Bahadrabad , Haridwar

249402

Biology
Investigatory Project
Session : 2023-24
A project report on
Menstrual cycle
Submitted by Anshika
Class – XII-A (PCB)
Submitted to
Miss. Sana Ahmed
 CERTIFICATE

This certificate is presented to acknowledge the students hard

work, dedication and exceptional performance in completing
the project. The student has demonstrated outstanding skills in
research, organization and presentation, which reflect her
commitment to academic excellence.
I commended the student’s creativity, critical thinking and
efforts in completing this project, which showcase her ability
to apply knowledge and skills to practical task. Her
commitment to excellence serves as an inspirational to her
peers and reflects positivity on our institution.

Date:
Internal Examiner: External Examiner:
Name: Signature:
Signature:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Anshika of class 12, would like to express my heartfelt

gratitude and appreciation to my esteemed teacher Miss. Sana
Ahmed for her invaluable guidance and support throughout
the completion of this project. Her dedication, expertise and
encouragement have played a significant role in shaping my
academic journey.
I would also like to express my gratitude towards Mrs.
Sumedha Arya (Principal Ma’am) for providing with the
necessary resources and a conductive learning environment.

Thank You
Anshika
 INDEX

• Menstrual cycle
• Hormones
• Hormone level during Menstrual cycle
• Phases of Menstrual Cycle
• Duration of different phases
• Menstrual phase
• Follicular phase
• Ovulation phase
• Luteal phase
• Signs of Menstruation
• Menarche and Menopause
• Menstrual Dysfunction
• Bibliography
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

❖ The menstrual cycle is a term to describe the

sequence of events that occur in female body
as it prepares for the possibility of pregnancy
each month.
❖ Menstrual cycle is the time from the first day
of menstrual period until the first day of next
menstrual period.
❖ It is controlled by many different glands and
the hormones that these glands produce.
❖ In human female, menstruation is repeated at
an average of about 28-29 day.
 HORMONE

❖ Anterior Pituitary Hormone

I. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
It is a hormone produced by gonadotropin cells in the
anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH
triggers ovulation and development of corpus luteum.
II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
It is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide
hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the
gandotropic cell of the anterior pituitary gland and
regulates the development, the reproductive processes
of body.
❖ Ovarian Hormone
I. Estrogen
It is a primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for
the development and regulation of female reproductive
and secondary sex characteristics.
II. Progesterone
It is an endogenous steroid hormone involved in the
menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis.
HORMONES LEVEL DURING
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

❖ A change in the level of anterior hormones and

overlain hormone induces changes in ovary and
uterus in different phase.

➢ Menstrual cycle divided into four phases

i. Menstrual Phase
ii. Follicular Phase
iii. Ovulation Phase
iv. Luteal Phase
 DURATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

❖ The average duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days.

❖ Cycle can range from 21 to 35 days.
❖ The ranges for the early teens between 21 to 45
days.

Phases of Menstrual Average Start and End

Cycle Day

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Proliferative Phase 5-13

Ovulation 13-16

Secretary Phase 16-28

 MENSTRUAL PHASE

❖ Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

❖ It occurs in the absence of fertilization.

➢ Menstruation
i. Menstrual bleeding, menses, periods.

ii. Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial

cells, glandular secretions and blood cells.

iii. It is due to breakdown of endometrium lining of

uterus.

iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

v. It last for 3-5 days.

 FOLLICULAR PHASE

❖ The Follicular phase is the longest phase of

menstrual cycle.
❖ It is also known as proliferative phase.
❖ Due to the rise of FSH hormone during the first
day of the cycle, several ovarian follicles are
stimulated,
❖ Follicles mature into graffian follicles.
❖ As they mature, the follicles secret increasing
amount of estrogen which thick the endometrium.
❖ At the end of this phase, ovulation occurs.
 OVULATION PHASE

❖ In this phase a mature egg is released from the

surface of the ovary.
❖ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary
gland is secreted that causes the ovary to release a
mature egg.
❖ This mature egg cell travels to the fallopian tube
towards the uterus.
❖ Ovulation occurs around the 14th day of a 28 days
menstrual cycle.
 LUTEAL PHASE

❖ Graffian follicle transform as corpus luteum.

❖ The Luteal phase is the later phase of the
menstrual cycle.
❖ Corpus luteum secrete progesterone, along with
some estrogen. Progesterone help in thicken the
lining of uterus.
❖ Luteal phase is also referred to as the secretory
phase.
SIGNS OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

❖ A Woman May Experience

➢ Cramping

➢ Constipation

➢ Mood Swings

➢ Weight Gain

➢ Breast Tenderness

➢ Diarrhea
MENARCHE AND MENOPAUSE

❖ Menarche

➢ First menstrual cycle begins at puberty is

called menarche.
➢ Typically occurs between the ages 12-15
years.
➢ Occurrence depends on the overall health
and diet.

❖ Menopause

➢ Menopause is the time that marks the end

of menstrual cycle.
➢ Typically occurs between the ages 45-55
years.
➢ Age of menopause is largely the result of
genetics.
MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION

❖ Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual periods
❖ Polymenorrhea
Early menstrual periods
❖ Oligomenorrhea
Delayed menstrual periods
❖ Menorrhagia
Heavy menstrual periods
❖ Dysmenorrhea
Menstrual periods cramps

CAUSES

❖ Extreme leanness
❖ Heredity
❖ Heavy workout
❖ Stress
❖ Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID)
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

❖ www.ncert.com
❖ https://www.slideshare.net
❖ www.yahoo.com
❖ www.google.com