
2p-orbital 2p-orbital
Decrease in B − F bond length is due to delocalised pπ − pπ back bonding between filled p-
orbital of F atom and vacant p-orbital of B atom.
The extent of back bonding is much larger if the orbitals involved in the back bonding are of same
size, for example the extent of back bonding in boron trihalides is as follows :
BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 > BI3
There is pπ − pπ back bonding in boron trihalide. The extent of back bonding decreases from
BF3 to BI3 because of increasing size of p-orbitals participating in back bonding that is from 2p(
in F) to 5p(in I).
APNI KAKSHA 13
Molecules Type of back bonding Shape
BF3 2pπ − 2pπ planar
N(CH3 )3 no back bonding pyramidal
N(SiH3 )3 2pπ − 3 dπ planar
P(SiH3 )3 No back bonding pyramidal
CH3 NCS No back bonding bent
SiH3 NCS 2pπ − 3 dπ linear
N(GiH3 )3 2pπ − 4 dπ planar
GiH3 NCS No back bonding bent
• Lewis Basic Order: N(CH3 )3 > P(SiH3 )3 > N(SiH3 )3

• Lewis Acid Order:
BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3
SiF4 > SiCl4 > SiBr4 > SiI4
• Carbene:
Triplet Carbene-: CH2 (Multiplicity = 3 )
Singlet Carbene-: CH2 (Multiplicity = 1 )
Triplet carbene is more stable than singlet carbene.
• Dichlorocarbene- : 𝐂𝐂𝐥𝟐
Singlet dichlorocarbene is more stable than triplet dichlorocarbene.
Que. Which is better proton donor acid- Between (CH3 )3 − C − OH&(CH3 )3 − Si − OH ?
Ans. (CH3 )3 − Si − OH, because (CH3 )3 − Si − O− is stablized by 2pπ − 3 dπ back bonding.
Que. Which is better proton donor acid between CHF3 and CHCl3 ?
Ans. CHCl3 , because CCl−
3 is stabilized by 2pπ − 3 dπ back bonding.
• Effect of Back Bonding:

a. Bond Length must be decrease.
b. Bond angle may be change
c. Hybridization may be change
• When lone pair of central atom involved in back bonding, bond angle increases.
• When lone pair of surrounding atom involved in back bonding, bond angle increases due to bond
pair- bond pair repulsion.
APNI KAKSHA 14
• Comparison of Bond Length:

dB−O in H3 BO3 < dB−O in [B(OH)4 ]−
dB−F bond in BF3 < dB−F in BF4−
Hint:- No back bonding involved in [B(OH)4 ]− and BF4 −
➢ Some Important Order:
• Extent of Back Bonding: OCl2 < O(SiH3 )2
• Lewis Basic Nature: NCl3 > NF3
No back bonding in NCl3 due to its explosive nature.
• Order of Bond Angle: x < y < z
where x = ∠BOH in B(OH)3 , y = ∠BOC in B(OCH3 )3 and z = ∠BOS in B(OSiH3 )3
• Metaboric Acid (𝐇𝐁𝐎𝟐 ): HBO2 ⟶ (BO2 − )n
B3 O6 − is aromatic, planer, O and B are sp2 Hybridized
• B3 N3 H6 + 3HCl ⟶ B3 N3 H9 Cl3
3000∘ C
• Inorganic Graphite → (BN)x Boron Nitrate 3 D network like structure (α-planner)
2pπ − 2pπ back bonding involved in (BN)x
Q. Order of bond angle
Q. Order of bond angle :-
Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :
Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :

➢ Number of donar atom ↓strength back bonding↑
APNI KAKSHA 15
(2) BRIDGE BONDING

There are many compounds in which some electron deficient bonds are present apart from
normal covalent bonds or coordinate bonds which are 2c − 2e− bonds( two centre two electron
bonds). These electron deficient bonds have less number of electrons than the expected such as
three centre-two electron bonds (3c − 2e) which are present in diborane B2 H6 , Al2 (CH3 )6, BeH2
(s) etc.
The structure of diborane containing four terminal( (t) and two bridging(b) hydrogen atoms.
The model determined by molecular orbital theory indicates that the bonds between boron and
the terminal hydrogen atoms are conventional 2c − 2e− covalent bonds. The bonding between
the boron atoms and the bridging hydrogen atoms is, however different from that in molecules
such as hydrocarbons. Having used two electrons in bonding to the terminal hydrogen atoms,
each boron has one valence electron remaining for additional bonding. The bridging hydrogen
atoms provide one electron each. Thus the B2 H2 ring is held together by four electrons, an
example of 3c − 2e− bonding. This type of bond is sometimes called as 'banana bond'. Group 13,
gallium is known to form a similar compound, digallane, Ga2 H6 .
But Al2 Cl6 have covalent bond only and there is no electron deficient bonding as depicted in the
given structure.
(Bridging Al − Cl − Al is 3c − 4e bond)
➢ Keypoints:
• Two Types: (i) 3c − 4e bond (surrounding atom has lone pair)
(ii) 3c − 2e− bond (surrounding atom has no lone pair)
• 3c − 4e− bond remove more defíciency as compared to 3c − 2e− .
• Vacant orbital takes part in hybridisation.
APNI KAKSHA 16
(A) 𝐀𝐥2 𝐂𝐥6 :

Information:-
• Number of 3c − 4e− bond = 2,
• Number of 2c − 2e− bond = 4
• Hybridisation of central atom = sp3
• Octet complete
(B) 𝐈𝟐 𝐂𝐥𝟔 :
Information:-
• Planarity:- planar
• Hybridisation of central atom = sp3 d2
• Maximum number of atom in a plane = 8
• Number of 3c − 4e− bond = 2,
• Octet complete
(C) 𝐁𝟐 𝐇𝟔 :
Information:-
• Planarity:- Non- planar
• Maximum number of atom in a plane = 6
• Octet: incomplete, Lewis Acid
• 3c − 2e− bond = 2
• 2c − 2e− bond = 4
• Bridge bonds are stronger and longer than the terminal bonds.
• 2 bridging ' H ' are perpendicular to the plane.
(D) 𝐀𝐥𝟐 (𝐂𝐇𝟑 )𝟔 :
Information:-
• Planarity:- non- planar
• Maximum number of atoms in one plane = 10
(E) 𝐁𝐞𝟐 𝐂𝐥𝟒
Information:-
APNI KAKSHA 17
• Planarity:-Planar (all atoms are in one plane)

• e− Deficient
(F) 𝐁𝐞𝟐 𝐇𝟒 :
Information:-
• Planarity:-Non- Planar
• Borane:
(a) NidoBorane: Bn Hn+4 Ex: B2 H6 (di borane), B3 H7 (tri borane)
(b) ArachnoBorane: Bn Hn+6 𝐄𝐱: B2 H8 (di borane – 8), B3 H9 (tri borane – 9)
B2 H6 + 2X ⟶ [X ⟶ BH2 ⟵ X]+ [BH4 ]−
DO YOUR SELF – 3
Q.1 N(SiH3 )3 has -
(A) sp3 hybridisation, pyramidal shape
(B) sp2 hybridisation, planar shape
(C) sp3 hybridisation, tetrahedral shape
(D) dsp2 hybridisation, square planar shape
Q.2 Correct statement regarding this reaction
BF3 + NH3 ⟶ [F3 B ← NH3 ]
(A) Hybridisation of N is changed
(B) Hybridisation of B is changed
(C) NH3 act as a lewis base
(D) (B) & (C) both
Q.3 Shape of N(CH3 )3 is
(A) pyramidal (B) Linear (C) Tetrahedral (D) None of these
Q.4 Which of the following molecule is stable by back bonding
(A) AlCl3 (B) AlH3 (C) BCl3 (D) ICl3
Q.5 Which of the following represents (3C − 4e− )Bridge bonding
(A) Al2 Cl6 (B) BH3 (C) B2 H6 (D) none of these
APNI KAKSHA 18
𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐒
➢ Silicates are metal derivatives of silicic acid, H4 SiO4 or Si(OH)4 . Silicates are formed by heating
metal oxide or metal carbonates with sand, e.g.
Fused with sand
Na2 CO3 → Ni4 SiO4 , Na2 (SiO3 )n , etc.
➢ Silicates have basic unit of SiO4−

4 , each silicon atom is bonded with four oxide ions
tetrahedrally.
➢ There are following types of silicates
𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐎 − 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟
Silicates 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦 / 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐎 − 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦/𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐢𝐜 General formula
𝐓𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐓𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭
Ortho (neso) 0 4 SiO4−

4
Pyro (closo) 1 3.5 Si2 O−6

7
Cyclic (cyclo) 2 3 (SiO3 )n 2n− (n = finite )
Simple chain
2 3 n (n = infinite )
(SiO3 )2n−
(pyroxene)
Double chain 11 5.5

(3,2) avg. = 2.5 =( ) (Si4 O11 )6n−
n
(amphibole) 4 2
2D or (sheet or
3 2.5 (Si2 O5 )2n−
n
phyllo)
3D (tecto) 4 2 (SiO2 )n
𝐎𝐃𝐃 𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐌𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐄𝐒

➢ If number of electron present in molecule are in odd number.
• Example:- Odd electron molecule NO2 ClO3 OF O−
2 ClO2
Number of electron 23 41 17 17 33
• Information:
(i) All odd electron molecules are paramagnetic in nature.
(ii) Odd Electron bond formation tendency increases then dimerization tendency decreases.
APNI KAKSHA 19
(iii) Bond Order of odd electron molecule is 0.5.

(iv) Bond Order of simple covalent bond is 1.
(v) All odd electron molecules are free radicals
(vi) Odd Electron Bond act as a σ as well as π bond
• Examples: NO, O2 − , ClO2 (Odd electron act as π bond)
2 , Na 2 , (Odd electron acts as σ bond)
N2+ , Li+ +
• Hybridisation of odd electron molecule:

According to fact orbital having odd electron present at high energy level so it doesn't involve in
hybridisation but if surrounding atom is more electronegative then central atom, then it develop
partial positive charge on central atom so orbital contracts towards central atom and involve in
hybridisation.
Odd Electron 𝐇𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟

Molecule 𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐫
NO2 sp2 sp2 hybrid orbital Yes
ClO3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes
CH3 sp2 p- orbital Yes
CF3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes
ClO2 sp2 3 d- orbital No
• Bond order of Cl − O bond in ClO2 is 1.75.

➢ Structure of odd 𝐞− molecules
(1) NO2 Structure:-
(2) CIO2 Structure:-
(3) CIO3 Structure:-
(4) CH3 Structure:-
(5) CF3 Structure:
Q. Which of the following statements is correct for ClO2
Hybrisation = sp2
Orbital of odd e− = d
Resonance present
Number of R.S. = 2
D orbital is involved in resonance bond order = 1.75
APNI KAKSHA 20
π
1+ = 1.5 + 0.25
6
Explosive in nature
Cl2 O4 is not a dimer of ClO2 actually it is a combination of Cl2 O4 ⟶ Cl+ + ClO4−
Key point :-
Species Type of orbital (odd e')
NO2 sp2
CF3 sp3
ClO3 sp3
CH3 Pure 'P'
ClO2 d-orbital
⇒ Species in which odd e− bond is absent forms strong dimer

T↓
e.g. NO2 ⟶ N2 O4
T↓
ClO3 ⟶ Cl2 O6
T↓
CH3 ⟶ C2 H6
T↓
CF3 ⟶ C2 F2
MOLECULES DO NOT EXIST
1. Due to d-orbital contraction:
Ex. PH5 , SH4 , SH6 , XeH2 , XeH4 , ClI3 , (SiH6 )−2

Do not exist Exist
PH5 PF5
SH6 SF6
SH4 SF4
XeH2 XeF2
XeH4 XeF4
XeO2 H4 XeO2 F4
XeO2 H2 XeO2 F2
XeH6 XeF6
XeH5+ XeF5+
XeH5− XeF5−
APNI KAKSHA 21
2. Due to steric repulsion:

Ex. BCl4− , B2 Cl6 , B2 Br6 , B2 I6 , B2 F6 , SCl6 , SBr6 , SI6 , ICl7 , ClI7 , [SiCl6 ]−2
Do not exist Exist
SiF62− SiCl2−
6
SF6 SCl6
IF6 ICl7
XeF2 XeCl4
XeCl2 XeCl6
XeF4
XeF6
PCl5 ⟶ PCl+
4 + Cl
−
PCl3 + Cl− ⟶ PCl−

6
6 is possible but PBr6 does not exist PBr2 (cembinate of PBr4 + PBr3 ) possible but PI2 does
PCl− − − −
not exit
BF4− BCl4− BBr4− BI4−
✓ 𝐱 𝐱 𝐱
3. Due to absence of vacant orbital
BeF2 , BeF3− , BeF42− are possible while BeF53− due to absence of vacant orbital.
F− F− F−
BeF2 ⟶ BeF3− ⟶ BeF42− ⟶ BeF53−
✓ ✓ ✓ 𝐱
sp sp2 sp3
Other example :
BF4− ✓ BF52− 𝐱
CF4− ✓ CF5− 𝐱
PCl5 ✓ NCl5 𝐱
SF2 ✓ IF2 ✓ HClO✓
SF4 ✓ OF4 𝐱 HClO2 ✓
SF6 ✓ OF6 𝐱 HClO3 ✓
HClO4 ✓
HFO(g) ✓
3 ✓ Br3 ✓ I3 ✓
F3− 𝐱 Cl− − −
HFO2 𝐱
HFO3 𝐱
HFO4 𝐱
4. Due to reducing nature

FeCl3 ✓ FeI3 𝐱
CuCl2 ✓ CuI2 𝐱
PbF4 ✓ PbCl4 ✓ PbBr4 ✓ PbI4 𝐱
Reason :- down the group size of halide increases, reducing nature increases.
APNI KAKSHA 22
• I − strong reducing nature as compared to F − , Cl− and Br − Order of stability

redn
+4 ⟶ + 2
PbF4 > PbCl4 > PbBr4
redn
+5 ⟶ + 3
BeF5 is possible
but BiCl5 , BiBr5 , BiI5 does not exit
Because BiF5 is strong O.A. as compared to other.
HYDROLYSIS
In hydrolysis of covalent molecules the nucleopilic centre of molecule is replaced by OH − group
of water generally through nucleopilic substitution reaction.
Ex. Hydrolysis of SiCl4
Note: CCl4 , NF3 , is inert towards hydrolysis due to the absence of d orbital, but under drastic condition
these molecules under goes hydrolysis.
superheated
CCl4 + H2 O ⟶ COCl2 + 2HCl
Note: Hydrolysis of XeF2 &XeF4 takes place through with redox reaction.
1
XeF2 + H2 O ⟶ Xe + 2HF + O2
2
3
3XeF4 + 6H2 O ⟶ 2Xe + XeO3 + 12HF + O2
2
XeF6 + 3H2 O ⟶ XeO3 + 6HF
• Condition for SN2 :
(i) One bonded atom is positively charge (for interaction with water)
(ii) The same atom must have vacant orbital for taking lone pair of water.
(iii) There should not be any steric hindrance. ( SF6 don't hydrolyse due to this reason)
APNI KAKSHA 23
Ex: CCl4 + H2 O ⟶ No hydrolysis due to absence of vacant d-orbital (possible through SN1
mechanism)
Ex: SiCl4 + 4H2 O ⟶ Si(OH)4 + 4HCl
• Explanation:
(i) Product is oxyacid as well as hydracids.
(ii) Hybridisation of reactant is sp3 but that of transition state is sp3 d.
(iii) Generally the oxyacid form of central atom and same oxidation state.
(iv) Generally the hydracid form by surrounding atom.
• Solved Example:
Ex: NCl3 + 3H2 O ⟶ NH3 + 3HOCl
• Explanation:
(i) Product is base and oxyacid.
(ii) Hybridisation of central atom doesn't change in transition state.
(iii) Electronegativity of nitrogen and chlorine is almost equal.
Ex: PCl3 + 3H2 O ⟶ H3 PO3 + 3HCl
Note: Basicity of H3 PO3 = 2
• Explanation: Condition for proton transfer
(i) Central atom should have lone pair.
(ii) Should have acidic hydrogen (O − H)
(iii) P = O ≫ P − O(π-bond should be
(a) 2pπ − 2pπ ,
(b) 2pπ − 3pπ
(c) 2pπ − 3dπ )
Ex: AsCl3 + 3H2 O ⟶ As(OH)3 + 3HCl
Note: Basicity of H3 AsO3 = 3
Q.1. Compare rate of hydrolysis?
(i) (A) MgCl2 (B) AlCl3 (C) CCl4 (D) SiCl4 (E) PCl5
Ans. Correct order CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5
(ii) (A) SnCl2 (B) SnCl4
Ans. SnCl2 < SnCl4
(iii) (A) SnCl4 (B) SnMe4
Ans. SnCl4 > SnMe4
Rate of hydrolysis order
PCl3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
APNI KAKSHA 24
• Note:
(i) BeX 2 − Predominantly covalent (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
(ii) MgX 2 - Predominantly covalent (X = Cl, Br, I)
(iii) AlX3 − Predominantly covalent (X = Cl, Br, I)
(iv) LiF/MgF2 /AlF3 − Predominantly ionic
Ex: SbCl3 + H2 O ⇌ SbOCl + 2HCl
Antimonyl chloride
Sb3+ + H2 O ⇌ SbO+ + 2H +
Antimonyl cation
Ex: BiCl3 + H2 O ⇌ BiOCl + 2HCl

Bismuthylchlonide
Bi3+ + H2 O ⇌ BiO+ + 2H +
Bimuthyl cation
NOTE: On adding acid, equation shifts backward and turbidity disappears.

To distinguish between SbO+ and BiO+ , we add tartaric acid. Turbidity of SbO+ disappears but not
of BiO+ this is used to distinguish between the two.
Que. Which of the following ions are present in BiOCl ?
(A) Bi+ (B) BiO+ (C) OCl− (D) Cl−
Ans. (B, D)
• Remember:
Parent Oxyacid of following atoms:
(a) P ⟶ (i) H3 PO3 (ii) H3 PO4

(b) S ⟶ (i) H2 SO3 (ii) H2 SO4
(c) N ⟶ (i) HNO2 (ii) HNO3
(d) Cl ⟶ (i) HClO (ii) HClO2 (iii) HClO3 (iv) HClO4
(e) Se ⟶ H2 SeO4 , Te ⟶ H6 TeO6 , B ⟶ H3 BO3 , Si ⟶ H4 SiO4
Que. Identify the product obtained on hydrolysis?

Sol. (i) Cl2 O + H2 O ⟶ HClO
(ii) SF4 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO3 + HF
(iii) SO2 Cl2 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO4 + HCl
(iv) N2 O3 + H2 O ⟶ HNO2
(v) N2 O5 + H2 O ⟶ HNO3
(vi) SO2 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO3
(vii) SO3 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO4
• Addition and addition elimination reaction:
(a) P4 O10 + 6H2 O ⟶ 4H3 PO4 (b) P4 O6 + 6H2 O ⟶ 4H3 PO3
APNI KAKSHA 25
Que. Identify the product obtained on hydrolysis?

Sol. (i) P4 O10 + H2 O ⟶ 4H3 PO4
(ii) P4 O9 + H2 O ⟶ 3H3 PO4 + H3 PO3
(iii) P4 O8 + H2 O ⟶ 2H3 PO4 + 2H3 PO3
(iv) P4 O7 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO4 + 3H3 PO3
(v) P4 O6 + H2 O ⟶ 4H3 PO3
Ex: H S O + H2O →H2O2 + H2SO4
2 2 8
marshall's acid
(i) Partial hydrolysis of H2 S2 O8

H2 S2 O8 ⟶ H2 SO4 + H2 SO5
(ii) Complete hydrolysis of H2 S2 O8
H2 S2 O8 ⟶ 2H2 SO4 + H2 O2
Ex: H4 P2 O6 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO4 + H3 PO3
hypophosphoric acid
H4 P2 O6 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO4 + H3 PO3
Isohypophosphoric acid
Note: Product obtained after hydrolysis of both given compound is same.

• Important
Hydrolysis of Interhalogen compound
(i) ICl + H2 O ⟶ HOI + HCl
(ii) IF3 + H2 O ⟶ HIO2 + 3HF
(iii) BrF5 + H2 O ⟶ HBrO3 + 5HF
(iv) IF7 + H2 O ⟶ HIO4 + 7HF
Que. Which of the following statement is correct about X and X '?
XX ′ + H2 O ⟶ HX + HOX
(A) X is more electronegative than X ' (B) X' has larger size than X
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
• Important
Hydrolysis of noble gases compound
(i) XeF2 + H2 O ⟶ Xe + O2 + HF
(ii) 6XeF4 + 12H2 O ⟶ 4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
(iii) Hydrolysis of XeF6
(explosive)
(iv) Alkaline hydrolysis of XeF6
APNI KAKSHA 26

(explosive)
OH−
XeO3 ⟶ HXeO− −4
4 ⟶ Xe + XeO6 + O2
(explosive)
Two gaseous product Xe and O2 are obtained during alkaline hydrolysis.

Que. Hydrolysis of BCl3
Ans. BCl3 + H2 O ⟶ H3 BO3 + 3HCl
Product of hydrolysis of BCl3 is H3 BO3 and HCl.
Ionisation of B(OH)3 : B(OH)3 + H2 O ⇌ [B(OH)4 ]− + H +
• Hydrolysis of Carbide:
(i) Be2 C + H2 O ⟶ Be(OH)2 + CH4
(ii) Al4 C3 + H2 O ⟶ Al(OH)3 + CH4
(iii) CaC2 + H2 O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + C2 H2
(iv) BaC2 + H2 O ⟶ Ba(OH)2 + C2 H2
(v) Mg 2 C3 + H2 O ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + C3 H4
• Other example of hydrolysis on heating:
Δ
2FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O → Fe2 O3 + 6HCl + 9H2 O
Δ
2AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2 O → Al2 O3 + 6HCl + 9H2 O
Δ 58∘ C 140∘
CoCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O ⟶∘ CoCl2 ⋅ 4H2 O ⟶ CoCl2 ⋅ 2H2 O ⟶ CoCl2
50 (Pink colour) (Redviolet) (Blue) CoCl2
• Sulphide:
(i) MgS + H2 O ⟶ hydrolysed BaS = Soluble
(ii) M2 S + H2 O ⟶×
(where M = Alkali metal)
Note: Sulphide does not hydrolysed, they are soluble in water.
(iii) Exception:
H2 O
(a) Al+3 + S −2 ⟶ Al2 S3 ⟶ Al(OH)3 + H2 S (whiteppt)
H2 O
(b) Cr +3 + S −2 ⟶ Cr2 S3 ⟶ Cr(OH)3 + H2 S (green ppt)
H2 O
(c) Mg +2 + S −2 ⟶ MgS ⟶ Mg(OH)2 + H2 S
(whiteppt)
➢ Phosphides:
(a) M3 P + H2 O ⟶ MOH + PH3 (M = alkali metals )
(b) M3 P2 + H2 O ⟶ M(OH)2 + PH3 (M = alkaline earth metals
(c) Ca3 P2 + H2 O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + PH3
APNI KAKSHA 27
Note: Ca3 P2 and CaC2 mixture used as Holme's signal.

Impure PH3 is inflammable due to impurities.
(d) PH3 + O2 ⟶ P2 O5 or P4 O10
(white fumes)
(e) AlP + dilH2 SO4 ⟶ Al2 (SO4 )3 + PH3

(pure)
• Important
1100∘ C
(i) CaC2 + N2 ⟶ CaNCN +C
(Nitrolium
goodfertilizer )
(ii) B3 N3 H6 + H2 O ⟶ H3 BO3 + NH3 + H2

(iii) P4 S10 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO4 + H2 S
Note: P4 O10 and P4 S10 are isostructural
(vi) BF3 undergoes partial hydrolysis
4BF3 + 3H2 O ⟶ B(OH)3 + 3H[BF4 ]
(v) SiF4 undergoes partial hydrolysis.
3SiF4 + 4H2 O ⟶ H4 SiO4 + 2H2 [SiF6 ]
(vi) Hydrolysis of BeCl2
BeCl2 + H2 O ⟶ [Be(OH)2 ]n + HCl
• Alkaline hydrolysis of 𝐁𝐞𝐂𝐥𝟐
NaOH
• BeCl2 + H2 O ⟶ [Be(OH)4 ]−2 + 2NaCl
(vii) Rate of hydrolysis
Order : SF6 < SeF6 < TeF6
Conclusion : Size ↑, steric crowding ↓, rate of hydrolysis ↑
• SN1 / Drastic condition
Δ
𝐄𝐱: SF6 ⟶ SF5+ + F −
SF5+ + HOH ⟶ H2 SO4 + HF
Ex: CCl4 + H2 O ⟶ COCl2 + 2HCl
(Carbonyllihloride)
phosgene gas
Note: CCl4 is a fire extinguisher but it is not used as fire extinguisher at high temperature because it
forms COCl2
Ex: Hydrolysis of NF3 by SN1 mechanism:
2NF3 + 3H2 O ⟶ N2 O3 + 6HF
Note: Via SN1 , hydrolysis of SF6 , CCl4 , NF3 Can be done.
APNI KAKSHA 28
• Other example
Hydrolysis of oxide
CO2 + H2 O ⟶ H2 CO3
SO2 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO3
SO3 + H2 O ⟶ H2 SO4
N2 O3 + H2 O ⟶ HNO2
N2 O5 + H2 O ⟶ HNO5
Cl2 O7 + H2 O ⟶ HClO4
Cl2 O5 + H2 O ⟶ HClO3
P4 O6 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO3
PO10 + H2 O ⟶ H3 PO4
Mn2 O7 + H2 O ⟶ HMnO4
CrO3 + H2 O ⟶ H2 CrO4
An example of disproportionation reaction requires bond combination of group number &
oxidisation state must be in odd & even.
(1) AX type
ICl + HOH ⟶ IOH + HCl Hypo Halous HXO
Halous HXO2
Halic HXO3
Per halic HXO4
(2) 𝐀𝐗 𝟑 type
−3HF −H2 O
ClF3 + 3HOH ⟶ Cl(OH)3 ⟶ HClO2 Chlonis
(3) 𝐀𝐗 𝟓 type
−SHF −2H2 O
BrF5 + SHOH ⟶ Br(OH)5 ⟶ HBrO3
(4) 𝐀𝐗 𝟕 type
➢ Hydrolysis of 𝐓𝐞𝐅𝟔
−6HF
TeF6 + 6HOH → Te(OH)6
➢ Hydrolysis of 𝐒𝐅𝟒
−4HF −H2 O
SF4 + 4HOH → S(OH)4 → H2 SO3
Sp3 d
➢ Hydrolysis of 𝐒𝐞𝐅𝟒
SF4 + 4HOH → Se(OH)4 → H2 SeO3
−4HF Sp3 d −H2 O
APNI KAKSHA 29
➢ Hydrolysis of 𝐒𝐅𝟔
+6 Δ
SF6 + HOH(v) ⟶ SO+6
3 + 6HF
➢ Hydrolysis of 𝐒𝐞𝐅𝟔
SeF6 + 6HOH → Se(OH)6 → H2 SeO4
−6HF Sp3 d2 −2H2 O
• Some common name :

KHSO5 Na2 O2 (H2 SO4 )
Oxone solozone oil of vitrol
Or
Flocool
𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐒
➢ Properties of ionic compound
(a) Physical state:
Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline and brittle due to strong electrostatic force of attraction.
Brittleness → {Same charged ions comes nearer. So they repell each other}
Attraction Repusion
(b) Isomorphism:
The phenomenon of different ionic compounds, having same crystal arrangement of ions is
termed as isomorphism
• Condition of Isomorphism:
(i) Same charge on cation & anion between isomorphs
(ii) Same radius ratio range of cation & anion between isomorphs
(iii) Same number of water of crystalization between isomorphs
Ex. (i) ZnSO4 ⋅ 7H2 O, FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2 O are isomorphous
(ii) All alums are isomorphous
(c) Boiling point and melting point:
Ionic compounds have high boiling point and melting point due to strong electrostatic force of
attraction among oppositely charged ions.
(d) Conductivity: It depends on ionic mobility.
APNI KAKSHA 30
(i) In solid state - No free ions - Bad conductor of electricity.

(ii) In fused state or aqueous solution Due to free ions - Good conductor of electricity.
Conductivity order: Solid state < fused state < Aqueous solution
(e) Solubility:
Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvalents and less soluble in non polar solvents.
Solubility of ionic compounds in water mainly depends upon hydration energy & lattice energy.
Que. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal hydroxides in water increase down the group?
Ans. Among alkaline earth metal hydroxides, the anion being common, the cationic radius will
influence the lattice enthalpy. Since lattice enthalpy decreases much more than the hydration
enthalpy with increasing ionic size, the solubility increases as we go down the group.
Que. Why does the solubility of alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates in water decrease down
the group?
Ans. The size of anions being much larger compared to cations, the lattice enthalpy will remain almost
constant within a particular group. Since the hydration enthalpies decrease down the group,
solubility will decrease as found for alkaline earth metal carbonates and sulphates.
𝐅𝐀𝐉𝐀𝐍′ 𝐒 𝐑𝐔𝐋𝐄
➢ Just as all the covalent bonds have some partial ionic character, the ionic bonds also have
partial covalent character. The partial covalent character of ionic bonds was discussed by
Fajans interms of the following rules :
• The smaller the size of the cation and the larger the size of the anion, the greater the covalent
character of an ionic bond.
• The greater the charge on the cation, the greater the covalent character of the ionic bond.
• For cations of the same size and charge, the one, with electronic configuration (n − 1)dx ns0 ,
typical of transition metals, is more polarising than the one with a noble gas configuration,
ns2 np6 , typical of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations.
• The cation polarises the anion, pulling the electronic charge toward itself and thereby increasing
the electronic charge between the two. This is precisely what happens in a covalent bond, i.e.,
buildup of electron charge density between the nuclei. The polarising power of the cation, the
polarisability of the anion and the extent of distortion (polarisation) of anion are the factors,
which determine the per cent covalent character of the ionic bond.
⇒ Polarisation power of a cation is usually called ionic potential or charge density.
Charge on cation
Ionic potential ϕ(phi) = Size of cation
APNI KAKSHA 31
➢ APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF POLARISATION:

(a) To compare the covalent and ionic character of molecule
(b) To compare the nature of oxide
(c) To compare the electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
(d) Tendency of the formation of complex compounds
(e) To compare the thermal stability of metal salts
(f) To compare the intensity of colour of compounds
(g) To compare the solubility of heavier metal halide in water.
➢ Factors Affecting polarization :
(1) Charge on cation :
charge ↑, ϕ ↑, polarisation ↑, covalent character ↑, ionic character ↓
Order of covalent character : NaCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4
(2) Size of cation :
size ↓, ϕ ↑, polarization ↑, covalent character ↑,ionic character ↓
Order of covalent character: LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl
(3) Size of anion :
size ↑, polarization ↑, covalent character ↑,ionic character ↓
Order of covalent character : NaF < NaCl < NaBr < NaI
(4) Charge on anion :
charge ↑, polarization ↑, covalent character ↑,ionic character ↓
Order of covalent character. LiF < Li2 O < Li3 N
(5) Type of cation :
(i) Inert gas configuration cation : ns 2 np6 (8e− )
Ex.: Na+ = 1 s2 2 s 2 2p6
(ii) Pseudo inert gas configuration cation : ns2 np6 nd10 (18e− )
Cu⊕ = 1 s2 2 s 2 2p6 3 s2 3p6 3 d10
Some other examples are : Zn+2 , Ga+3 , Ge+4 , Ag + , Cd+2 , Au+ , Hg +2
(iii) Non inert gas configuration: ns 2 np6 nd10 (n + 1)s2 (18 + 2e− )
Tℓ+ = [Xe]6 s2 4f 14 5 d10
Note : order of polarizing power of cation
Non inert gas configuration > Pseudo inert gas configuration > inert gas Configuration
Ex. Order of covalent character :
(a) NaCl < CuCl
(b) KCl < AgCl
APNI KAKSHA 32
(c) CaCl2 < CdCl2

(d) CaCl2 < PbCl2
(e) CdCl2 < PbCl2
𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐑 𝐄𝐅𝐅𝐄𝐂𝐓
➢ In p-block elements the stability of the lower oxidation state increases on descending the group.
Because increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly due to poor shielding effect
of inner d & f orbitals and thereby, restrict their (ns electrons) participation in bonding only np
electrons take part in bond formation. As a result of this, +1 oxidation state of Tl is more stable
than it's +3 oxidation state. Pb shows +2 stable oxidation state and Bi shows +3 stable oxidation
state.
➢ For example:
Group 13 Group 14
B(+3) C(+4)
Al(+3) Si(+4)
Ga(+3), (+1) Ge(+4), (+2)
In(+3), (+1) Sn(+4), (+2)
Tl(+3), (+1) Pb(+4), (+2)
Order of stability: Tl+1 > In+1 > Ga+1 (due to inert pair effect)
Pb+2 > Sn+2 > Ge+2 (due to inert pair effect)
Ex. PbCl4 is stable at room temperature whereas PbI4 doesn't exist.
Sol. Due to inert pair effect Pb(+4) is less stable than Pb(+2). Hence it is very good oxidant.
Pb(IV) + 2e− ⟶ Pb(II)
Reducing abilities of halides follows the sequence
I − > Br − > Cl−
• Inert pair effect : order of stability
Due to inert pair effect :
• (a) Tl+1 > Tl+3 (b) Bi+3 > Bi+5 (c) Pb+2 > Pb+4 (d) Hg > Hg +2
• (a) Pb+4 + 2eΘ → Pb+2 (b) T +3 + 2 TΘ (c) Bi+5 + 2eΘ → Bi+3
(Oxidizing agent) (Oxidizing agent) (Oxidizing agent)
Note: PbO2 , Pb2 O3 (PbO + PbO2 ), Pb(ClO4 ) are oxidizing agents because Pb+2 is more stable than
Pb+4
• Reducing power order 𝐈 − > 𝐁𝐫 − > 𝐂𝐥− > 𝐅 −
Spontaneous
(a) PbI4 ⟶ PbI2 + I2
PbI4 does not exist because Pb+4 act as oxidizing agent and I − act as reducing agent.
Pb+4 + Γ ⟶ Pb+2 + I2
APNI KAKSHA 33
(b) PbBr4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯

On
Warmin g
→PbBr2 + Br2
Heating
(c) PbCl4 ⟶ PbCl2 + Cl2
CuI2
FeI3
• BiI5 } does not exist
TlI3 [ with IΘ ]
Note : Only pentahalide of Bi is BiF5 is possible. [F Θ is weak reducing agent ]
• (a) Cu+2 + IΘ ⟶ Cu2 I2 + I2 (b) Fe+3 + IΘ ⟶ Fe+2 + I2
(O.A.) (R.A.) (O.A.) (R.A.)
(c) Bi+5 + IΘ ⟶ Bi+3 + I2 (d) Tl+3 + 3IΘ ⟶ Tl+ + I2

(O.A.) (R.A.) (O.A.) (R.A.)
But TℓI3 [withI3⊖ ] exists, TℓI3 → Tℓ + I3 ⊖

Note : [CuI4 ]2− complex does not exists, [CuI4 ]3− exists.
Stability of higher oxidation state ↓ down the group
CX4 > SiX 4 > GeX 4 > SnX 4 > PbX4 (Where X is F, Cl, Br, I )
Stability of lower oxidation state ↑ down the group.
CX2 < SiX 2 < GeX 2 < SnX 2 < PbX2 (Where X is F, Cl, Br, I )
➢ Application of Fajan's Rule:
• Thermal stability:
Anionic part polyatomic
Ionic
Anionic part monoatomic
• Thermal stability of Ionic compound having polyatomic anion:

Order of Thermal stability:
(a) Li2 CO3 < Na2 CO3 < K 2 CO3 < Rb2 CO3 < Cs2 CO3
(b) BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3 < SrCO3 < BaCO3
(c) Li2 SO4 < Na2 SO4 < K 2 SO4 < Rb2 SO4 < Cs2 SO4
(d) BeSO4 < MgSO4 < CaSO4 < SrSO4 < BaSO4
(e) LiNO3 < NaNO3 < KNO3 < RbNO3 < CsNO3
(f) Be(NO3 )2 < Mg(NO3 )2 < Ca(NO3 )2 < Sr(NO3 )2 < Ba(NO3 )2
(g) NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < CsHCO3
(h) Be(HCO3 )2 < Mg(HCO3 )2 < Ca(HCO3 )2 < Sr(HCO3 )2 < Ba(HCO3 )2
Note: Na, K, Rb, Cs carbonate do not decompose on heating, they melt at high temperature.
APNI KAKSHA 34
• Heating effect of carbonate:

Δ
(a) CaCO3 ⟶ CaO + CO2
Δ
(b) PbCO3 ⟶ PbO + CO2
Δ
(c) FeCO3 ⟶ FeO + CO2
Δ
(d) ZnCO3 ⟶ ZnO + CO2
Δ
(e) Li2 CO3 ⟶ Li2 O + CO2
• Oxides of native metal (Ag, Hg, Au, Pt) are less stable and further decompose on heating
Δ
Ag 2 CO3 ⟶ Ag 2 O + CO2 } Ag 2 O is obtained
(yellowish-white
or white)
Δ 1
Ag 2 O ⟶ 2Ag + O2
2
Δ 1
HgCO3 ⟶ Hg + O2 + CO2 } HgO is not obtained
2
Note: CuO ⟶ Cu2 O
Black hightemp. Red
• Thermal stability of ionic compound having monoatomic anion :

MX → M + + X − [Thermal Stability decided by Lattice Energy]
L. E = Kq1 q2 /r 2 (rC + ra )
1
⇒ L.E. ∝ charge L.E. ∝ size
⇒ Charge ↑, L.E. ↑⇒ size ↑, L.E. ↓

Thermal stability ∝ Lattice energy
Ex: (a) LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl (b) LiBr > NaBr > KBr > RbBr > CsBr
(c) Li2 O > Na2 O > K 2 O > Rb2 O > Cs2 O (d) Li3 N > K 3 N > Rb3 N
(e) KF > KCl > KBr > KI
• Important :
• O2−2 , O2− 1 , − OH(They are diatomic anion)
Peroxide Superoxide
(a) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
(b) Na2 O2 < K 2 O2 < Rb2 O2 < Cs2 O2
(c) KO2 < RbO2 < CsO2
APNI KAKSHA 35
• Colour of Ionic compound :

Higher the polarization of ionic compound greater will be the colour intensity of ionic
compound.
Que. Predict the colour of CuCl and CuBr if colour of CuI is white :
Ans. White
• Ionic Mobility :
ϕ ↑, Hydrate size ↑, Ionic mobility ↓
Exception Case
Note : ϕ of : Be+2 > Al+3
6.4 6
Hydrate Size Ba+2 +3
(aq-) > Al(aq.)
Ionic Mobility Be+2 +3

(aq.) < Al(2q.)
Case-I: Down the group, H.E. ↓, L.E ↓, solubility ↓

(a) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF
(b) BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
(c) BeS < MgS < CaS < SrS < BaS
(d) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
Case-II: Down the group, solubility ↓
(a) LiClO3 > NaClO3 > KClO3 > RbClO3 > CsClO3 (chlorate)
(b) LiClO4 > NaClO4 > KClO4 > RbClO4 > CsClO4 (perchlorate)
(c) BeSO3 > MgSO3 > CaSO3 > SrSO3 > BaSO3 (sulphite)
(d) BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4 (sulphate)
(e) BeS2 O3 > MgS2 O3 > CaS2 O3 > SrS2 O3 > BaS2 O3 (thiosulphate)
(f) BeCrO4 > MgCrO4 > CaCrO4 > SrCrO4 > BaCrO4 (chromate)
(g) BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3 (carbonate)
Note : Br − /I : They follow trend of polyatomic
(a) LiBr > NaBr > KBr > RbBr > CsBr (b) NaI > LiI > KI > RbI > CsI
Case-III: If number of cations > number of anions, then solubility ↑ down the group.
(a) Li2 O < Na2 O < K 2 O < Rb2 O < Cs2 O
(b) Li2 CO3 < Na2 CO3 < K 2 CO3 < Rb2 CO3 < Cs2 CO3
(c) NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < CsHCO3
APNI KAKSHA 36
• Reason: Massive H bonding in NaHCO3 (Sparingly Soluble)
Compact H-bonding in KHCO3 , RbHCO3 , CsHCO3 (Completely Soluble)
Que. Find order of Ksp.

Solubility ↑, K sp ↑
NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < CsHCO3
Case (IV): Number of monoatomic anion > Number of cation, then solubility ↑ down the group.
Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr (OH)2
But if number of polyatomic anion > number of cation, then solubility ↓ down the group.
Be(NO3 )2 > Mg(NO3 )2 > Ca(NO3 )2 > Sr(NO3 )2 > Ba(NO3 )2
BeX 2 > MgX 2 > CaX 2 > SrX 2 > BaX 2 (X = Cl, Br, I) − Exception to key point
• Key point : (For Cases I to IV)
If number of polyatomic anion ≥ Number of cation then solubility ↓ down the group, otherwise
solubility increases down the group.
• Alkaline earth metals :
(a) BeS2 O3 > MgS2 O3 > CaS2 O3 > SrS2 O3 > BaS2 O3 (Thiosulphate)
(b) BeCrO4 > MgCrO4 > CaCrO4 > SrCrO4 > BaCrO4 (Chromate)
(c) BeSO3 > MgSO3 > CaSO3 > SrSO3 > BaSO3 (Sulphite)
• Hydroxide :
(a) Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2
(b) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
• Carbonate :
(a) BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3
(b) Li2 CO3 < Na2 CO3 < K 2 CO3 < Rb2 CO3 < Cs2 CO3
• Nitrate :
(a) LiNO3 > NaNO3 > KNO3 > RbNO3 > CsNO3
(b) Be(NO3 )2 > Mg(NO3 )2 > Ca(NO3 )2 > Sr(NO3 )2 > Ba(NO3 )2
APNI KAKSHA 37
• Other example
(a) BeS < MgS < CaS < SrS < BaS
(b) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF
(c) BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
(d) LiClO4 > NaClO4 > KClO4 > RbClO4 > CsClO4
(e) LiClO3 > NaClO3 > KClO3 > RbClO3 > CsClO3
(f) BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
• Exception in solubility :
1. LiCl > NaCl > KCl < RbCl < CsCl

Or
LiCl > CsCl > RbCl > NaCl > KCl
2. MgF2 < CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2 < BeF2
3. Oxalate MgC2 O4 < CaC2 O4 < SrC2 O4 < BaC2 O4 < BeC2 O4
• Solubility order of heavier metal halides (in polar solvent):
AgF > AgCl > AgBr > AgI
PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2 } Polar Solvent
HgF2 > HgCl2 > HgBr2 > HgI2
NATURE OF OXIDE
• Order of acidic character:
(a) Li2 O > Na2 O > K 2 O > Rb2 O > Cs2 O (b) MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO
(c) ZnO > MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO (d) NiO > CaO > SrO > BaO
(e) PbO > CaO (f) PbO < PbO2
(g) SnO < SnO2
• s block-metal oxide are basic except BeO
• Nature of non-metallic oxides :
• E.N of non-metal ↑, acidic nature ↑

(a) CO2 > SiO2
(b) CO < CO2 positive charge ↑, EN ↑, acidic nature ↑
(c) SO2 < SO3
(d) N2 O < NO < N2 O3 < N2 O4 < N2 O5
(e) H2 SO3 < H2 SO4
(f) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
APNI KAKSHA 38
(g) HNO2 < HNO3

(h) H3 PO2 > H3 PO3 > H3 PO4
(i) Na2 O < MgO < Al2 O3 < SiO2 < P2 O5 < SO3 < Cl2 O7
Strong Basic Basic Amphoteric weakacid Acidic Strong acid Strong acid
(j) MnO Mn3O4 Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7

Basic acidic
Amphoteric
(k) CrO ⏟
Cr2 O3 CrO2 CrO3
Basic Acidic
Amphoteric
• Rule:
(a) √ϕ < 2.1, Basic
(b) √ϕ = 2.2 − 3.2, Amphoteric
(c) √ϕ > 3.2, Acidic
Que. Predict the nature of metal oxide if polarising power of metal cation is 2.2
Ans. √2.2 < 2.1 ⇒ Basic
• Amphoteric oxides:
(a) Oxides of Pb, Zn, Be, Al, Ga, Sn, Cr +3
(b) As2 O3 , Sb2 O3 , V2 O5
• Melting Point:
Melting point ∝ Lattice energy
1
Lattice energy ∝ , Lattice energy ∝ charge
size
(a) LiF > LiCl > LiBr > LiI

(b) CaF2 > CaCl2 > CaBr2 > CaI2
(c) NaF < AlF3
(d) ZnF2 > ZnCl2
Exception:
1 NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl > LiCl
2 Kl > NaI > Rbl > CsI > LiI
3 NaF > KF > LiF > RbF > CsF
4 CaF2 > MgF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 > BeF2
5 BeX 2 < ⋯ . … . . < BaX 2 X = (Cl, Br, I)
6 MgO > CaO > BeO > SrO > BaO
APNI KAKSHA 39
DO YOUR SELF - 4
1. In which of the following species the bonds are non-directional ?
(A) NCl3 (B) RbCl (C) BeCl2 (D) BCl3
2. Out of following which one has least value of melting point
(A) LiCl (B) BeCl2 (C) MgCl2 (D) CaCl2
3. Out of following which one has maximum ionic character -
(A) NaCl (B) KCl (C) CaCl2 (D) MgCl2
4. Which of the following has highest melting point -
(A) NaCl (B) NaI (C) NaBr (D) NaF
5. Among LiCl, BeCl2 , BCl3 and CCl4 , the covalent bond character follows the order -
(A) LiCl < BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4 (B) LiCl > BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(C) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4 (D) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT)
➢ Given by Hunds & Mulliken
(1) Two atomic orbital come nearer & then overlap each other to form two molecular orbitals
(2) Combination of atomic orbital (AO) forms molecular orbital (MO)
Types of molecular orbitals
Molecular orbitals of diatomic molecules are designated as σ (sigma), π (pie), δ (delta) etc.
In this nomenclature, the sigma (σ) molecular orbitals are symmetrical around the inter
molecular axis (assumed to be z-axis) while pi (π) molecular orbitals are not symmetrical.
(a) s-s combination of orbitals
(b) p-p combination of orbital(end to end overlap)
APNI KAKSHA 40
(c) p-p combination of orbitals (side by side overlap)
(d) s-p combination of orbitals
(3) Energy of BMO < Energy of ABMO.

(4) Molecular orbitals can be filled by electrons according to Aufbau, Hund's, Pauli's principle.
(5) Energy order of the molecular orbitals of homonuclear di-atomic molecules.
Note: Molecular orbital energy order for up to N2 (molecule having ≤ 14 electrons)
∗
σ1s < σ1s < σ2s < σ∗2s < π2px = π2py < σ2pz < π∗2px = π2p
∗
y
∗
< σ2pz
Note: Molecular orbital energy order for O2 and F2 (molecule having > 14 electrons)
σ1 s < σ1∗ s ; < σ2 s < σ∗2 s < σ2pz < π2px = π2py < π∗2px = π2p
∗
y
< σ∗2pz
σ∗ , π∗ = antibonding molecular orbital
σ, π = bonding molecular orbital
Ex. Why molecular orbitals have different order of energy in N2 & O2 ?
Sol. s-p mixing
Hint: AO MO AO AO MO AO
The correct MO energy-level The correct MO energy-lavel diagram

diagram When s-p mixing is not When s-p mixing is allowed, the energies
allowed. of the σsp and π2p orbitals are reversed.
APNI KAKSHA 41
➢ Bond Order
Bond order can be defined as:
Nb −Na
Bond order = 2
Nb = No. of electron in bonding MO's

Na = No. of electron in antibonding MO's
• If bond order = 0, it means species does not exist.
• Bond order of 1,2 & 3 corresponds to a single bond, double & triple bond respectively.
• Bond order ↑ stabilityof molecule ↑ bondlength ↓
10. Magnetic behaviour
• If the molecule has one or more unpaired electron, it will be paramagnetic,
• If all the electrons are paired it will be diamagnetic.
• Magnetic strength can be calculated by using spin only formula of magnetic moment (μ).
• μ = √n(n + 2) B.M. (where n = number of unpaired electron)
Ex. H2 = Configuration: σ2(1 s) , σ∗0
(1 s)
Nb −Na 2−0
Bond order = = = 1,
2 2
Hence H − H (diamagnetic) Order of Ionisation Energy:

(a) N2 > O2 (b) N2 > N (c) O2 < O (d) N2 > O
(e) O2 < N2 (f) CO < N2 (g) O2 > NO (h) F2 > F
• For Axial: After two rotation from 180∘ , If sign is changed then orbital is ungerade, if not then
gerade.
Gerade molecular orbital have even no. of nodal plane and ungerade molecular orbital have odd
no. of nodal plane.
• Key Points: for axial-
B → G → 0, A → U → 1
For side ways-
A → G → 2, B → U → 1
Q. Halogen are diamagnetic but colourful. explain:
Colours : F2 ∶ Pale yellow
Cl2 : Greenish yellow
Br2 : Reddish-Brown
I2 : Violet
Ans. Halogen are colourful due to HOMO-LUMO transition.
HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
APNI KAKSHA 42
In F2 molecule HOMO is ABMO

In O2 molecule HOMO is ABMO
In N2 molecule HOMO is BMO
In CO molecule HOMO is NBMO
• Note :
1. If bond order is fractional, then it wants to make it integer greater than previous
−e−
NO → NO+
B.O. =2.5 B.O. =3
2. If bond order is greater, then molecule is more stable.

O2 < NO
B.O. =2 B.O. =2.5
3. CO CO+
Bond order: 3 > 3
Bond length: 1.128 A∘ 1.115 A∘
Electron is removed from NBMO having slight anti-bonding character, so bond order slightly
increase.
DO YOUR SELF - 5
Q.1 In the conversion of N2 into N2 + the electron will be lost from which of the following molecular
orbitals?
(A) σ∗2PZ (B) σ2PZ (C) π2PX (D) π∗2PX
Q.2 The bond orders in BN, BO and CO respectively are -
(A) 2,3,5/2 (B) 2,5/2,2 (C) 2,5/2,3 (D) 5/2,2,3
Q.3 Which of the following leads to bonding ?
(A) s-orbital p-orbital (B) s-orbital p-orbital
(C) p-orbital p-orbital (D) p-orbital d-orbital
Q.4 In an antibonding molecular orbital, electron density is minimum -

(A) Around one atom of the molecule
(B) Between the two nuclei of the molecule
(C) At the region away from the nuclei of the molecule
(D) at no place
Q.5 Which have odd bond order -
(A) O+
2 (B) O−
2 (C) NO (D) All
APNI KAKSHA 43
ANSWER KEY
Do your self – 1
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B
Do your self – 2
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C
Do your self – 3
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A
Do your self – 4
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C
Do your self – 5
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. D
APNI KAKSHA 44
APNI KAKSHA 45
EXERCISE – I
WEAK FORCES
1. The correct order of boiling point of NCl3 , NClF2 , NF3 is :
(A) NCl3 > NClF2 > NF3 (B) NCl3 < NClF2 < NF3
(C) NClF2 < NCl3 < NF3 (D) NCl3 < NF3 < NClF2
2. Which of the following option is correct about Boiling point ?
(A) C3 F8 < C3 H8 (B) CH4 < CF4
(C) C2 H6 > C2 F6 (D) CF4 < CH4
3. At room temperature, iodine is solid, Bromine is liquid and chlorine exist in gaseous phase due
to following factor:
(A) Surface area (B) Molecular volume
(C) Ease of polarization (D) All of these
4. Graphite is used as lubricant in high temperature machinery because:
(A) Hexagonal layers slide over each other.
(B) In between two layer Vandar Waal Force is present.
(C) Both A & B
(D) None
5. Dipole-induced dipole interaction depends upon
(A) size of polarisable particle
(B) dipole moment of permanent dipole
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these
6. Which of the following interaction is responsible for the formation of clathrates compounds:
(A) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction
(B) Ion-dipole interaction
(C) Dipole-dipole interaction
(D) Dipole-induced dipole interaction
7. Which of the following statement is correct?
(A) Noble gases are insoluble in water.
(B) The solubility of noble gases in water is fairly high due to London dispersion force.
(C) The solubility of noble gases increases with the decrease in size of the noble gas atom.
(D) The solubility of noble gases in water is fairly high due to dipole- induced dipole
interaction.
APNI KAKSHA 46
8. Which of the following interaction is present in XeFe6 ⋅ 6H2 O

(A) Keesom force (B) Debye force
(C) Ion-dipole (D) None of these
BENT'S RULE AND DRAGO'S

9. Which of the following order of bond angle is CORRECT.
(A) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3
(B) H2 O < H2 S < H2 Se < H2 Te
(C) OF2 < H2 O < Cl2 O
(D) SiF4 < SiCl4 < SiBr4 < SiI4
10. Calculate the percentage of p character in the orbital occupied by the lone pair of electrons in
̂ is 104.5 and cos (104.5∘ ) = −0.25]
water molecule. [Given : HOH
(A) 80% (B) 20% (C) 70% (D) 75%
11. Which of the following statement is correct for F3 C − CF2 − CF3 ?
(A) All C-F bond lengths are identical .
(B) Two C − F bond attached to middle carbon atom are longer as compared to the other C − F
bond at the terminal carbon.
(C) Two C-F bonds attached to the middle carbon atom are shorter as compared to the other
C − F bond at the terminal carbon.
(D) None of these
12. The correct order of dC−H in the following option is
(A) CHF3 = CH2 F2 = CH3 F (B) CHF3 > CH2 F2 > CH3 F
(C) CH2 F2 > CH3 F > CHF3 (D) CH3 F > CH2 F2 > CHF3
13. The strongest P − O bond is found in the molecule
(A) F3 PO (B) Cl3 PO (C) Br3 PO (D) (CH3 )3 PO
14. Consider the following compounds :
(I) ClF3 (II) BrF3
The order of the angles between axial and equatorial bond pairs is
(A) I > II (B) I < II (C) I = II (D) none
15. Out of C2 H6 , C2 H4 and C2 H2. Compound which have highest C − C bond length is :-
(A) C2 H4
(B) C2 H2
(C) C2 H6
(D) All have equal C-C bond length
APNI KAKSHA 47
16. The correct sequence for polarity of the following molecule

1. Benzene 2. Inorganic Benzene 3. PCl3 F2 4. PCl2 F3
(P stands for polar and NP stands for non-polar)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
(A) P NP NP P (B) NP NP NP P
(C) NP P NP P (D) NP P P NP
17. N2 H4 reacts with conc. H2 SO4 to produce a salt [NH3 − NH3 ]+2 SO−2
4 in which.
(A) dN−N ( salt ) > dN−N (N2 H4 ) (B) dN−N (salt) < dN−N (N2 H4 )
(C) dN−N ( salt ) = dN−N (N2 H4 ) (D) Cannot be predicted
BACK BONDING
18. The approximate hybridisation of the oxygen atom in disiloxane, (SiH3 )2 O, is-
(A) sp2 (B) sp3 (C) sp (D) sp3
19. Which of the following will not form adduct ?
(A) (CH3 )2 O + BF3 (B) (SiH3 )2 O + BF3
(C) NH3 + BF3 (D) CH3 NH2 + BF3
20. Select the correct statement about the reaction
BF3 + NH3 → BF3 ⋅ NH3
(A) Octet of ' N ' is incomplete in product
(B) Octet of boron is complete in product
(C) During the reaction total number of sigma bonds remain same in the reactant as well as in
the product
(D) Type of π-bond between boron and nitrogen is 2pπ − 2pπ
21. Which of the following has highest bond energy ?
(A) C − F in (CF4 ) (B) C − Cl in (CCl4 )
(C) C − Br in (CBr4 ) (D) B-F in (BF3 )
22. The incorrect statement regarding O(SiH3 )2 and OCl2 molecule is/are :
(A) The strength of back bonding is more in O(SiH3 )2 molecule than OCl2 molecule
̂ − Si bond angle in O(SiH3 )2 is greater than Cl − Ô − Cl bond angle in OCl2
(B) Si − O
(C) The nature of back bond in both molecules is 2pπ − 3 dπ
(D) Hybridisation of central O-atom in both molecules is same
23. The direction of back bonding from surrounding atom to central atom is observed in which of
the following compound
(A) C̅Cl3 (B) C̅(CN)3 (C) : CCl2 (D) [B(OH)4 ]−
APNI KAKSHA 48
MULTICENTERED BOND / BRIDGE BONDING

24. Which of the following molecule has 3C − 4e− bond ?
(A) Al2 Cl6 (B) Be2 Cl4
(C) I2 Cl6 (D) All are having 3C − 4e− bond
25. In which of the following molecules/species all following characteristics are found ?
(a) Tetrahedral hybridisation
(b) Hybridisation can be considered to have taken place with the help of empty orbital(s).
(c) All bond lengths are identical i.e. all A − B bond lengths are identical.
(A) B2 H6 (B) Al2 Cl6 (C) BeCl2 (g) (D) BF4−
26. The number of three centre two electron bonds in a molecule of diborane is :-
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6
27. Which of the following ligand is not responsible for symmetrical bond cleavage in B2 H6 ?
(A) Me2 S (B) H − (C) THF (D) NH3
28. Which of the following have both 3c − 2eΘ and 2c − 2eΘ type of bond ?
(A) BeH2 (s) (B) BeCl2 (s) (C) Al2 H6 (D) Si2 Cl6
29. Which of the following molecule have 3C − 4e− bond as well as planar geometry ?
(A) Al2 Br6 (B) Al2 I6 (C) I2 Cl6 (D) (AlH3 )n
SILICATE
30. A cyclic silicate anion is represented as [Si3 O9 ]n− . The value of ' n ' is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
31. In which of following silicate structure, the number of corner shared per tetrahedron is ' 2 '.
(A) Four membered cyclic silicate (B) Pyrosilicate
(C) Orthosilicate (D) 2D-Silicate
32. If four SiO4 units are forming single chain type arrangement then find the total number of
unshared 'O' atom.
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 2 (D) 8
33. Thortvetite, Sc2 Si2 O7 is :
(A) a pyrosilicate (B) a sheet silicate
(C) an orthosilicate (D) an amphibole silicate
ODD ELECTRON SPECIES

34. Find the odd electron specie in which odd electron is present in pure ' p ' atomic orbital.
˙ 2
(A) NO (B) Ċ𝑙𝑂2 (C) Ċ3 (D) ĊH3
APNI KAKSHA 49
HYDROLYSIS
35. Which of the following is an uncommon hydrolysis product of XeF2 and XeF4 ?
(A) Xe (B) XeO3 (C) HF (D) O2
36. In which of the following reactions is INCORRECT according to its products formed.
(A) PCl3 + 3H2 O → H3 PO3 + 3HCl (B) NCl3 + 3H2 O → NH3 + 3HOCl
(C) ICl + H2 O → HClO + HI (D) N2 O4 + H2 O → HNO3 + HNO2
37. Which of the following compound produce only oxyacid on hydrolysis :-
(A) IF7 (B) XeF6 (C) P4 O6 (D) CrO2 Cl2
38. Which of the following compound does not undergoes in partial hydrolysis ?
(A) BF3 (B) SiF4 (C) SbCl3 (D) NCl3
39. The correct increasing order of extent of hydrolysis is :
(A) CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5 (B) CCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 < PCl5 < SiCl4
(C) CCl4 < SiCl4 < PCl5 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 (D) CCl4 < PCl5 < SiCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2
40. XeF6 on complete hydrolysis gives:
(A) Xe (B) XeO2 (C) XeO3 (D) XeO4
MOLECULE DOES NOT EXIST

41. Which of the following molecule does not exist ?
(A) PbI2 (B) VI3 (C) ClF7 (D) CuI
INERT PAIR EFFECT

42. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(A) Oxidizing power order: SiCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
(B) Ionic character order : CsBr > RbBr > KBr > NaBr > LiBr
(C) The ionic character of lead(II) halides decreases with increase in atomic no. of halogen
(D) The oxidation state of Tl in T/I3 is +3 .
43. Statement-1: Hg 2 2+ is good oxdising agent
Statement-2: 6s electrons are strongly attracted towards nucleus of Hg, due to poor shielding of
4f electrons
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-
1.
(B) Statement- 1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement- 1 is true, statement- 2 is false.
(D) Statement- 1 is false, statement- 2 is true.
APNI KAKSHA 50
44. Statement-1: SnCl4 doesn't exist and converts into SnCl2 and Cl2 spontaneously at room
temperature
Statement-2: SnCl4 is more stable than SnCl2 .
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-
1.
(B) Statement- 1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement- 1 is true, statement- 2 is false.
(D) Statement- 1 is false, statement- 2 is true.
45. Which of the following substance has the largest negative lattice enthalpy ?
(A) NaCl (B) CaBr2 (C) NaBr (D) CaCl2
46. Choose the correct code for the following statements.
I. The (-)ve value of ΔH for the dissolution of ionic compound is enough to predict the
compound is soluble in water at any temperature.
II. For the alkali metals carbonate, solubility order decreases down the group.
III. For the alkali metals ozonide, the thermal stability order increases down the group.
IV. For the alkaline earth metals nitride, the thermal stability order increases down the group.
(A) T T F F (B) T F F T (C) T F T F (D) F T T F
47. Out of the following which one has the highest values of covalent character?
(A) ZnCl2 (B) CdCl2 (C) HgCl2 (D) CuCl
48. Compound having lowest Melting point.
(A) BeCl2 (B) MgCl2 (C) CaCl2 (D) SrCl2
49. Which of the following order is correct of the given property.
(A) LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl : Thermal stability order
(B) BeF2 < MgF2 < CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2 : solubility order
(C) NO2− > NO− > NO = NO2+ > NO+ : bond length order
(D) BaO > SrO > CaO > BeO > MgO : basic character order
50. Which of the following has highest covalent character.
(A) CaCl2 (B) ZnCl2 (C) KCl (D) CuCl
51. Which of the following order is CORRECT
(A) BeF2 < BaF2 → Solubility
(B) BeO < BeF2 → Melting point
(C) BeO < MgO → Acidic character
(D) MgF2 < A/F3 → Covalent character
APNI KAKSHA 51
52. Which of the following order is CORRECT about thermal stability.

(A) Li2 CO3 < Cs2 CO3 (B) BeCO3 < BaCO3
(C) LiNO3 < CsNO3 (D) All of these
53. Which of the following order is/are INCORRECT:-
(A) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Lattice energy)
(B) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Melting point)
(C) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (Polarizing power of cation)
(D) NaF < MgF2 < AlF3 (% ionic character)
54. The correct solubility order is/are :
(I) CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaCO3
(II) Li2 CO3 < Na2 CO3 < K 2 CO3
(III) K 2 CO3 < Rb2 CO3 < Cs2 CO3
(IV) Na2 CO3 > K 2 CO3 > Rb2 CO3
(A) II, IV (B) I, IV (C) II, III, IV (D) I, II, III
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

55. Which of the following species have more number of electrons in bonding MO's as compared to
antibonding MO's :-
(A) O2 − (B) N2+ (C) C2 (D) All of these
56. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT:-
(A) KO2 is paramagnetic in nature
(B) All halogens are coloured gases at room temperature
(C) O2 is paramagnetic gas
(D) Bond order of OF is 1.5
57. Assuming that if Hund's rule is violated, then the paramagnetic specie is :
(A) B2 (B) O2 (C) NOΘ (D) O⊕
2
58. Among the following species, which has the minimum bond length?
(A) B2 (B) C2 (C) F2 (D) O2 −
59. During change of O2 to O2 − ion, the electron adds in which one of the following orbitals ?
(A) σ∗ 2pz orbital (B) σ2pz orbital
(C) π∗ 2px /π∗ 2py orbital (D) π2px /π2py orbital
60. The molecular orbital with highest energy in a nitrogen molecule is
(A) σ2p (B) π2p (C) σ∗ 2p (D) π∗ 2p
APNI KAKSHA 52
61. According to Molecular orbital theory which of the following is correct ?

(A) LUMO level for C2 molecule is σ2px orbital
(B) In C2 molecules both the bonds are π bonds
(C) In C22 ion there is one σ and two π bonds
(D) All the above are correct
62. N2 and O2 are converted to monocations N2 + and O2 + respectively, which is wrong statement :
(A) In N2+ , the N − N bond weakens
(B) In 𝑂2+ , the O – O bond order increases
(C) In O2 + , the paramagnetism decrease
(D) N2 + becomes diamagnetic
63. Which of the following species absorb maximum energy in its HOMO-LUMO electronic
transition?
(A) O2 (B) N2 − (C) C2 (D) N2
MISCELLANEOUS
64. Molecule in which central atom has sp3 d2 hybridization is present.
(A) IF7 (B) IO6 −5 (C) XeF2 (D) XeO4
65. Which of the following oxyacid has S-S linkage :
(A) H2 S2 O8 (B) H2 S2 O7
(C) H2 S2 O3 (D) All of the above
66. Which of the following molecule/ion is planar and polar both;-
(A) NOΘ
3 (B) NOΘ
2 (C) PF5 (D) NH3
67. Choose the element which show maximum number of covalencies out of the given elements.
(A) F (B) N (C) C (D) Cl
68. Which of the following order in correct against the property indicated:-
(A) PH4 ⊕ < PCl4 ⊕ < PBr4 ⊕ (bond angle)
(B) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 (dipole moment)
(C) CCl4 < B(OH)3 < PCl5 (number of valence electrons used for bonding by central atom)
(D) CH4 < CCl4 < CBr4 (order of bond polarity)
69. Which of the following have different shape from the others :-
(A) NOF3 (B) XeO4 (C) SOCl2 (D) BF4Θ
70. Which of the following molecule/atom has lowest enthalpy of fusion ?
(A) H2 (B) He (C) Br2 (D) I2
APNI KAKSHA 53
71. Increasing order of stability of the +2 oxidation state of the ions ?

(A) Ca2+ < Ba2+ < Sr 2+ (B) Pb2+ < Ge2+ < Sn2+
(C) Ge2+ < Sn2+ < Pb2+ (D) Cu2+ < Au2+ < Ag 2+
72. Two hybrid orbitals have a bond angle of 120∘ . The percentage of s-character in the hybrid orbital
is nearly:
(A) 25% (B) 33% (C) 50% (D) 66%
73. Which of the following species has the same number of X − O − X linkage, where X = S or P ?
(I) S4 O6 2− (II) S3 O9 (III) S2 O2−
5 (IV) P3 O3−
9
(A) II & IV (B) II & III (C) I & III (D) I & IV
ASSERTION -REASONING TYPE

In the following set of questions, a statement I is given and a corresponding statement II is
given below it. Mark the correct answer as:
(A) If both statement I and statement II are true and statement II is the correct explanation for
statement I.
(B) If both statement I and statement II are true but statement II is not the correct explanation
for statement I.
(C) If statement I is true but statement II is false.
(D) If statement I is false but statement II is true.
74. Statement I : XeH4 does not exist but XeF4 exists.
Statement II : F is more electronegative than H and causes lesser extent of d orbital contraction
as compared to that by H atom.
75. Statement I : (AlCl3 )2 is not electron deficient [Al(CH3 )3 ]2 is electron deficient
Statement II : (AlCl3 )2 possesses 3c -2 e bond.
76. Statement 𝐈: [AlBr4 ]− exists while the existence of [BBr4 ]− is questionable.
Statement II : Al is larger in size as compared to B atom.
77. Statement 𝐈: dMn−O in MnO4 is less than that in MnO4 2−
Statement II : The higher oxidation state of an element causes higher extent of d orbital
contraction and forms more effective π bond with O atoms
APNI KAKSHA 54
EXERCISE # II
WEAK FORCES
1. Which of the following option(s) is/are CORRECT?
Type of interaction distance-energy function
1 1
(A) dipole-dipole ∝ r3 (B) H-bonding ∝ r3
1 1
(C) Ion-dipole ∝ r2 (D) London force ∝ r6
2. The correct order of the boiling point is/are -

(A) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe (B) H2 < He
(C) H2 < D2 < T2 (D) BF3 < BMe3
BENT'S AND DRAGO'S RULE

3. Which of the following order is correct regarding %p-character ?
(A) H2 S has higher p-character in S − H bond than the O − H bond in H2 O
(B) PH3 has higher p-character in P − H bond than the N − H bond in NH3
(C) NH4+ has higher p-character in N − H bond than the P − H bond in PH4+
(D) None of these
4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT?
(A) Axial bond length > equatorial bond length in PF5
(B) axial bond length (P − F) < equatorial bond length (P − Cl) in PF2 Cl3
(C) All P-F bond lengths are equal in PF5
(D) axial bond length (P − F) > equatorial bond length (P − Cl) in PF2 Cl3
5. Choose the correct angle order.
̂ in PH4+ = HCH
(A) HPH ̂ in CH4
̂ in NH3 < HPH
(B) HNH ̂ in PH3
̂ in NH3 < HPH
(C) HNH ̂ in PH4+
̂ in SO2−
(D) OSO ̂
3 < ONO in NO3
−
6. In which of the following back bonding is NOT possible -

(A) N(CH3 )3 (B) BO−3
3 (C) P(CH3 )3 (D) BF4−
BACK BONDING
7. Molecule(s) in which maximum number of atoms in a plane may be ten.
(A) B2 Me4 H2 (B) Al2 (CH3 )6 (C) N(SiH3 )3 (D) [Co(NH3 )6 ]3+
APNI KAKSHA 55
8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are CORRECT -

(A) [B3 O6 ]−3 ion is non-planar but B3 N3 H6 is planar
(B) (SiH3 )3 N is planar but (SiH3 )3 P is pyramidal
(C) H3 C − N C S is bent but SiH3 − NCS is linear
(D) (CH3 )3 N is pyramidal but (GeH3 )3 N is planar
9. Which of the following statements is/are INCORRECT -
(A) CHF3 is less acidic than CHCl3
(B) R 3 C − O − H is more acidic than R 3 Si − O − H
(C) In BF3 back bonding is possible but in CO back bonding is not possible
(D) PH3 is more basic than NH3
10. Select the correct order of bond angle.
(A) O(SiH3 )2 > OCl2 (B) N(SiH3 )3 > N(CH3 )3
(C) O(SiH3 )2 < OCl2 (D) N(SiH3 )3 < N(CH3 )3
11. In which of the following compounds, underlined atom can change their hybridisation due to
back bonding :-
(A) B3 N3 H6 (B) N(SiH3 )3 (C) O(SiH3 )2 (D) H3 B3
MULTICENTERED BOND
12. No X − X bond exists in which of the following compounds having general form of X2 H6 ?
(A) B2 H6 (B) C2 H6 (C) Al2 H6 (D) Si2 H6
13. Which of the following molecules have CORRECT indicated overlapping.
Molecule Overlapping in the bridge bond (if any)
(A) Si2 Cl6 sp3 − p − sp3
(B) Be2 H4 sp2 − s − sp2
(C) Si2 H6 sp3 − s − sp3
(D) B2 H6 sp3 − s − sp3
14. In which of the following cases the number of corner oxygen shared per tetrahedron is '2' -
(A) Pyroxene chain silicate (B) Amphibole chain silicate
(C) 5-membered cyclic silicate (D) None of these
15. Select correct statement about NO2 :
(A) It is odd electron specie (B) N − O bond order = 1.5
(C) Paramagnetic specie (D) Isoelectronic with CO2
16. The number of specie(s) which are not perfectly planar.
(A) ĊH3 (B) ĊF3 (C) ĊHF2 (D) ĊH2 F
APNI KAKSHA 56
17. Which of the following statement is CORRECT :-

(A) The free electron of ClO3 molecule is present in d-orbital of Cl-atom
(B) The free electron of Ċ3 is present in sp3 hybrid orbital
(C) NO is polar
(D) The free electron of ClO2 molecule is present in d-orbital of Cl-atom
HYDROLYSIS
18. Which of the following compounds do not give free halogen acid (Hydra acid) on hydrolysis with
excess water as a final product ?
(A) NCl3 (B) PCl3 (C) SiCl4 (D) BF3
MOLECULE DOES NOT EXIST

19. Which of the following species do not exist in nature.
(A) PI5 (TBP form) (B) PbI4 (C) HFO3 (D) ICl7
20. Which of the following do/does not exist ?
(A) SH6 (B) HFO4 (C) FeI3 (D) HClO3
INERT PAIR EFFECT

21. Which of the following have (18 + 2) electron configuration ?
(A) Pb2+ (B) Cd2+ (C) Bi3+ (D) S −2
22. Which of following stability order is/are correct due to inert pair effect.
(A) Hg > Hg 2+ (B) Bi3+ < Bi5+ (C) Pb2+ > Pb4+ (D) Fe2+ < Fe3+
IONIC COMPOUND
23. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT :-
(A) MgCO3 < BaCO3 (Thermal stability)
(B) LiF < CsF (Solubility)
(C) Li3 N > K 3 N (Thermal stability)
(D) MgSO3 > BaSO3 (Solubility)
24. Select the CORRECT order against the mentioned property :-
(A) NaNO3 < KNO3 < RbNO3 (Thermal stability)
(B) NaF > KF > RbF (Covalent nature)
(C) Si − O < P − O < S − O < Cl − O ( π-bond strength)
(D) F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2 (Bond length)
APNI KAKSHA 57
25. Correct order of solubility in water will be?

(A) LiCl > NaCl > KCl < RbCl < CsCl (B) Li2 CO3 < Na2 CO3 < K 2 CO3
(C) LiF < NaF < KF < RbF (D) BeCO3 < MgCO3 < CaCO3
26. Which of the following will give metal oxide on heating?
(A) CaCO3 (B) AgNO3 (C) K 2 CO3 (D) Li2 CO3
27. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT :-
(A) NaCl < LiCl (melting point) (B) CaF2 > CaO (lattice energy)
(C) LiNO3 < NaNO3 (thermal stability) (D) Be3 N2 > Ba3 N2 (thermal stability)
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

28. Which of the following have identical bond order?
(A) O2 2+ (B) NO+ (C) CN− (D) CN +
29. Assuming that if Hund's rule is violated, then the diamagnetic specie(s) is/are :
(A) B2 (B) O2 (C) N2 (D) O2 ⊕
30. The paramagnetic molecule(s) which have non fractional bond order :-
(A) O2 (B) O2 ⊖ (C) N22− (D) B2
MISCELLANEOUS
31. Bond angles which are associated with sp3 d3 hybridization.
(A) 90∘ (B) 120∘ (C) 180∘ (D) 72∘
32. Which of following statement is/are CORRECT for ClOF3 ?
(A) In hybridisation central atom uses its dxy orbital
(B) In π-bond formation central atom uses its 'p' orbital
(C) The shape of molecule is see-saw
(D) The molecule is non-planar
33. Which of the following species are planar as well as polar.
(A) I3+ (B) NO−
2 (C) PCl3 (D) BO3 3−
APNI KAKSHA 58
EXERCISE – III
INTEGER TYPE
1. Which of the following pairs have dipole-dipole interaction?
(BF3 + BF3 ), (CCl4 + Na+ )(HCl + HCl), (CHCl3 + CHCl3 ), (K + + HCl), (Na+ + Cl− )
2. Find the number of molecules in which axial orbital length is higher than equatorial orbital
length of central atom : PCl5 , PCl3 F2 , PF4 Cl, PCl2 F3 , PF5
3. Find the total number of 2C − 2e− bond in Al2 (C6 H5 )6 (excluding π bond)
Fill your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer.
4. Find the number of molecules, which do not have hybridisation, according to Drago's rule.
PH3 , SH2 , AsH3 , H2 Se, SiH4
5. 6XeF4 + 12H2 O → 4X + 2Y + 24HF + 3O2
In above reaction find the difference of oxidation state in central atom of X and Y.
6. Total number of molecules in which bridge bond formed by sp3 − s − sp3 type overlap
B2 H6 , Al2 (CH3 )6 , I2 Cl6 , Al2 H6 , Si2 Cl6
7. Among the following total number of planar molecules/ions is.
H3 O+ , I3⊕ , NO2 ⊖ , ClF3 , XeF2 , ICl4⊕ , OCl2
8. For the given compounds, number of compounds which undergo complete hydrolysis in
presence of excess amount of water in ordinary condition :
SF4 , XeF2 , BiCl3 , NF3 , NCl3 , POCl3 , BF3
9. Find out the number (s) of molecule in which bond angle around under line atom is 120∘ :-
+
H3 BO3 , P(SiH3 )3 , N(SiH3 )3 , CH3 , N(CH3 )3 , SnCl−
3
10. Find the number of chemical species which undergoes hydrolysis through redox reaction.
XeF2 , XeF4 , XeF6 , SF4 , PCl3 , PCl5
11. Find the maximum number of F atom(s) in one plane in XeF5+ :-
12. Find the number of molecules which are polar
PCl3 F2 , PCl2 F3 , P(CH3 )3 (CF3 )2 , P(CH3 )2 (CF3 )3
13. Ratio of sp3 and sp2 hybridized atoms in the anionic part of Borax is
(if ans is 𝟏𝟐: 𝟒 then represented as 124 and fill your answer as sum of digits (excluding
decimal places) till you get the single digit)
14. Number of species having bond order 2 will be?
O+2
2 , N2
+2
, N2−2 , O2 + , N2 + , C2 , B2 −2
15. Find the total number of 2C − 2e− bond in Al2 (C6 H5 )6 (excluding π bond)
Fill your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer.
APNI KAKSHA 59
EXERCISE – IV
Paragraph for Question 1 to 2
Bent's rule can be stated as follows. "The central atom projects the hybrid orbitals of less s-
character" towards more electronegative atom.
1. Which of the following statement is CORRECT ?
(A) CH3 F is not perfect tetrahedral
(B) PCl3 F2 has got a trigonal bipyramidal (T.B.P) shape.
(C) In PCl3 F2 , the two fluorine atoms preferably are positioned in the axial directions.
(D) All are correct
2. Which of the following order is CORRECT ?
(A) dC−H in CH3 Cl > dC−H in CH3 F (B) dC−H in CH3 Cl < dC−H in CH3 F
̂ (PH3 ) > HPH
(C) HPH ̂ (PH4+ ) (D) H − Ĉ − H in CH4 > F − Ĉ − F in CF4
Back bonding is a type of sideways overlapping.
3. Which of the following molecule has 2pπ − 3 dπ back bonding.
(A) PCl3 (B) CCl−
3 (C) BCl3 (D) (BO−
2 )3
4. Which of the following has CORRECT order of strength of back bonding.

(A) BF3 > BCl3 (B) O(SiH3 )2 > S(SiH3 )2
(C) N(SiH3 )3 < NH2 SiH3 (D) All are correct
Qualitatively, the formation of molecular orbitals can be understood in terms of the constructive
or destructive interference of the electron waves of the combining atoms. In the formation of
bonding molecular orbital, the two electron waves of the bonding atoms reinforce each other due
to constructive interference while in the formation of antibonding molecular orbital, the electron
waves cancel each other due to destructive interference.
5. Which of the following combinations give(s) antibonding sigma molecular orbital if z-axis is the
internuclear axis ?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
6. Which of the following specie does not exist :-

(A) HeH + (B) Be2 (C) C22− (D) NO+
APNI KAKSHA 60

According to Bent's Rule, which states : more electronegative substituents prefer hybrid orbitals
having less s-character and more electropositive substituents prefer hybrid orbitals having more
s-character
7. Among the following, which has/have equatorial bonds becomes stronger and shorter than the
axial bonds ?
(A) PCl5 (B) ClF3 (C) SF4 (D) All of these
8. Which of the following has CORRECT order of their indicating properties?
(A) F − Ĉ − F(CH2 F2 ) > H − Ĉ − H(CH4 ); bond angle
(B) PH3 < PF3 ; bond angle
(C) POF3 < POCl3 ; P − O bond strength
(D) All of these
When a substance undergoes nucleopilic substitution reaction and the nucleophile is solvent
itself, then the reaction is known as solvolysis, if the solvent used is water then the reaction is
called as hydrolysis.
9. The product(s) of hydrolysis of NCl3 is/are :-
(A) HNO2 (B) HCl (C) NH3 (D) HOCl
10. Which of the following compounds on hydrolysis produce oxyacid having basicity three in water
:-
(A) PCl5 (B) AsCl3 (C) PCl3 (D) BCl3
Molecular orbital theory is based on linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO). According to
LCAO when respective atomic orbitals of the atoms interact, they undergoes constructive and
destructive interference giving two types of molecular orbital i.e. bonding and antibonding
molecular orbitals respectively.
11. Which of the following overlapping result ungerade molecular orbital.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
12. Which of the following property does not change when O2 is converted to O2− :-
(A) Magnetic behaviour (B) Magnetic moment
(C) Bond order (D) Number of bonding electron
APNI KAKSHA 61
Paragraph for Question Nos. 13 to 15

Bridge bonding is a specific kind of bonding in pages of chemistry. In general σ-bond pair
delocalisation is very difficult. But electron deficiency of the central atom forces to delocalise and
forms this kind of bond.
13. The state of hybridisation of central atom in dimer form of both BH3 and BeH2 is
(A) sp2 , sp (B) sp3 , sp2 (C) sp3 , sp3 (D) sp2 , sp3
14. Which of the following molecule has complete octet
(A) B2 H6 (B) Al2 Cl6 (C) Be2 Cl4 (D) BeH2
15. Which of the following is/are electron deficient compounds?
(A) NaBH4 (B) B2 H6 (C) Al2 Cl6 (D) BeCl2(s)
MATCHING LIST
16. List I (Species) List II (Bond order)
(P) O2− (1) 2.5
(Q) N2+ (2) 1.0
(R) H2 + (3) 1.5
(S) B2 (4) 0.5
Code: (P) (Q) (R) (S) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 2 3 4 1 (B) 2 1 4 2
(C) 3 1 2 4 (D) 4 1 2 3
17. List I (Unit of silicate)
(P) Si2 O−6
7 (1)
(Q) (Si2 O5.5 −3 )n (2) 1
(R) SiO2 (3) 2.5 (avg.)
(S) (Si2 O5 2− ) (4) 4
Code: (P) (Q) (R) (S) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 2 3 4 1 (B) 3 1 2 4
(C) 2 3 1 4 (D) 4 2 3 1
18. Match column-I with column-II :-
List I List II
(P) BF3 (1) Exist in dimeric form
(Q) AlCl3 (2) Effective back bond is present
(R) SiO2 (3) Acts as lewis acid
(S) CO (4) Exist in polymeric form
Code: (P) (Q) (R) (S) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 3 2 4 1 (B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 3 1 4 2 (D) 1 2 3 4
APNI KAKSHA 62
MATRIX MATCH
19. Column-I Column-II
(A) BF3 (P) Intra molecular lewis acid-base interaction
(B) BCl3 (Q) 2p𝜋 − 3p𝜋 back bond
(C) H3 BO3 (R) Lewis acid
(D) B(OCH3 )3 (S) Incomplete octet of central atom boron
(T) sp2 hybridisation of boron
20. Column-I Column-II
(A) HCl and HCl (P) dipole - dipole
(B) HCl and C6 H6 (Q) Ion-dipole
(C) Na+ and NH3 (R) Ion-induced dipole - dipole
(D) K + and CCl4 (S) induced dipole
(T) London dispersion force
APNI KAKSHA 63
EXERCISE – V
NATIONAL STANDARD EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY (NSEC) STAGE-I
1. Which of the following pairs has the strongest hydrogen bonding between themselves?
[NSEC-2002]
(A) SiH4 and SiF4 (B) CH4 and CH3 OH
(C) CH3 COCH3 and CHCI3 (D) HCO2 H and CH3 CO2 H
2. The number of hydrogen bonds formed by each H2 O molecule in an ice crystal is :
[NSEC-2003]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3
3. The molecule with non-zero dipole moment is [NSEC-2004]
(A) BF3 (B) PCI3 (C) SiCI4 (D) CIF5
4. Bond orders of NO and NO+ are respectively [NSEC-2004]
(A) 2.5 and 3 (B) 2 and 4 (C) 3.5 and 2.5 (D) 4 and 2
5. The molecular orbital with highest energy in a nitrogen molecule is [NSEC-2004]
(A) σ2p (B) π2p (C) σ∗ 2p (D) π∗ 2p
6. The substance that has the lowest boiling point is [NSEC-2004]
(A) HCI (B) H2 S (C) PH3 (D) SiH4
7. The compound in which H-bonding is not possible is: [NSEC-2005]
(A) CH3 OCH3 (B) H2 O (C) CH3 CH2 OH (D) CH3 COOH
8. In solid CuSO4 . 5H2 O, copper is coordinated to [NSEC-2005]
(A) One water molecule (B) three water molecules
(C) Five water molecules (D) four water molecules.
9. In thiosulphuric acid H2 S2 O3 , the oxidation states of sulphur atoms are [NSEC-2006]
(A) +II, +II (B) 0, +IV (C) +I, +III (D) −II, +VI.
10. Lewis dot structures of compounds of representative elements normally follow the octet rule.
Which of the following does not obey the octet rule? [NSEC-2006]
(A) CO3 2− (B) O3 (C) SO2 (D) I3−
11. Considering z-axis to be the internuclear axis, the combination of orbitals on Li and CI atoms
respectively, that can lead to a stable sigma bond [NSEC-2006]
(A) 2 s and 3py (B) 1 s and 3py (C) 1 s and 3pz (D) 2 s and 3pz .
12. The structures of AlCl3 and PCl3 can be described as [NSEC-2006]
(A) Both planar (B) Both pyramidal
(C) Planar and pyramidal respectively (D) pyramidal and planar respectively.
APNI KAKSHA 64
13. The hybrid orbitals used by chlorine in CIF3 molecule are of the type [NSEC-2006]
(A) sp3 (B) sp2 (C) sp2 d (D) sp3 d
14. The non-linear molecule is [NSEC-2006]

(A) SO2 (B) CO2 (C) HCN (D) C2 H2
15. Which of the following pairs is a Lewis acid & a Lewis base ? [NSEC-2006]
(A) CI & Ag + (B) NH3 & BF3 (C) SO2− −
4 & HSO4 (D) H + & OH −
16. Trisilylamine N(Si(CH3 )3 )3 is [NSEC-2006]
(A) acidic (B) basic (C) neutral (D) amphoteric
17. Which type of bond exists between the two boron atoms in a diborane molecule ?
[NSEC-2007]
(A) 2-Center-2electron (B) 3-Center-2-electron
(C) 3-Center-3-electron (D) 4-Center-4-electron
18. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, the oxygen molecule is- [NSEC-2007]
(A) Diamagnetic (B) Paramagnetic
(C) Ferromagnetic (D) non magnetic
19. In which of the following pairs are both molecules polar? [NSEC-2008]
(A) O2 and H2 O (B) BF3 and PCl3 (C) SO2 and SCl2 (D) CS2 and NO2
20. The species containing the maximum number of lone pairs in the central atom is:
[NSEC-2009]
(A) ClO−
3 (B) XeF4 (C) SF4 (D) I3 −
21. The electron-pair geometry of the central oxygen atom of ozone is –
[NSEC-2009]
(A) linear (B) trigonal planar
(C) tetrahedral (D) trigonal bipyramidal
22. The sequence of molecular orbitals for the carbide ion (C2 2− ) is –
[NSEC-2009]
(A) σ1s2 σ∗ 1s2 σ2s 2 σ∗ 2s 2 π2p4
(B) σ1s2 σ∗ 1s 2 σ2s2 σ∗ 2s2 π2p4 σ2p2
(C) σ1s2 σ∗ 1s 2 σ2s2 σ∗ 2s2 π2p4 σ2p2 π∗ 2p2
(D) σ1s2 σ∗ 1s 2 σ2s 2 σ∗ 2s2 π2p4 σ2p2 π∗ 2p4
23. The change in hybridization of aluminium when Al2 Cl6 decomposes in the gas phase is:
[NSEC-2010]
(A) sp2 → sp3 (B) sp → sp2 (C) sp → sp3 (D) sp3 → sp2
APNI KAKSHA 65
24. The species that contains maximum number of electrons in the antibonding molecular orbitals
is : [NSEC-2010]
(A) O2−
2 (B) O2 (C) O−
2 (D) O+
2
25. The compound that has the highest ionic character associated with the X-Cl bond is
[NSEC-2010]
(A) PCl5 (B) BCI3 (C) CCl4 (D) SiCl4
26. According to VSEPR theory the shape of IF5 molecule will be: [NSEC-2011]
(A) Tetrahedral (B) trigonal bipyramid
(C) Square pyramid (D) Trigonal planar
27. The compound that does not have a π bond is: [NSEC-2011]
(A) SO2 (B) SF6 (C) O2 (D) SO3
28. The species in which the central atom uses sp2 hybrid orbitals is [NSEC-2012]
(A) PH3 (B) NH3 (C) CH3+ (D) SbH3
29. In which of the following ion/molecule, the 'S' atom does not assume sp3 hybridization ?
[NSEC-2012]
(A) SO4 2− (B) SF4 (C) SF2 (D) S8
30. Which of the following compounds has the least tendency to form hydrogen bonds between
molecules? [NSEC-2012]
(A) NH3 (B) NH2 OH (C) HF (D) CH3 F
31. The bond order of NO+ ion is: [NSEC-2012]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2.5 (D) 3
32. Which of the following molecular structures is NOT possible? [NSEC-2012]
(A) OF2 (B) SF2 (C) OF4 (D) SF4
33. The species having highest bond energy is [NSEC-2014]
(A) O2 (B) O+
2 (C) O−
2 (D) O2−
2
34. The structure of a molecule of N(SiMe3 )3 is [NSEC-2015]

(A) Pyramidal with angle close to 110∘
(B) T-shaped with angle 90∘
(C) Bent T-shaped with angle close to 89∘
(D) Trigonal planar with bond angle close to 120∘
35. The order of pπ − dπ interaction in the compounds containing bond between Si/P/S/Cl and
oxygen is in the order [NSEC-2015]
(A) P > Si > Cl > S (B) Si < P < S < Cl
(C) S < Cl < P < Si (D) Si > P > S > Cl
APNI KAKSHA 66
EXERCISE – JEE – MAIN

1. Which one of the following molecules is expected to exhibit diamagnetic behaviour ?
[AIEEE-2013]
(A) C2 (B) N2 (C) O2 (D) S2
2. In which of the following pairs of molecules/ions, both the species are not likely to exist ?
[JEE-M-2013]
(A) H2+ , He2−
2 (B) H2− , He2−
2 (C) H22+ , He (D) H2− , He2+
2
3. Stability of the species Li2 , Li−

2 and Li2 increases in the order of :-
+
[JEE-M-2013]
(A) Li2 < Li+ −
2 < Li2 (B) Li−
2 < Li2
+
< Li2
(C) Li2 < Li− +
2 < Li2 (D) Li− +
2 < Li2 < Li2
4. Which one of the following properties is not shown by NO ? [JEE-M-2014]

(A) It combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
(B) It's bond order is 2.5
(C) It is diamagnetic in gaseous state
(D) It is a neutral oxide
5. The correct order of thermal stability of hydroxides is : [JEE-M-2015 (on line)]
(A) Ba(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2
(B) Mg (OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
(C) Mg (OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
(D) Ba(OH)2 < Ca(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2
6. Which of the alkaline earth metal halides given below is essentially covalent in nature :-
[JEE-M-2015 (on line)]
(A) SrCl2 (B) CaCl2 (C) BeCl2 (D) MgCl2
7. Which one of the following alkaline earth metal sulphates has its hydration enthalpy greater than
its lattice enthalpy ? [JEE-M-2015]
(A) BaSO4 (B) SrSO4 (C) CaSO4 (D) BeSO4
8. The intermolecular interaction that is dependent on the inverse cube of distance between the
molecules is :- [JEE-M-2015]
(A) London force (B) Hydrogen bond
(C) ion-ion interaction (D) ion-dipole interaction
9. Which one has the highest boiling point ? [JEE-M-2015]
(A) Kr (B) Xe (C) He (D) Ne
10. Which intermolecular force is most responsible in allowing xenon gas to liquefy?
[JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2016]
APNI KAKSHA 67
(A) Ionic
(B) Instantaneous dipole- induced dipole
(C) Dipole - dipole
(D) Ion - dipole
11. The bond angle H − X − H is the greatest in the compound : [JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2016]
(A) NH3 (B) H2 O (C) PH3 (D) CH4
12. Which of the following species is not paramagnetic? [JEE (MAIN) ONLINE 2017]
(A) NO (B) CO (C) O2 (D) B2
13. Which of the following is paramagnetic ? [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) CO (B) O2−
2 (C) NO+ (D) B2
14. sp3 d2 hybridization is not displayed by : [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) [CrF6 ]3− (B) BrF5 (C) PF5 (D) SF6
15. The number of S = O and S − OH bonds present in peroxodisulphuric acid and pyrosulphuric
acid respectively are : [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) (2 and 4) and (2 and 4) (B) (4 and 2) and (2 and 4)
(C) (2 and 2) and (2 and 2) (D) (4 and 2) and (4 and 2)
16. The correct sequence of decreasing number of π-bonds in the structures of H2 SO3 , H2 SO4 and
H2 S2 O7 is [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) H2 S2 O7 > H2 SO4 > H2 SO3 (B) H2 SO3 > H2 SO4 > H2 S2 O7
(C) H2 S2 O7 > H2 SO3 > H2 SO4 (D) H2 SO4 > H2 S2 O7 > H2 SO3
17. The increasing order of the boiling point for the following compounds is :-
[JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(I) C2 H5 OH (II) C2 H5 Cl (III) C2 H5 CH3 (IV) C2 H5 OCH3
(A) (III) < (II) < (I) < (IV) (B) (II) < (III) < (IV) < (I)
(C) (IV) < (III) < (I) < (II) (D) (III) < (IV) < (II) < (I)
18. The number of P − OH bonds and the oxidation state of phosphorus atom in pyrophosphoric acid
(H4 P2 O7 ) respectively are :- [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) five and four (B) five and five (C) four and five (D) four and four
19. The group having triangular planar structures is :- [JEE-MAIN-2017 (On-line)]
(A) CO3 2− , NO3 − , SO3 (B) NCl3 , BCl3 , SO3
(C) NH3 , SO3 , CO2−
3 (D) BF3 , NF3 , CO2−
3
20. In the molecular orbital diagram for the molecular ion, N2+ , the number of electrons in the σ2p
molecular orbitals is : [JEE Main online - 2018]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
APNI KAKSHA 68
21. Which of following is a Lewis acid? [JEE Main online - 2018]

(A) PH3 (B) B(CH3 )3 (C) NaH (D) NF3
22. (I) (II) [JEE Main online - 2018]
H−N---N---N
In hydrogen azide (above) the bond orders of bonds (I) and (II) are :
[JEE Main online - 2018]
(I) (II) (I) (II) (I) (II) (I) (II)
(A) < 2 > 2 (B) > 2 < 2 (C) > 2 > 2 (D) < 2 < 2
23. The decreasing order of bond angles in BF3 , NH3 , PF3 and I3− is :
(A) I3− > NH3 > PF3 > BF3 (B) I3− > BF3 > NH3 > PF3
(C) BF3 > I3− > PF3 > NH3 (D) BF3 > NH3 > PF3 > I3
24. Xenon hexafluoride on partial hydrolysis produces compounds ' X ' and ' Y '. Compounds ' X ' and
' Y ' and the oxidation state of Xe are respectively:
(A) XeO2 (+4) and XeO3 (+6) (B) XeOF4 (+6) and XeO3 (+6)
(C) XeO2 F2 (+6) and XeO2 (+4) (D) XeOF4 (+6) and XeO2 F2 (+6)
25. Among the oxides of nitrogen : N2 O3 , N2 O4 and N2 O5 ; the molecule(s) having N – N bond is/are:
(A) Only N2 O5 (B) N2 O3 and N2 O5
(C) N2 O5 and N2 O5 (D) N2 O3 and N2 O4
26. Which of the following conversions involves change in both shape and hybridisation ?
(A) NH3 → NH4+ (B) CH4 → C2 H6
(C) H2 O → H3 O+ (D) BF3 → BF4−
27. A group 13 element ' X ' reacts with chlorine gas to produce a compound XCl3 is electron deficient
and easily reacts with NH3 to form Cl3 X ← NH3 adduct; however, XCl3 does not dimerize. X is:
(A) B (B) Al (C) Ga (D) In
28. Which of the following best describes the diagram below of a molecular orbital?
(A) A non-bonding orbital (B) An antibonding σ orbital
(C) A bonding π orbital (D) An antibonding π orbital
29. In KO2 , the nature of oxygen species and the oxidation state of oxygen atom are, respectively:
APNI KAKSHA 69

(A) Oxide and -2 (B) superoxide and −1/2
(C) Peroxide and −1/2 (D) Superoxide and -1
30. The number of P − O bonds in P4 O6 is:
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 18
31. In XeO3 F2, the number of σ-bond(s), π-bond(s) and lone pair(s) on Xe atom respectively are
(A) 5, 2, 0 (B) 4, 2, 2 (C) 5, 3, 0 (D) 4, 4, 0
32. Identify the pair in which the geometry of the species is T-shapes and square pyramidal,
respectively :
(A) CIF3 and IO4 − (B) ICl−
2 and ICI5
(C) XeOF2 and XeOF4 (D) IO3 − and IO2 F2 −

33. The incorrect geometry is represented by:
(A) BF3 - trigonal planar (B) H2 O - bent
(C) NF3 - trigonal planar (D) AsF5 - trigonal bipyramidal
34. Correct statements among a to d regarding silicones are : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(a) They are polymers with hydrophobic character
(b) They are biocompatible.
(c) In general, they have high thermal stability and low dielectric strength.
(d) Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as grease.
(A) (a), (b) and (c) only (B) (a), and (b) only
(C) (a), (b), (c) and (d) (D) (a), (b) and (d) only
35. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the following is true with respect to Li+
2 and Li2 ?
−

(A) Both are unstable (B) Li+
2 is unstable and Li2 is stable
−
(C) Li2 + is stable and Li−

2 is unstable (D) Both are stable
36. The one that is extensively used as a piezoelectric material is : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) Quartz (B) Amorphous silica
(C) Mica (D) Tridymite
APNI KAKSHA 70
37. Aluminium is usually found in +3 oxidation state. In contrast, thallium exists in +1 and +3
oxidation states. This is due to : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) lanthanoid contraction (B) lattice effect
(C) diagonal relationship (D) inert pair effect
38. In which of the following processes, the bond order has increased and paramagnetic character
has changed to diamagnetic? [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) O2 ⟶ O2−
2 (B) O2 ⟶ O2+ (C) NO ⟶ NO+ (D) N2 ⟶ N2+
39. The type of hybridisation and number of lone pair(s) on electrons of Xe in XeOF4 respectively,
are : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) sp3 d and 2 (B) sp3 d2 and 2
(C) sp3 d and 1 (D) sp3 d2 and 1
40. Two pi and half sigma bonds are present in : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) N2+ (B) N2 (C) O+
2 (D) O2
41. The number of 2-centre-2-electron and 3-centre-2-electron bonds in B2 H6 , respectively, are:
(A) 2 and 2 (B) 4 and 2 (C) 2 and 4 (D) 2 and 1
42. The chloride that cannot get hydrolysed is : [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) SiCl4 (B) CCl4 (C) PbCl4 (D) SnCl4
43. The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13 elements follows the order :-
(A) Ga < Al < In < Tl (B) Al < Ga < In < Tl
(C) Al < Ga < Tl < In (D) Tl < In < Ga < Al
44. The hydride that is NOT electron deficient is :- [JEE Main online - 2019]
(A) SiH4 (B) AlH3 (C) B2 H6 (D) GaH3
45. The relative strength of interionic/ intermolecular forces in decreasing order is:
(A) dipole-dipole > ion-dipole > ion-ion
(B) ion-dipole > dipole-dipole > ion-ion
(C) ion-dipole > ion-ion > dipole-dipole
(D) ion-ion > ion-dipole > dipole-dipole
46. The dipole moments of CC14 , CHC13 and CH4 are in the order: [JEE Main online - 2020]
(A) CH4 = CCl4 < CHCl3 (B) CC14 < CH4 < CHCl3
(C) CHCl3 < CH4 = CCl4 (D) CH4 < CC14 < CHCl3
APNI KAKSHA 71
47. The number of bonds between sulphur and oxygen atoms in S2 O2−
8 and the number of bonds
between sulphur and sulphur atoms in rhombic sulphur, respectively, are :

(A) 4 and 6 (B) 8 and 8 (C) 4 and 8 (D) 8 and 6
48. The predominant intermolecular forces present in ethyl acetate, a liquid, are :
(A) London dispersion, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding [JEE Main online - 2020]
(B) hydrogen bonding and London dispersion
(C) Dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding
(D) London dispersion and dipole-dipole
49. Arrange the following bonds according to their average bond energies in descending order :
C − Cl, C − Br, C − F, C − I [JEE Main online - 2020]
(A) C − F > C − Cl > C − Br > C − I
(B) C − Cl > C − Br > C − I > C − F
(C) C − I > C − Br > C − Cl > C − F
(D) C − Br > C − I > C − Cl > C − F
50. If the magnetic moment of a dioxygen species is 1.73 B.M, it may be :
(A) O−
2 or O2
+
(B) O2 or O2−
(C) O2 or O+
2
(D) O2 , O2− or O+
2
51. The acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides, respectively, are:

(A) MgO, Cl2 O, Al2 O3
(B) N2 O3 , Li2 O, Al2 O3
(C) Cl2 O, CaO, P4 O10
(D) Na2 O, SO3 , Al2 O3
52. The number of sp2 hybrid orbitals in a molecule of benzene is :
(A) 6 (B) 24 (C) 18 (D) 12
53. The sum of the total number of bonds between chromium and oxygen atoms in chromate and
dichromate ions is ___________ . [JEE Main online - 2020]
APNI KAKSHA 72
54. Which of the following are isostructural pairs? [JEE Main 2021]
(A) SO2−
4 and CrO4
2−
(B) SiCl4 and TiCl4
(C) NH3 and NO−
3 (D) BCl3 and BrCl3
(A) A and 𝐶 only (B) A and B only
(C) B and C only (D) C and D only
55. The correct shape and I-I-I bond angles respectively in I3− ion are : [JEE Main 2021]
(A) Trigonal planar; 120∘
(B) Distorted trigonal planar; 135∘ and 90∘
(C) Linear; 180∘
(D) T-shaped; 180∘ and 90∘
56. According to molecular orbital theory, the species among the following that does not exist is:
(A) He−
2 (B) He+
2 (C) O2−
2 (D) Be2 [JEE Main 2021]
57. Which among the following species has unequal bond lengths?
(A) XeF4 (B) SiF4 (C) BF4− (D) SF4
58. Given below are two statements : one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as
Reason R.
Assertion A : Dipole-dipole interactions are the only non-covalent interactions, resulting in
hydrogen bond formation
Reason R : Fluorine is the most electronegative element and hydrogen bonds in HF are
symmetrical In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below : [JEE Main 2021]
(A) A is false but R is true
(B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
59. Match List-I with List-II. [JEE Main 2021]
List-I (Molecule) List-II (Bond order)
(a) Ne2 (i) 1
(b) N2 (ii) 2
(c) F2 (iii) 0
(d) O2 (iv) 3
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: [JEE Main 2021]
APNI KAKSHA 73
(A) (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c)- (i), (d) - (iii)

(B) (a) - (i), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iii), (d) - (iv)
(C) (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)
(D) (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)
60. AX is a covalent diatomic molecule where A and 𝑋 are second row elements of periodic table.
Based on Molecular orbital theory, the bond order of AX is 25. The total number of electrons in
AX is ______ (Round off to the Nearest Integer). [JEE Main 2021]
61. In the following molecules,
Hybridisation of carbon a, b and c respectively are : [JEE Main 2021]

(A) sp3 , sp, sp (B) sp3 , sp2 , sp
(C) sp3 , sp2 , sp2 (D) sp3 , sp, sp2
62. The number of species below that have two lone pairs of electrons in their central atom is ______
(Round off to the Nearest integer) SF4 , BF4− , CIF3 , AsF3 , PCl5 , BrF5 , XeF4 , SF6 [JEE Main 2021]
63. Identify the species having one 𝜋-bond and maximum number of canonical forms from the
following : [JEE Main 2021]
(A) SO3 (B) O2 (C) SO2 (D) CO2−
3
64. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion A and the other labelled as Reason
R. [JEE Main 2021]
Assertion A : Lithium halides are some what covalent in nature.
Reason R : Lithium possess high polarisation capability.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below:
(A) A is true but R is false
(B) A is false but R is true
(C) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(D) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
65. The total number of electrons in all bonding molecular orbitals of O2−
2 is ______
(Round off to the nearest integer) [JEE Main 2021]
APNI KAKSHA 74
66. Match List I with List II : [JEE Main 2022]
List-I List-II
(molecule) (hybridizanation; shape)
𝐀. XeO3 I. sp3 d; linear
B. XeF2 II. sp3 ; pyramidal
C. XeOF4 III. sp3 d3 ; distorted octahedral
D. XeF6 IV. sp3 d2 ; square pyramidal
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III (B) A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I
(C) A-IV, B-II, C-III, D-I (D) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III
67. The total number of acidic oxides from the following list is: NO, N2 O, B2 O3 , N2 O5 , CO, SO3 , P4 O10
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 [JEE Main 2022]
68. Arrange the following in increasing order of their covalent character. [JEE Main 2022]
(A) CaF2 (B) CaCl2 (C) CaBr2 (D) Cal2
Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(A) B < A < C < D (B) A < B < C < D
(C) A < B < D < C (D) A < C < B < D
69. The number of molecule(s) or ion(s) from the following having non-planar structure is
NO−3 , H2 O2 , BF3 , PCl3 , XeF4
[JEE Main 2022]
SF4 , XeO3 , PH4+ , SO3 , [Al(OH)4 ]−
70. Based upon VSEPR theory, match the shape (geometry) of the molecules in List-I with the
molecules in List-II and select the most appropriate option [JEE Main 2022]
List-I (Shape) List-II (Molecules)
(A) T-shaped (I) XeF4
(B) Trigonal planar (II) SF4
(C) Square planar (III) ClF3
(D) See-saw (IV) BF3
(A) (A) - I, (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(B) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
(C) (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (II), (D) - (I)
(D) (A) - (IV), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
APNI KAKSHA 75
71. Consider the species CH4 , NH4+ and BH4− . Choose the correct option with respect to the there
species: [JEE Main 2022]
(A) They are isoelectronic and only two have tetrahedral structures
(B) They are isoelectronic and all have tetrahedral structures
(C) Only two are isoelectronic and all have tetrahedral structures
(D) Only two are isoelectronic and only two have tetrahedral structures
72. What is the number of unpaired electron(s) in the highest occupied molecular orbital of the
following species : N2 : N2+ ; O2 ; O+
2? [JEE Main 2023]
(A) 0,1,2,1 (B) 2,1,2,1 (C) 0,1,0,1 (D) 2,1,0,1
73. Statement I :- Dipole moment is a vector quantity and by convention it is depicted by a small
arrow with tail on the negative centre and head pointing towards the positive centre.
Statement II :- The crossed arrow of the dipole moment symbolizes the direction of the shift of
charges in the molecules.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below :- [JEE Main 2023]
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(B) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
(C) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(D) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
74. The number of given orbitals which have electron density along the axis is __________
px , py , pz , dxy , dyz , dxz , dz2 , dx2−y2 [JEE Main 2023]
75. Match List I with List II
LIST-I LIST-II
(molecules/ions) (No. of lone pairs of 𝐞− on central atom)
(A) IF7 I. Three
(B) ICl4− II. One
(C) XeF6 III. Two
(D) XeF2 IV. Zero
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: [JEE Main 2023]
(A) A − II, B − III, C − IV, D − I
(B) A − IV, B − III, C − II, D − I
(C) A − II, B − I, C − IV, D − III
(D) A − IV, B − I, C − II, D − III
APNI KAKSHA 76
76. Match List I with List II [JEE Main 2023]
List I List II
A. XeF4 I. See - saw
B. SF4 II. Square planar
C. NH4+ III. Bent T-shaped
D. BrF IV. Tetrahedral
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I (B) A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
(C) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III (D) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
77. Amongst the following, the number of species having the linear shape is ________ .
XeF2 , I3+ , C3 O2 , I3− , CO2 , SO2 , BeCl and BClΘ
2 [JEE Main 2023]
APNI KAKSHA 77
EXERCISE – JEE – ADVANCED

1. The molecules that will have dipole moment are : [IIT–1992]
(A) 2, 2-dimethylpropane (B) trans-pent-2-ene
(C) cis-hex-3-ene (D) 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylbutane
2. Which of the following have identical bond order ? [IIT–1992]
(A) CN− (B) O−
2 (C) NO+ (D) CN +
3. Among the following the one that is polar and has the central atom with sp2 hybridisation is:
[IIT–1997]
(A) H2 CO3 (B) SiF4 (C) BF3 (D) HClO2
4. Which of the following is soluble in water ?
[IIT–98]
(A) CS2 (B) C2 H5 OH (C) CCl4 (D) CHCl3
5. The correct order of hybridization of the central atom in the following species
NH3 , [PtCl4 ]2− , PCl5 and BCl3 is : [IIT–2001]
(A) dsp2 , sp3 d, sp2 and sp3 (B) sp3 , dsp2 , sp3 d, sp2
(C) dsp2 , sp2 , sp3 , sp3 d (D) dsp2 , sp3 , sp2 , sp3 d
6. The common features among the species CN − , CO and NO+ are : [IIT–2001]
(A) bond order three and isoelectronic
(B) bond order three and weak field ligands
(C) bond order two and π-acceptors
(D) isoelectronic and weak field ligands
7. Which of the following molecular species has unpaired electron(s)? [JEE–2002]
(A) N2 (B) F2 (C) O−
2 (D) O2−
2
8. According to molecular orbital theory which of the following statement about the magnetic
character and bond order is correct regarding O+
2 [JEE–2004]
(A) Paramagnetic and Bond order < O2
(B) Paramagnetic and Bond order > O2
(C) Diamagnetic and Bond order < O2
(D) Diamagnetic and Bond order > O2
9. Among the following, the paramagnetic compound is [JEE–2007]
(A) Na2 O2 (B) O3 (C) N2 O (D) KO2
10. The species having bond order different from that in CO is [JEE–2007]
(A) NO− (B) NO+ (C) CN− (D) N2
APNI KAKSHA 78
11. Statement-1 : In water, orthoboric acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid. [JEE-2007]
Statement-2 : In water, orthoboric, acid acts as a proton donor.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
12. Statement-1 : Pb+4 compounds are stronger oxidizing agents than Sn4+ compounds
Statement-2 : The higher oxidation states for the group 14 elements are more stable for the
heavier members of the group due to 'inert pair effect'. [JEE–2008]
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
13. Match each of the diatomic molecules/ions in Column I with its property/properties in Column
II. [JEE–2009]
Column I Column II
(A) B2 (P) Paramagnetic
(B) N2 (Q) undergoes oxidation
(C) O−
2 (R) Undergoes reduction
(D) O2 (S) Bond order ≥ 2
(T) Mixing of 's' and ' p ' orbitals
14. In the reaction 2X + B2 H6 ⟶ [BH2 (X)2 ]+ [BH4 ]− the amine(s) X is (are) [JEE–2009]
(A) NH3 (B) CH3 NH2 (C) (CH3 )2 NH (D) (CH3 )3 N
15. The species having pyramidal shape is [JEE–2010]
(A) SO3 (B) BrF3 (C) SiO3 2− (D) OsF2
16. Assuming that Hund's rule is violated, the bond order and magnetic nature of the diatomic
molecule B2 is [JEE–2010]
(A) 1 and diamagnetic (B) 0 and diamagnetic
(C) 1 and paramagnetic (D) 0 and paramagnetic
17. The value of n in the molecular formula Ben Al2 Si6 O18 is [JEE–2010]
APNI KAKSHA 79
18. The total number of diprotic acids among the following is [JEE–2010]
H3 PO4 H2 SO4 H2 CO3 H2 S2 O7
H3 BO3 H3 PO2 H2 CrO4 H2 SO3
19. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non-zero oxidation state is O, Cl,
F, N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti [JEE–2010]
20. Assuming 2s-2p mixing is NOT operative, the paramagnetic species among the following is :
[JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) Be2 (B) B2 (C) C2 (D) N2
21. Match the orbital overlap figures shown in List-I with the description given in List-II and select
the correct answer using the code given below the lists. [JEE Adv. 2014]
List-I List-II
(P) (1) p − dπ antibonding
(Q) (2) d − dσ bonding
(R) (3) d − dσ antibonding
Code: (P) (Q) (R) (S) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(A) 2 1 3 4 (B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 2 3 1 4 (D) 4 1 3 2
22. Three moles of B2 H6 are completely reacted with methanol. The number of moles of boron
containing product formed is - [JEE Adv. 2015]
23. When O2 is adsorbed on a metallic surface, electron transfer occurs from the metal to O2 . The
TRUE, statement (s) regarding this adsorption is (are) [JEE Adv. 2015]
(A) O2 is physisorbed
(B) heat is released
(C) occupancy of π∗ 2p of O2 is increased
(D) bond length of O2 is increased
24. According to Molecular Orbital Theory, [JEE Adv. 2016]
(A) C2 2− is expected to be diamagnetic
(B) O2 2+ is expected to have a longer bond length than O2
(C) N2 + and N2− have the same bond order
(D) He2 + has the same energy as two isolated He atoms
25. The order of the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom in H3 PO2 , H3 PO4 , H3 PO3, and H4 P2 O6 is
[JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) H3 PO4 > H3 PO2 > H3 PO3 > H4 P2 O6 (B) H3 PO3 > H3 PO2 > H3 PO4 > H4 P2 O6
(C) H3 PO4 > H4 P2 O6 > H3 PO3 > H3 PO2 (D) H3 PO2 > H3 PO3 > H4 P2 O6 > H3 PO4
APNI KAKSHA 80
26. The correct statement(s) about the oxoacid, HClO4 and HClO is(are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) HClO4 is more acidic than HClO because of the resonance stabilization of its anion
(B) HClO4 is formed in the reaction between Cl2 and H2 O
(C) The central atom in both HClO4 and HClO is sp3 hybridized
(D) The conjugate base of HClO4 is weaker base than H2 O
27. The colour of the X2 molecules of group 17 elements changes gradually from yellow to violet
down the group. The is due to [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) the physical state of X2 at room temperature changes from gas to solid down the group
(B) Decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap down the group
(C) decrease in π∗ − σ∗ gap down the group
(D) decrease in ionization energy down the group
28. Among the following, the correct statement(s) is (are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) Al(CH3 )3 has the three-centre two- electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(B) AlCl3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(C) BH3 has the three-centre two-electron bonds in its dimeric structure
(D) The Lewis acidity of BCl3 is greater than that of AlCl3
29. The option(s) with only amphoteric oxides is (are) [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) Cr2 O3 , BeO, SnO, SnO2 (B) ZnO, Al2 O3 , PbO, PbO2
(C) NO, B2 O3 , PbO, SnO2 (D) Cr2 O3 , CrO, SnO, PbO
30. Among H2 , He+
2 , Li2 , Be2 , B2 , C2 , N2 , O2 , and F2 the number of diamagnetic species is (Atomic
−
number H = 1, He = 2, Li = 3, Be = 4, B = 5, C = 6, N = 7, O = 8, F = 9 ) [JEE Adv. 2017]

31. The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each central atom in the following species is
[TeBr6 ]2− , [BrF2 ]+ , SNF3 and [XeF3 ]−
(Atomic number: N = 7, F = 9, S = 16, Br = 35, Te = 52, Xe = 54 ) [JEE Adv. 2017]
32. Each of the following options contains a set of four molecules. Identify the option(s) where all
four molecules possess permanent dipole moment at room temperature. [JEE Adv. 2019]
(A) NO2 , NH3 , POCl3 , CH3 Cl (B) BeCl2 , CO2 , BCI3 , CHCI3
(C) SO2 , C6 H5 Cl, H2 Se, BrF5 (D) BF3 , O3 , SF6 , XeF6
33. Among B2 H6 , B3 N3 H6 , N2 O, N2 O4 , H2 S2 O3 and H2 S2 O8 , the total number of molecules
containing covalent bond between two atoms of the same kind is _________ . [JEE Adv. 2019]
34. Consider the following compounds in the liquid form :
O2 , HF, H2 O, NH3 , H2 O2 , CCl4 , CHCl3 , C6 H6 , C6 H5 Cl. [JEE Adv. 2020]
When a charged comb is brought near their flowing stream, how many of them show deflection
as per the following figure?
APNI KAKSHA 81
35. For diatomic molecules, the correct statement(s) about the molecular orbitals formed by the
overlap of two 2pz orbitals is(are) [JEE Adv. 2022]
(A) σ orbital has a total of two nodal planes.
(B) σ⋆ orbital has one node in the xz-plane containing the molecular axis.
(C) π orbital has one node in the plane which is perpendicular to the molecular axis and goes
through the center of the molecule.
(D) π⋆ orbital has one node in the xy-plane containing the molecular axis.
APNI KAKSHA 82
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - I
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D
8. B 9. C 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. A
15. C 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. B 21. D
22. D 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. C
29. C 30. C 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. B
36. C 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. C 41. C 42. D
43. A 44. D 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. C
50. B 51. D 52. D 53. D 54. D 55. D 56. B
57. D 58. B 59. C 60. C 61. D 62. D 63. D
64. B 65. C 66. B 67. D 68. B 69. C 70. B
71. C 72. B 73. A 74. C 75. A 76. A 77. A
EXERCISE – II
1. ABCD 2. ACD 3. AB 4. AB 5. ACD
6. ACD 7. AB 8. BCD 9. BCD 10. AB
11. BD 12. AC 13. BD 14. AC 15. ABC
16. BCD 17. BCD 18. AD 19. ABCD 20. ABC
21. AC 22. AC 23. ABCD 24. ABCD 25. ABC
26. AD 27. CD 28. ABC 29. ABC 30. ACD
31. ACD 32. CD 33. AB
EXERCISE – III
1. 2 2. 5 3. 7 4. 4 5. 6 6. 2 7. 6
8. 4 9. 2 10. 2 11. 4 12. 2 13. 4 14. 4
15. 7
EXERCISE – IV
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. D
8. B 9. CD 10. AB 11. AD 12. AD 13. B 14. B
15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C
19. A P, R, S, T; B P, Q, R, S ;T; C P, R, S, T ; D P, R, S, T
20. A P, S, T; B Q, R, S ; C P, R, S ; DQ
APNI KAKSHA 83
EXERCISE – V
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. A
8. D 9. D 10. D 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A
15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. D 21. B
22. B 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. C
29. B 30. D 31. D 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. D
36. B
EXERCISE – JEE-MAIN
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. D
8. B 9. B 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. C
15. D 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. B
22. A 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D
29. B 30. C 31. C 32. C 33. C 34. C 35. D
36. A 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. A 41. B 42. B
43. B 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. B 48. D 49. A
50. A 51. B 52. C 53. 12 54. B 55. C 56. D
57. D 58. C 59. A 60. 15 61. C 62. 2 63. D
64. D 65. 10 66. A 67. B 68. B 69. 3 70. B
71. B 72. A 73. D 74. 5 75. B 76. D 77. 5
1. BC 2. AC 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C
8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. C
13. A – P, Q, R, T; B – Q, R, S, T; C – P, Q, R; D – P, Q, R, S
14. BC 15. D 16. A 17. 3 18. 6 19. 2 20. C
21. C 22. 6 23. BCD 24. AC 25. C 26. ACD 27. BC
28. ACD 29. AB 30. 6 31. 6 32. 1 & 3 33. 4.00 34. 6
35. AD
APNI KAKSHA 84
HINT AND SOLUITONS

24. (A) C2−2 Total no. of electrons = 14 so it is diamagnetic
(B) 2 Bond order = 3; 2O Bond order = 2
O2−
∴ Bond length in O2+
2 is less than bond length in O2 .
(C) Bond order of N2+ = 2.5

Bond order of He+
2 = 1/2
∴ Some energy is released during the formation of He†2 from two isolated He atoms.
25. Let oxidation states of phosphorus in H3 PO2 , H3 PO4 , H3 PO3 and H4 P2 O6 be w, x, y and z
respectively.
Thus, in H3 PO2 :
3 × (+1) + w + 2 × (−2) = 0 ∴ w = +1
In H3 PO4 :
3 × (+1) + x + 4 × (−2) = 0 ∴ x = +5
In H3 PO3 :
3 × (+1) + y + 3 × (−2) = 0 ∴ y = +3
In H4 P2 O6 :
4 × (+1) + 2z + 6 × (−2 − 0 ∴ z = +4
Thus, the order of oxidation state is :
H3 PO4 > H4 P2 O6 > H3 PO3 > H3 PO2
28 (A) Structure of Al2 (CH3 )6
(B) Structure of B2 H6
(C) Structure of Al2 Cl6
APNI KAKSHA 85
31. H2 ∶ σ1 s 2 (Diamagnetic)
He+
2 ∶ σ1s2 , σ∗ 1s1 (Paramagnetic)
Li2 ∶ σ1s2 , σ+ 1s 2 , σ2 s2 (Diamagnetic)
Be2 ∶ σ1s 2 , σ∗ 1s 2 , σ∗ 2s 2 (Diamagnetic)
B2 ∶ σ1 s 2 , σ∗ 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , π2px 1 = π2py 1 (Paramagnetic)
C2 ∶ σ1 s 2 , σ∗ 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ∗ 2 s2 , π2ps 2 = π2pyy 2 (Diamagnetic)
N2 : σ1 s 2 , σ∗ 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ∗ 2 s 2 , π2px 2 = π2py 2 , σ2pz 2 (Diamagnetic)
O−
2 ∶ σ1s2 , σ∗ 1s 2 , σ2s2 , σ∗ 2s2 , π2pz 2 , π2px 2 = π2py 2 , π∗ 2px 2 = π∗ 2p1y (Paramagnetic)
F2 ∶ σ1 s 2 , σ∗ 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ∗ 2 s 2 , σ2p2z , π2p2s = π2py 2 , π∗ 2ps 2 = π∗ 2p2y (Diamagnetic)
32.
33.
APNI KAKSHA 86

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(Inorganic Chemistry) CHEMICAL BONDING

𝐕𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐀𝐀𝐋′𝐒 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄𝐒

(a) size (b) molecular mass (c) polarizable electron

(2) Ion-induced dipole interaction :

• Order of boiling point

Ek > Ed > EL (interaction energy)

CH3 CH3 CF3 CF3

Molecular weight : 84 300 (Approx)

[Massive hydrogen bonding]

[Compact hydrogen bonding]

Q. Compound in which ion dipole interaction (H-bond) is present

Q. KF & HF are soluble in each other why?

(5) H3 P − − − − − − − −HF dipole-dipole intercation

(6) H − C ≡ N − − − H − C ≡ N = 3.25 dipole-dipole interaction

(8) C2 H5 NO2 > C2 H6 dipole-induced interaction

% s character must be greater in order to hold lone pair of electron

Exception of bent's Rule:

9. Compare C-F bond length in

𝐀𝐧𝐬. x > y (Steric Repulsion)

(xx) Compar CH bond length in CH4 , CH3 F, CH2 F2 , CHF3

Molecules Type of back bonding Shape

BF3 2pπ − 2pπ planar

N(CH3 )3 no back bonding pyramidal

N(SiH3 )3 2pπ − 3 dπ planar

P(SiH3 )3 No back bonding pyramidal

CH3 NCS No back bonding bent

SiH3 NCS 2pπ − 3 dπ linear

N(GiH3 )3 2pπ − 4 dπ planar

GiH3 NCS No back bonding bent

• Lewis Basic Order: N(CH3 )3 > P(SiH3 )3 > N(SiH3 )3

• Effect of Back Bonding:

• Comparison of Bond Length:

Q. Order of bond angle :-

Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :

Q. Order of Strength Back Bonding :

(2) BRIDGE BONDING

(A) 𝐀𝐥2 𝐂𝐥6 :

• Planarity:-Planar (all atoms are in one plane)

➢ Silicates have basic unit of SiO4−

Ortho (neso) 0 4 SiO4−

Pyro (closo) 1 3.5 Si2 O−6

Cyclic (cyclo) 2 3 (SiO3 )n 2n− (n = finite )

Double chain 11 5.5

𝐎𝐃𝐃 𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐌𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐄𝐒

(iii) Bond Order of odd electron molecule is 0.5.

• Hybridisation of odd electron molecule:

Odd Electron 𝐇𝐲𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟

NO2 sp2 sp2 hybrid orbital Yes

ClO3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes

CH3 sp2 p- orbital Yes

CF3 sp3 sp3 hybrid orbital Yes

ClO2 sp2 3 d- orbital No

• Bond order of Cl − O bond in ClO2 is 1.75.

⇒ Species in which odd e− bond is absent forms strong dimer

Ex. PH5 , SH4 , SH6 , XeH2 , XeH4 , ClI3 , (SiH6 )−2

2. Due to steric repulsion:

PCl3 + Cl− ⟶ PCl−

4. Due to reducing nature