Mythology and Folklore

Pantheons and their Counterparts

Pantheons Definition and Origin:
1. Merriam Websters: a temple dedicated to all the gods; a building serving as the
burial place of or containing memorials to the famous dead of a nation; a group of
illustrious or notable persons or things; the gods of a people: the officially
recognized gods
2. Dictionary.com: all the goods collectively of a religion; the gods of a particular
mythology considered collectively.
3. Pan- (all) and theos (god). Later on, in English, “all the gods” was used to
mean just that a pantheon could be a collective of gods (as “the Egyptian
pantheon”).
Significance
1. A pantheon
 overview of a given culture’s gods and goddesses and
 reflects the society’s values
 also, its sense of itself.
a. Ex. a pantheon directed by a thunderbolt wielding autocrat might suggest a
patriarch and valuing of warrior skills. A pantheon headed by a great- mother
goddess could suggest a village-based agricultural society.
2. To confront the pantheon of the Egyptians is to confront a worldview marked by a
sense of death and resurrection and the agricultural importance of the cycles of
nature.
3. historical polytheistic pantheons are Sumerian gods and Egyptian gods

4. classical-attested pantheon Greek religion and Roman religion.

Ex. Post-classical polytheistic religions include Norse and Vanir, the
Yoruba Orisha, the Aztec gods, and many others. Today, most historical
polytheistic religions are referred to as “mythology.”

GREEK MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS (TITANS)

GOD DWELLING PLACE

1. CRONUS (Leader) Island of Ogygia

2. Oceanus (ocean) River that encircle the earth

3. Tethys (sea and wife of Oceanus) River that encircle the earth

4. Hyperion (heavenly light) The East

5. Mnemosyne (memory) Mount Olympus

6. Themis (divine law and order) Mount Olympus

7. Crius (constellations) The North

8. Iapetus(mortality and father of Prometheus and atlas) The farthest part of the earth

9. Coeus (intelligence and far sight) The North

10. Phoebe (prophecy and oracles) The East

11. Rhea (Motherhood and Fertility) Mount Olympus

Atlas ( astronomy and navigation The western edge of the earth where he holds up the sky
GREEK MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS (OLYMPIANS)

GOD DWELLING PLACE

1. Zeus (SKY) Supreme God Mount Olympus

2. Hera ( QUEEN of Gods; marriage and childbirth) Mount Olympus

3. Poseidon (sea, earthquake and horse) SEA

4. DEMETER (agriculture, fertility and harvest) EARTH

5. Athena (Wisdom, Warfare and Craft) Mount Olympus

6. Apollo (music, poetry, prophecy, medicine) Mount Olympus

7. Artemis (hunt, moon, childbirth) The forest

8. Ares (War, violence) Mount Olympus

9. Aphrodite (love, beauty, sexuality) Mount Olympus

10. Hephaestus (fire, metalworking) Mount Olympus

11. Hermes (commerce, thieves, travelers) Mount Olympus

12. Dionysus (wine, fertility, ecstasy) Mount Olympus

13. Hades (dead) Underworld

1. Cronus (Saturn) is the Titan god of time and the leader of the Titans and father
to the Olympian supreme god Zeus. This Titan resides at the Island of Ogygia.

2. Zeus (Jupiter) is the king of gods and the ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the
sky,lightning, thunder, law, order and justice.

3. Hera (Juno) is the queen of gods, who lives with Zeus in Mount Olympus, and
the goddess of marriage, women, childbirth and family. The youngest daughter of
Cronus and Rhea, sister and wife of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she
frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus’ lovers and their children.

4. Poseidon (Neptune) is the god of the seas, water, storms, hurricanes,

earthquakes and horses. He is the middle son of Cronus and Rhea, and brother
of Zeus and Hades, married to the Nereid Amphitrite; although, as with many of
the male Greek gods, he had many lovers.

5. Hades (Pluto) is the god of the underworld, dead, wealth, and precious metals.
He is the third son of Rhea and Cronus. His wife is Persephone. He was
unpitying, inexorable but just, a terrible but not an evil god.

6. Athena (Minerva) is the goddess of wisdom, handicraft, and warfare.He lives in

the Mount Olympus as the daughter of god Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she
rose from her father’s head fully grown and in full battle armor.

7. Phoebus Apollo (Apollo) of Mount Olympus is the god of light, the sun,
prophecy, philosophy, archery, truth, inspiration, poetry, music, arts, manly
beauty, medicine, healing, and plague. The son of Zeus and Leto, and twin
brother of Artemis. Delos was his birthplace, Delphi was his Oracle City and
Laurel was his tree.

8. Artemis (DIiana) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, virginity, the moon,
archery, childbirth, protection and plague. She is a daughter of Zeus and Leto
and twin sister to Apollo but she dwells in the forest.
 9. Ares (Mars) of Mount Olympus is the god of war, violence, bloodshed and manly
virtues. The son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods despised him except
Aphrodite.

10.Aphrodite (Venus) is Olympian goddess of love, pleasure, passion, procreation,

fertility, beauty and desire. Cythera and Cyprus are two places in Greece sacred
for her.

11.Hephaestus (Vulcan) is a master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of

the forge, craftsmanship, invention, fire and volcanoes. The son of Hera, either
by Zeus or through parthenogenesis. Married to Aphrodite.

12.Hermes (Mecury) is the messenger of the gods; god of travel, commerce,

communication, borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves, and games. He was
also the guide of dead souls. He is a son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The
second youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus.

13.Hestia (Vesta) is the goddess of the hearth, fire and the right ordering of
domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and
was one of the original twelve Olympians.She is the first child of Cronus and
Rhea, the eldest sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus.

ZEUS’ WIVES AND CHILDREN

1. Zeus's first bride was an Oceanid or sea-nymph named Metis. She had the
talent of prophecy and was wise and prudent. She was Zeus's closest friend and
helper in their early years together, supporting him in his victory over Cronus.
Metis informed Zeus that their son will someday overthrow him while she was still
pregnant. Zeus was so appalled by the idea that he conned Metis into changing
into a fly, which he then swallowed whole. After this bizarre situation, Zeus
started to have horrible headaches, and when his assistant Hephaestus struck
him in the head with an axe, their child, the formidable Athena, appeared as a
fully grown adult wearing armor and prepared for fight.

2. Themis was Zeus’s second wife, daughter of Gaia and Uranus. She was the
Titan goddess of divine law and justice. In art, she is often depicted in art as
‘Lady Justice’, holding a balanced scale, symbolizing her ability to bring order
and balance. She is often seen wearing a blindfold to signify her impartiality. Her
authoritative role meant she was well-placed to advise Zeus on issues around
law and punishment. She also helped Zeus to plan and execute the Trojan War.
Together she and Zeus had an impressive six children. They were the Horae
(three deities linked with the seasons) Thalo, Auxo and Carpo, and the Moirai
(three ‘Fates’ who handled human lives) Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos. Zeus
eventually left Themis, although their split seemed fairly amicable, and she even
continued to offer guidance to her former husband.

3. Eurynome, a lovely ocean nymph and the goddess of water, meadows, and
pasturelands, was Zeus' third love interest. She had close ties to the ocean and
was the daughter of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys. She is frequently portrayed
by a statue of what we would recognize as a mermaid today. Some claim that
she and Zeus were never wed, but she nevertheless gave birth to his three
daughters,
 Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, who came to be known as "The Three Graces"
or gods of grace.

4. Even though Demeter was unusually Zeus's sister, he pursued her obstinately
as his next wife. He pursued and defeated her in the guise of an aggressive bull
when she sought to refuse him. She governed all plant growth and harvest on
earth as the goddess of agriculture and grain. She had Persephone, the goddess
of spring and fertility, with Zeus; she was eventually abducted by Hades and
made to rule the underworld for six months of the year. Demeter and Persephone
continued to work side by side, cultivating and harvesting the land for the
remaining half of the year.

5. Titaness Mnemosyne, the sister of Zeus's first wife Themis and the child of
Uranus and Gaia, became his second wife. She was the Titan goddess of
memory, time, and recall. There are conflicting accounts, and some claim they
never actually wed but instead had a brief affair that lasted just nine nights. The
Nine Muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences, were the offspring Mnemosyne
had with Zeus during this period of antiquity.

6. Leto was one of the Titanides, and the goddess of motherhood, modesty, and
protector of the young. She was also one of the several wives of Zeus, with
whom she had the twin gods Apollo and Artemis. During her pregnancy, she was
relentlessly pursued by Hera, who drove her from land to land in order to prevent
her from giving birth. Eventually, Leto managed to find refuge in the island of
Delos.

7. Zeus’s final – and some say most important – wife was Hera, goddess of women,
marriage, family and childbirth. Unusually, she was Zeus’s sister, and Zeus had
to trick her into falling in love with him by turning himself into a wounded bird that
she would want to take care of. After earning her trust in bird form, he was later
able to become a man again, and ask for her hand in marriage. They had an
impressively long 300 years of marriage together, and bore four children – Ares,
Enyo, Hebe and Eileithyia – although Zeus never gave up his wandering ways.
He continued to have numerous affairs throughout their marriage which greatly
angered Hera and resulted in some pretty ugly arguments

In Greek mythology, Zeus was known for his numerous affairs and relationships
with mortal women and goddesses, which often angered his wife Hera. However,
it is not accurate to say that Hera punished all of Zeus's mistresses.
There are some stories in which Hera did take revenge on women who were
involved with Zeus. For example, in one myth, Hera cursed the nymph Echo so
that she could only repeat the last words that she heard, as punishment for
distracting Hera while Zeus was with another woman. In another story, Hera sent
a gadfly to torment the cow Io, who had been transformed from a woman by
Zeus to hide their affair.
However, in many other cases, the punishment for Zeus's infidelity fell solely on
the women involved, while Zeus himself faced little or no consequences. For
example, in the myth of Leda and the Swan, Zeus took the form of a swan to
seduce Leda, who then bore him children. Leda faced ridicule and shame for her
relationship with Zeus, while Zeus faced no punishment from Hera.
 So, while Hera did take revenge on some of Zeus's mistresses, it was not a
consistent pattern in Greek mythology, and many of the women involved with
Zeus suffered more severe consequences than he did.

The Nine (9) Muses

In Greek mythology, the nine muses were goddesses of the arts and sciences. They
were believed to inspire creativity and provide inspiration to artists, poets, musicians,
and scholars. The roles of the nine muses were:
1. Calliope - Muse of epic poetry and eloquence. She was often depicted with a writing
tablet and stylus.
2. Clio - Muse of history. She was usually depicted holding a scroll or a book.

3. Erato - Muse of love poetry and lyric poetry. She was often portrayed holding a lyre,
a stringed musical instrument.
4. Euterpe - Muse of music and lyric poetry. She was often shown holding a flute or a
double flute.
5. Melpomene - Muse of tragedy. She was usually depicted with a tragic mask and a
sword.
6. Polyhymnia - Muse of sacred poetry, hymns, and dance. She was often portrayed
wearing a veil and holding a lyre.
7. Terpsichore - Muse of dance and choral poetry. She was often shown holding a lyre
and wearing dancing shoes.
8. Thalia - Muse of comedy and bucolic poetry. She was usually depicted holding a
comic mask and a shepherd's crook.

9. Urania - Muse of astronomy and astrology. She was often portrayed with a celestial
globe or a compass.

GREEK DEMIGODS

In Greek mythology, demigods are the offspring of a mortal and a deity. Here are some
of the most well-known Greek demigods and their dwelling places:

1. Heracles (Hercules): Son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene. Heracles
dwelled on Earth, but after his death, he was taken to Mount Olympus.

2. Perseus: Son of Zeus and the mortal woman Danaë. Perseus was born on the
island of Seriphos, but after his adventures, he settled in Mycenae.

3. Theseus: Son of Poseidon and the mortal woman Aethra. Theseus was born in
Troezen, but he later became king of Athens.

4. Achilles: Son of the mortal woman Thetis and the sea god Peleus. Achilles
lived in Phthia, but he fought in the Trojan War and died in Troy.
In Greek mythology, there are different versions of the story of Achilles' death, but
none of them specifically mention Paris being told to shoot Achilles on the heel.
One version of the story suggests that Apollo guided Paris' arrow to hit Achilles'
heel, which was his only vulnerable spot since he had been dipped in the River
 Styx as a baby and was therefore invulnerable to harm, except for his heel which
had not been immersed in the water.
According to another version of the myth, it was actually a Trojan archer named
Pandarus who shot the arrow that hit Achilles' heel. In this version, Pandarus
was encouraged by Apollo to take the shot.
It's worth noting that in some versions of the myth, Paris is the one who kills
Achilles with an arrow to the chest, rather than the heel.

In any case, while Paris is a prominent figure in the story of the Trojan War, there
is no specific mention of him being told to shoot Achilles in the heel.

5. Asclepius: Son of Apollo and the mortal woman Coronis. Asclepius lived on
Earth, but after his death, he was deified and became the god of healing.

6. Helen of Troy: Daughter of Zeus and the mortal woman Leda. Helen lived in
Sparta but was famously abducted and taken to Troy, which led to the Trojan
War.

7. Dionysus: Son of Zeus and the mortal woman Semele. Dionysus was born in
Thebes, but he later became the god of wine, fertility, and theater.
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS

God Dwelling Place Equivalent

Olympian
Saturn Capitoline Hill Cronus
Jupiter/Jove Capitoline Hill Zeus
Juno Capitoline Hill Hera
Neptune Sea Poseidon
Minerva Aventine Hill Athena
Mars Aventine Hill Ares
Venus Capitoline Hill Aphrodite
Apollo Palatine Hill (Phoebus) Apollo
Diana The forests and mountains Artemis
Vulcan Mount Etna, Sicily Hephaestus
Mercury Aventine Hill Herme
Ceres Aventine Demeter
Vesta Temple of Vesta Hestia
Pluto Underworld Hades

Roman Pantheon Family Tree

NORSE MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS

The nine realms according to Snorri Sturluson and those who wrote after him are:

 Asgard – Realm of the Aesir, joined to Midgard by the rainbow bridge

Bifrost
 Alfheim – Realm of the Elves

 Helheim – Realm of those who died of illness or old age and then of
most people
 Jotunheim – Realm of the Giants and Frost Giants
 Midgard – Realm of the Humans between Asgard and Jotunheim

 Muspelheim – Realm of Fire, the fire-giant Surtr, and Surtr's forces of chaos

 Nidavellir/Svartalfheim – Realm of the Dwarves beneath the earth

 Niflheim – Realm of Ice, Snow, and Mist near Muspelheim

 Vanaheim – Realm of the Vanir

The 12 major gods in Norse mythology

 Odin  Heimdall
 Thor  Tyr
 Baldr  Njord - Vanir
 Vidar  Freyr - Vanir
 Vali  Ull
 Bragi  Forsete

Why are they considered the twelve major gods in Norse mythology?
The exact reasons why these particular gods were considered the 12 major gods in
Norse mythology are partially clear, as the religion and culture of the Norse people
developed over a long period and in a complex way. However, there are a few factors
that likely contributed to the prominence of these particular deities:
Role in mythology: These gods played an important role in Norse mythology, either as
a central figures or a supporting character. For example, Odin was the chief of the gods
and the god of wisdom, while Thor was the god of thunder and protector of humankind.
Popularity among worshippers: Some gods may have been more popular than others
among the Norse people, either because of their perceived power or ability to help
worshippers with particular concerns or needs. For example, Freyr was the god of
fertility and prosperity and was likely worshipped by farmers and those seeking bountiful
harvests.
Historical and cultural significance: Some gods may have been more critical at
specific points in history or regions based on cultural or political factors. For example,
Forseti was the god of justice and reconciliation and was particularly important in
Iceland, where he was considered a patron of the Althing (the Icelandic parliament).
Overall, the 12 major Norse mythology gods likely attained their status through their
roles in mythology, their popularity among worshippers, and their historical and cultural
significance.

Pantheons
Vanir in Vanaheim and Aesir in Asgard

VANIR from the Realm of Vanaheim

 The gods before gods. They were associated with the earth and fertility.
Freyr - the son of Njord and Skadi, and the god of phallic fertility, virility,
benevolence, and prosperity.

Gullinbursti
 Freyja/Freyja is the daughter of Njord and Skadi, and the goddess of love, beauty,
sex, fertility, gold, war, and death.

Njord is the god of the sea and seafarers, fertility, winds, wealth, and fishing.

AESIR from the Realm of Asgard

 Associated with the sky.

Odin (Woden, Wotan) was the chief god, a master of wisdom, magic, and
poetry. A protector of courageous noblemen in war, he was also the god of the
war.

How did Odin lose his eye?

As Odin seek for wisdom, he went to Mimir in Jotunhiem to ask if he could drink from
the well of knowledge. Mimir told him that he must sacrifice something to prove his
worth. That is when Odin plucked out his eye and throw it to Mimir’s well of knowledge.
In some versions however, the sacrifices were not enough. So, he hung himself in the
world tree to prove that he is worthy for the knowledge. After that, he was rebirth as a
wiser god. His purpose was to gain knowledge in the future so that he can do something
to delay the upcoming end of the world called Ragnarok.

Heimdall is the guardian of the Bifrost. The rainbow bridge from Asgard to
Midgard.

Bifrost
Forseti is the god of justice and reconciliation.
Loki is the trickster of the gods.

Odin’s Children

 Baldr (God of Light and Purity)  Vidar (God of Strength and Power)
 Vali (Justice and duelling, archery,
 Bragi (God of Eloquence)
and skiing)
 Ull (God of Hunting and Skiing)
 Hod/Hodr (The blind god of
Winter and Darkness)
 Hermod (Communication, Courage,
 Thor (God of Thunder)
and Messenger of the gods)
 Tyr (God of War)
Lesser-known Gods in Norse mythology

 Geifon -Goddess of Ploughing and fertility

 Eir – Goddess of Healing
 Sjofn – Goddesses of love
 Var – Goddess of marriage oaths
 Syn – Goddess of Justice
 Snotra – Goddess of Wisdom and Self-discipline
 Saga – Goddess of Poetry (Odin’s drinking companion)
 Frigga (Odin’s wife)
 Sif (Thor’s wife)
 Vili - associated with the powers of creation and destruction, wisdom, and
intelligence. Brother of Odin
 Ve - is associated with fertility and wisdom. Brother of Odin.
 Delling - God of sunrise
 Magni – (Mighty) son of Thor and the Jotun woman Jarnsaxa
 Modi – (Courage) the son of Thor and Sif
 Narfi - son of Loki and Sigyn.
 Váli - son of Loki and Sigyn.
 Od - the husband of Freya

AESIR and VANIR War

Under the name Heiðr (“Bright”), the Vanir Goddess Gullveig came to Asgard, the home
of the Aesir. The Aesir was quite taken by her magical powers and zealously sought her
services. But soon they realized that their values of honor, kin loyalty, and obedience to
the law was being pushed aside by the selfish desires they sought to fulfill with the
witch’s magic. Blaming Gullveig for their own shortcomings, the Aesir attempted to
murder her. Three times they shot her with arrows and burned her, and three times she
was reborn from the ashes.
Because of this, the Aesir and Vanir came to hate and fear one another, and these
hostilities/tensions erupted into war. The Aesir traditionally fought by the rules of plain
combat, with weapons and brute force, while the Vanir used the subtler means of
magic. The war went on for some time, with both sides gaining the upper hand by turns.
JAPANESE MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS
The Japanese Gods: An Introduction to the Kami Pantheon

Japanese deities, known as "kami," are worshiped to this day at shrines throughout
Japan. Since the pantheon of deities comes from a mixture of religions and beliefs
(namely Shinto and Buddhism), it can be quite confusing to figure out which comes from
were.

The Japanese Gods

What is the difference between shrines and temples?

The first, shrines, are places of worship for the uniquely Japanese religion called Shinto,
which is as old as Japanese history itself.

The second, temples, are places of prayer for Buddhism, a religion imported from India
around 1,500 years ago.

Kami

 Kami is a traditional Shinto gods of Japanese mythology.

The Japanese people and their syncretic culture created a massive pantheon of gods.
Where originally the kami were only the providence of Shintoism, once Buddhism was
introduced into Japan, the two religions freely took ideas from one another.
Before the arrival of Buddhism, the kami where less “gods” as other religions might
imagine them and more like “spirits,” or forces of nature.
After Buddhism’s arrival and influence, these kami were anthropomorphized, taking on
human forms with human personalities and failings (not dissimilar to the
Greek pantheon). Buddhism, on the other hand, developed its own pantheon of gods
with heavy reference to both the Shinto forces of nature as well spiritual association with
certain qualities.
Together, the two religions form the Japanese kami pantheon. There are said to be 8
million gods ("yaorozu no kami"). 8 million is a traditional expression of uncountability,
equivalent to saying there are an infinite number of kami. This is both a response to the
highly local nature of both Shintoism and Buddhism (a single shrine can house any
number of kami from one to a hundred); as well as the fluid and amorphous definition of
kami themselves.

Three of the Major Shinto Kami, three of the Major Buddhist Kami, as well as
briefly look at the Seven Lucky kami.
Major Shinto Kami

 Pantheon are fairly universal throughout Japan, and they form the backbone of
the greater story of Shintoism. These include many gods, such as:
Amaterasu-Omikami: Goddess of the sun, ancestress of the imperial house, and
considered the “primary” God

Ame-no-Uzume: Goddess of dawn and patron of dancers

 Fujin: God of the wind, one of the eldest gods, and one who was present at the
creation of the world
Hachiman: God of war

Inari Okami: God of rice, fertility, and general prosperity

Izanagi: Forefather of other gods and the Japanese islands

Izanami: Sister and wife of Izanagi and creator of the cycle of life and death
Ninigi-no-Mikoto: Great-grandfather of the first emperor of Japan

Raijin: God of thunder and lightning

Ryujin: Dragon god and controller of the tides

Suijin: God of water

Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto: Moon god

The Siblings

Izanagi and his sister (and also wife) Izanami were the last of the primordial creator
kami, and together, they created the Japanese archipelago. Tasked with giving shape to
the lands of the Earth, Izanagi and Izanami took a jewel-encrusted spear and stirred the
muddy waters of the Earth, forming the first island, named Onogoro.
Their first attempt failed, as Izanami was the first to greet Izanagi upon their reunion,
and they birthed a boneless “leech-child” Ebisu as a result of this breach of propriety.
They set Ebisu adrift on a raft (he later grew bones and became the very popular god of
fishermen) and tried again, this time with Izanagi being the first to greet Izanami. This
was far more successful, and they did this several more times until all the Japanese
islands were created, as well as various other kami.
Major kami in the Shinto pantheon, none is more important than Amaterasu, kami of the
sun. Originally personified as a “he” and gradually shifted to a “she,” Amaterasu is
considered the “primary” kami amongst all the other kami. She is the ruler of the sun,
and by extension, the heavens and the universe. Her name means (directly translated)
“the great god who shines from heaven,” placing her at the center of everything. The
imperial line in Japan, starting with the legendary Emperor Jimmu, claims descent from
Amaterasu.

There are so many stories about Amaterasu, but here are some highlights:

 She was born from the left eye of her father, Izanagi. From him, she was given
the responsibility to rule the celestial plane. She had two brothers as well,
Tsukuyomi and Susanoo, kami of the moon and kami of storms respectively.
 Amaterasu and her brother had offspring together when Amaterasu took bites out
of Susanoo’s sword and spit them out as children.
 Susanoo and Amaterasu's relationship eventually turned sour, and Susanoo
disrespected her so badly that she hid out in a cave, thus plunging the world into
darkness.
 The other gods came up with a plan to lure her out of the cave, holding a raucous
party outside to get her attention and placing a mirror outside. When she peeked
her head out and asked what was going on, she was told that a goddess even
 more beautiful than herself was outside. Thus, she was lured out of the cave and
light was restored to the world.
 The mirror from the last story was given to Amaterasu's grandson with the
instructions to worship it as if it were Amaterasu herself. This is the reason that
"shinkyo" (holy mirrors) are still commonly seen at the altar of many Shinto
shrines, as they are thought to serve as a connection to the gods.

Inari Okami

 One of the most popular Japanese gods in both Shinto and Buddhist traditions.
Over a third of all Shinto shrines in Japan (almost 32,000) are dedicated to the
worship of Inari Okami. Starting out as the patron of swordsmiths, Inari grew to
encompass everything from fertility to industry and all forms of success and
wealth.
 Inari has been imagined as everything from a man, woman, or androgynous
Buddhavista (follower of Buddha), to a snake, dragon, and even a spider. In
some cases, Inari is seen as a group presence of multiple kami combined into
one.
 Inari’s association with foxes is almost universal, and at most shrines dedicated
to the kami, you will also find statues of foxes. This is because the fox is seen as
Inari's messenger in this world. This is also true with the color red, and most Inari
shrines are painted bright red, making them easy to spot.

Buddhist kami have their origins in real-life or semi-legendary monks who are
said to have ascended into godhood. Examples are:
Aizen Myo-o: King of Wisdom

Amida Nyorai: Primary Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism

Daruma: Founder of Zen Buddhism and Shaolin kung fu
Idaten: Guardian of monasteries and monks
Jizo: Protector of children, travelers, and mothers

Kannon: God of mercy

Amida

Celestial Buddhas: people or spirits who have achieved Buddhahood and are
worshiped/followed for it. Amida’s exact origins are contested, but he was a Buddhist
monk who lived somewhere in Southern Asia. At some point in Amida's life, he resolved
to become a Buddha and to create a perfect land for himself and others to be reborn
into. Amida described this perfect land in a series of 48 vows.
If they truly desired it, at the moment of their death, the Amida would call on them and
bring them into the Pure Land. Those who join Amida in the Pure Land are given the
teachings in order that they, too, can become bodhisattvas and Buddhas in time.
Daruma

A semi-legendary monk from Central Asia, Daruma (which is a Japanese transliteration

of dharma, which means awakening in sanskrit) had big blue eyes and a wild beard. He
traveled throughout China during the 5th century, during which time he spread the ideas
of Chan Buddhism. This, when it made its way to Japan a century or two later, would
become Zen Buddhism.
Daruma attempted to enter a Shaolin Monastery in southern China but was refused
entrance. To show his dedication, he moved to a nearby cave and for nine years stared
at a wall, unspeaking and unmoving. During these nine years of wall staring, some say
he fell asleep during the seventh year, after which he cut off his eyelids to make sure he
would never sleep again. Others say that he only stopped staring after he was finally
admitted to the Shaolin monastery. Some go as far as to say that he died there, sitting
upright, staring at the wall, legs atrophied. When the owner makes the wish or goal,
they color in one of Daruma's eyes, and eventually, when it comes true, they color in the
other eye. In this way a one-eyed daruma doll serves as a motivator and a reminder.

Jizo
Was also a monk at some point in his life before he achieved Buddhahood. His statues
are usually found on roadsides and near graveyards. The story goes that children’s
souls are tormented by "oni" (demons) if left alone, and they are forced to stack stones
into towers that are inevitably knocked over. Jizo protects these children by hiding them
in his clothing.
Jizo statues are often found decorated with kerchiefs and hats, or even a full set of
clothing. Similarly, you can usually find small towers of pebbles next to statues of Jizo,
as they are believed to help the children finish the towers faster and enter into Jizo’s
protection.

Lucky Seven Kami

Seven Lucky Kami (the "shichifukujin")

Ebisu is the patron of fisherman, having been the failed boneless offspring of Izanami
and Izanagi when they tried to create the Japanese islands. Daikokuten is the patron of
cooks, farmers, and bankers, along with being a demon hunter. Bishamonten brings
fortune in battles, while Benzaiten watches over the creatives, artists, writers, and
dancers. Jurojin prolongs life and Hotei is the overweight patron of children and
diviners. Fukurokuji and Kichijoten fight for the last spot (with one sometimes taking
the place of the other), the former being a hermit and the latter a patron of
beauty and happiness. You can often find statues or figures of the lucky seven in
buildings related to their patronage.

Comparison
Who could be said to be the strongest of the Japanese gods out of the thousands that
exist?
Each kami exists to represent a single force or multiple related forces, and are usually
just a personification of that force. Because of their rather limited breadth, their
strengths are almost always accompanied by weaknesses.
Amaterasu-Omikami. As the kami of the sun and the guardian of the celestial plains,
she is taken to be the kami of all kami, the leader of the bunch. But even she couldn’t
handle the torment of her brother Susanoo, as he repeatedly destroyed her house and
disrespected her. She required the help of the other kami to cheer her up and bring her
out of the cave that she hid in. No one force dominates. They all play their own role in
shaping the world.
Kami exists in a certain, respectable balance, one that is emulated by the two religions
in Japanese culture today. Just like Shinto and Buddhism, the kami complement one
another, and even though there may be strife between the kami, it all ultimately ends up
where it began, with everyone playing the role they were given.

Chinese Mythology Family Tree

CHINESE MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS

Gods of Heaven
Jade Emperor (Yuhuang Dadi in Mandarin)
Supreme God of Chinese folk religion, the Jade Emperor is Ruler of all
Heavens, Earth and the Underworld/ Hell, Creator of the Universe, later
the Emperor of the Universe, and Lord of the Imperial Court.

How did he get the title of the Jade Emperor?

He practiced Taoism on the Bright and Fragrant Cliff. There he retreated into the cave
to deepen his wisdom for 1750 eons, each eon lasting millions of years. He was tested
repeatedly before he attained the Golden Immortality.
Predecessor and Successor
He was initially the assistant of the Divine Master of the Heavenly Origin, Yuan-shi tian-
zun. Yuanshi Tianzun is said to be the supreme beginning and creator of Heaven and
Earth. He chose the JADE EMPEROR or Yu-Huang, as his successor. The JADE
EMPEROR was succeeded by the Heavenly Master of the Dawn of the Jade of the
Golden Door.

The Chinese Zodiac Sign

JADE EMPEROR never visited the Earth, although he was the Supreme Sovereign of
all. Out of his curiosity as to how did the creatures on the Earth look like, he asked all
the animals to visit him in Heaven. Upon their meeting, the JADE EMPEROR was
delighted with the animals and decided to divide the years up.

Pantheon (dwelling place) - his seat of power is located in the highest and most
magnificent palace in the heavenly realm, called the Hall of Supreme Harmony (or
Taihe Dian in Mandarin).

Lesser Gods of Heaven

1. Tian - also known as Shangdi,is the god of the sky and one of the highest deities.
Tian is often depicted as a powerful ruler and judge, overseeing the fates of mortals
and immortals alike.
Pantheon: There is no specific dwelling place associated with Tian in Chinese
mythology, as he is often seen as a distant and impersonal god who does not
interact directly with humans.
2. Doumo - also known as the Heavenly Queen Mother, and is considered to be the
mother of the Big Dipper constellation. She is often depicted as a maternal figure,
protecting and guiding travelers and seekers of knowledge. In some traditions,
Doumu is also associated with fertility and childbirth.
Pantheon: Kunlun Mountains.

3. Four Symbols - are a group of mythological creatures that represent the four
cardinal directions and the elements associated with them. They are the Azure
Dragon of the east, the White Tiger of the west, the Vermilion Bird of the south, and
the Black Tortoise of the north.
Pantheon: There is no specific dwelling place associated with the Four Symbols in
Chinese mythology, as they are often depicted as celestial creatures who reside in
the heavens.

4. Chang’e - a lunar goddess associated with the moon and immortality. She is often
depicted as a graceful figure, holding a rabbit in her arms.
Pantheon: associated with the moon and is believed to reside there

5. Sun Wukong - is a legendary figure in Chinese mythology and the main character of
the novel "Journey to the West." He is a mischievous and powerful monkey who is
able to shape-shift, fly on a cloud, and use a magical staff to defeat his enemies.
Pantheon: Mountain of Flowers and Fruit and also he has a realm in Heaven
6. Zhurong - He is often depicted as a fierce warrior and is associated with both
destruction and creation.
Pantheon: associated with the South and is believed to reside in a palace in the
Southern Sea.

7. Xiwangmu- also known as the Queen Mother of the West. Is a goddess of

immortality and the ruler of the Western Paradise. She is often depicted as a
beautiful and benevolent figure, offering immortality to those who prove themselves
worthy.
Pantheon: believed to reside in the Western Paradise, which is a mystical realm
associated with immortality and longevity.

Gods of Earth

Tu Di Gong (Tu Di)

Is a Chinese earth god worshipped by Chinese folk
religion worshippers and Taoists. A more formal name for Tu Di
Gong is Fude Zhengshen ( 福 德 正 神 ), literally the “God of
Fortunes and Virtues”. He is the Lord of Earth and believed to
be the deity who governs and protects the earth and soil, and is
often associated with agriculture, fertility, and prosperity. Tu Di
Gong is one of the
most widely worshipped deities in Chinese folk religion and his temples and shrines can
be found throughout China and other areas with a significant Chinese diaspora.
Many worships make prayers to him for wealth and their well being. He is also
traditionally worshipped before the burial of deceased persons to thank him for using his
land to return their bodies to the earth.
Tu Di Gong is portrayed as an elderly man with a long white beard, a black or gold hat
and a red or yellow robe, which signifies his position as a bureaucrat. He carries a
wooden staff in his right hand and a golden ingot on the left.

Tu Di Po

In the countryside, he is sometimes given a wife, Tǔ Dì Pó ( 土 地 婆 , lit. “Earth

Grandmother”), placed next to him on the altar. She may be seen as a just and
benevolent deity on the same rank as her husband, or as a grudging old woman holding
back her husband’s benedictions, which explains why one does not always receive fair
retribution for good behaviour.

Pantheon

Pantheon (dwelling place) - There is no one specific dwelling place for Tu Di

Gong in Chinese mythology, as he is believed to be a local deity who governs
and protects the earth and soil of a particular region or locality. In Chinese folk
religion, Tu Di Gong is worshipped and revered through the construction of local
temples or shrines dedicated to him such as the Tudi Temple in Beijing and the
Tudi Miao (Temple of the Earth God) in Taipei, Taiwan.

Lesser Gods of Earth

  Cangjie (仓颉): is a legendary figure who is said to have invented the Chinese
writing system. He is sometimes associated with the element of earth and is
revered as a god of language and communication.
Pantheon: no specific dwelling place or seat

 Gonggong(共工) : is a god of water and is often associated with floods and other
natural disasters. In some traditions, he is also associated with the earth and is
revered as a god of mountains and rivers.
Pantheon: is associated with water and is said to dwell in the oceans and rivers.

 Shennong (神农): is a legendary figure who is revered as the god of agriculture

and medicine. He is credited with teaching the ancient Chinese how to farm and
use medicinal herbs.
Pantheon: is said to have lived in the mountains and forests of China

 Yandi (炎帝): a legendary figure who is revered as one of the earliest rulers of
China. He is associated with the element of fire and is revered as a god of the
earth and agriculture.
Pantheon: associated with fire and is said to have lived in the flames of the sun.

 Nüwa: is a goddess who is associated with creation and is said to have created
humans out of clay. She is also believed to have repaired the sky after it was
damaged in a great disaster.
Pantheon: it is believed that Nüwa and other deities reside in a celestial realm
called the "Heavenly Palace" or "Heavenly Court."

 Tu'er Ye ( 兔儿爷): is a folk deity who is revered as a god of fertility and

protection. He is often depicted as a small, mischievous figure with rabbit ears
and is associated with the earth and agriculture.
Pantheon: associated with the Lunar New Year and is said to reside in homes
during the holiday season to protect against evil spirits.

Gods of Underworld

Yanluo Wang (閻王)

Also known as the King of Hell. Yanluo Wang is believed to preside over the underworld
and pass judgment on the souls of the dead. He is often depicted as a fierce and
intimidating figure, accompanied by a retinue of demonic attendants who assist him in
his duties. According to Chinese mythology, Yanluo Wang resides in Diyu (地狱), the
realm of the dead, which is believed to be divided into 18 levels of punishment and
reward. He is typically dressed in a robe and hat, and may be accompanied by a retinue
of demonic attendants who assist him in his duties. He is one of the most feared gods in
the belief system.
Yan Wang doesn’t have any known family. Instead, he is always accompanied by his
scribe who carries a calligraphy brush and a large book that contains the name and
date of death for every person that ever lived and will ever live. The two fearsome
guardians of Hell, Ox-Head (牛頭) and Horse-Face (馬面), also like to keep Yan Wang
company and
are tasked with the job of bringing recently-deceased souls before him so that he can
determine their fate.

Mythology

In the Chinese-Buddhist belief system, there were ten layers of Hell known as Diyu (地獄
). Similar to Dante’s Inferno, each layer was progressively more terrifying than the last,
and was presided over by a lord. Yan Wang, the most powerful Hell deity, ruled over all
of Diyu. The eighth century Buddhist poet, Hanshan, warned the living to lead virtuous
lives so they could avoid being punished by Yan Wang:
“I urge you, put an end to your comings and goings; Never vex him, old Yan Wang. Lose
your footing, and you’ll fall into the three evil paths Your bones will be ground into
powder, having been pounded one thousand times! For a long time you’ll be a person in
Hell Forever cut off from the ways of this life.”
However, Yan Wang himself was not immune to the punishments of Hell. He was a soul
doomed to live in Diyu just like everyone else. When he was not passing judgement,
Yan Wang was strapped down to a scorching hot metal surface three times a day while
a stream of molten metal was poured down his throat, which explains why his skin was
so red.
Most notably, he was a character (King Yemma) in Dragon Ball Z and is called King
Enma in Yokai Watch.

Pantheon (Dwelling place) – Diyu ( 地狱), the realm of the dead located at the
underworld itself.

Lesser Gods of Underworld

 Meng Po ( 孟 婆 ) – the old lady of forgetfulness who serves a soup of

forgetfulness to souls before they are reincarnated.
Pantheon: dwells is said to be located near the Naihe Bridge (also known as the
Bridge of Helplessness) in the underworld. According to some beliefs, her abode
is a small cottage or a pavilion.

 Ox-Head and Horse-Face ( 牛头马面) – the guardians of the underworld who

guide and punish souls in Diyu.
Pantheon: typically depicted standing on either side of the Naihe Bridge, which
separates the land of the living from the underworld.

 Zhong Kui (钟馗) – a deity known for his ability to ward off evil spirits and protect
the living from harm, but who also serves as an exorcist in the underworld.
Pantheon: is shown living in a palace within the underworld. However, as a deity
who also has a role in protecting the living, his dwelling place may also be
considered to be in the human realm.
 Kui Xing ( 魁星) – the deity responsible for determining a person’s fate and
destiny, including their placement in the underworld after death.
Pantheon: As a deity responsible for determining the fate and destiny of
individuals, Kui Xing's seat of power is often depicted as a celestial court or
palace in the heavens.
  Hei Wuchang ( 黑 无 常 ) and Bai Wuchang ( 白 无 常 ) – two spirits who
accompany Yanluo Wang and assist him in passing judgment on the souls of the
dead.
Pantheon: do not have specific dwelling places of their own

HINDU MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS

Holy Trinity

Brahma - is the first god in the Hindu triumvirate, or trimurti Brahma is the "father of all"
and has traditionally been recognized as the creator god. He is rarely depicted and is
not worshiped as other gods in part because he has already fulfilled his duty by creating
everything and will not do anything until the beginning of the next creation cycle.Brahma
is also known Ishwara or Mahanshakti.
Dwelling Place - believed to reside in Brahmaloka, which is considered to be the
highest of all the heavenly realms in Hindu cosmology. Brahmaloka is said to be located
at the top of Mount Meru, which is considered to be the center of the universe.

Lesser Gods

 Kumaras (Travelers Teachers) - first mind-born creation in Hindu mythology,

and are considered as travelers and teachers. They are believed to have never
married and are associated with wisdom and spiritual knowledge.
 Narada (Story teller) - Narada is a sage who is known for his storytelling
abilities. He is said to know past, present, and future and is often depicted
chanting "Narayana Narayana".
 Daksha (Abled,Skilled) - is a skilled and able character who is believed to have
had 24 daughters. He is also known for being the father-in-law of Lord Shiva, and
is associated with dharma and parajapati.
 Marichi (Sage) – sage and the midborn son of Brahma. He is the founder of
Vedanta, and is also associated with parajapati and the seven sages
(Saptarishi).
  Kashyapa (Father of Species) – one of the seven sages (Saptarishi) in Hindu
mythology, and is also known as the father of species. His name means "turtle"
in Sanskrit.
 Deva (Good Guys) – are generally considered as good guys in Hindu
mythology, and are associated with different aspects of nature and the universe.
Examples include Agni (the fire god), Vayu (the wind god), and Surya (the sun
god). They are believed to live in heaven.
 Danavas (Bad Guys) - generally considered as bad guys in Hindu mythology,
and are associated with evil forces. They are believed to live in the underworld.
 Manavas (Human) - who are believed to live on earth between heaven and the
underworld. They are associated with virtues such as righteousness,
compassion, and knowledge.

Shiva - Shiva (Siva) is regarded as the destroyer, preserver, and creator because he
completes the Hindu cosmological cycle and ushers in the return of creation. He wears
a chignon with curls and has a vertical third eye in the middle of his forehead. He often
is depicted with four arms, carrying a string of beads, a symbol of his teaching, and a
trident. The beads are called Rudraksha beads, a reference to his early name. Hindus
who worship Shiva as their primary god are members of the Shaivism sect. Worshippers
of Shiva believe that he is the supreme god who contains and controls all creation.”
Dwelling Place - Shiva's seat of power is often depicted as Mount Kailash, which is
located in the Himalayas. Mount Kailash is believed to be the home of Shiva and his
family, including his consort Parvati, and their children Ganesha and Kartikeya.

Lesser Gods

 Kartikeya (God of War & Victory) - He is the son of Lord Shiva and Parvati and
is often depicted riding a peacock and wielding a spear or sword. He is
associated with bravery, courage, and valor, and is often worshipped for success
in battles, wars, and competitions.
 Ganesh (Remover of Obstacles) - He is associated with wisdom, knowledge,
and success, and is often worshipped at the beginning of new ventures, such as
starting a business, taking an exam, or moving to a new home.

Vishnu - often known as the Preserver, is a divinity who has taken various forms. He is
frequently represented with a crown and resting on a multi-headed snake with a lotus
blossom growing from his navel, and is generally viewed as kind, forever youthful, and
handsome. Vishnu, was sculpted by a heavenly carpenter from a miracle log, together
with his brother and sister. Lakshima is Vishnu’s wife.
Dwelling Place - Vishnu's seat of power is often depicted as Vaikuntha, which is
located in the spiritual realm.

Lesser Gods

 Kurma (Turtle)- represents the importance of stability and endurance in life.

 Matsya (Fish) - which saved humanity from a great flood and symbolizes the
need for adaptability and survival.
 Varaha (Boar) - who rescued the earth from a demon and represents the
importance of strength and protection.
  Narasimha (Lion) - another powerful avatar of Vishnu who defeated a demon
king and symbolizes the importance of fearlessness and courage.
 Vamana (Dwarf) - is another avatar of Vishnu who tricked a demon king and
reclaimed the earth, representing the importance of intelligence and strategy.
 Parasurama (Brahmin Warrior) - another avatar who fought against
corruption and evil, representing the importance of justice and righteousness.
 Shri Rama (Lord Rama) - another avatar who is considered to be the perfect
man and represents the ideals of honor, duty, and ri ghteousness.

Shri Krishma (Compassion Tenderness Love) - known for his compassion,
tenderness, and love, and represents the importance of devotion and emotional
attachment.

Hindu Mythology Family Tree

FILIPINO MYTHOLOGY PANTHEONS (TAGALOG)

Kaluwalhatian Pantheon
This pantheon is considered to be the highest order of deities, and they are associated
with the heavens, the cosmos, and the natural world. They are believed to be the
creators and rulers of the universe, and are associated with the forces of nature such as
thunder, lightning, and earthquakes.
Supreme God
Bathala

- “The god of heaven and the chief among the gods" (Jocano, 1998).
- The creator of the universe and all living things (also referred to as “Christian
God”)
- depicted as God of Justice

Power: His power is immense and he is considered to be all-knowing, all-seeing, and

all- powerful. He has control over natural phenomena such as lightning and thunder,
storms, and earthquakes.
Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatian (heavenly realm)

Lesser
Gods Mayari

- Goddess of the moon and the one-eyed lunar deity.

- The daughter of Bathala
Power: Has power to control the tides, and her light guides travelers and fishermen at
night.
Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatian (heavenly realm) particularly the moon itself.

Tala

- Goddess of stars and is believed to guide travelers and bring good fortune.
- Daughter of Bathala, sister of Mayari, Hanan and Apolaki
Power: Has control of the movement of the stars in the sky.

Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatan (heavenly realm)

Hanan

- The goddess of morning and dawn.

Power: Bringing light and warmth to the world as the sun rises each day.

Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatian (heavenly realm)

Anitun tabu

- The goddess of wind and rain.

Power: Has power to control the weather

Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatian (Heavenly realm)

Apolaki

- God of the sun and war

 - Son of bathala and brother of mayari and tala
Power: Has immense power and strength, and is invoked in protection and victory in
battle.
Dwelling place: Kaluwalhatian (Heavenly realm)

Diwata Pantheon
They are the guardians of the natural world.

Idianale

- The goddess of agriculture and fertility

Power: Has power to bring prosperity to farmers and their harvest (grow and bring
fertility to the land) and power to heal the sick and bring good fortune
Dwelling place: Mountains and forest

Diyan Masalanta

- Deity of love, childbirth, and peace.

- Invoked by women who are about to give birth, as well as those who are hoping
to find love or maintain peaceful relationships.
Power: Power to ease the pain of childbirth and to help couples find true love

Dwelling place: Mountain

Lakapati/Ikapati

- The deity of fertility and harvest.

- Depicted as a hermaphroditic figure (gender-fluid deity, representing both male
and female characteristics.)
Power: Has power to bring fertility to the land, as well as to women who are hoping to
conceive. She is also associated with the bountiful harvests that sustain the community,
and is believed to have the power to bring good fortune to farmers and those who rely
on the land for their livelihood.
Dwelling place: Fields and Farmlands

Mapulon

- God of seasons and agriculture

- Husband of lakapati and father of Anagolay.
Power: Control the changing of the seasons and the growth of crops, ensuring bountiful
harvests for the people. Can also cure

Dwelling place: Natural world (land)

Kasamaan Pantheon
 The kasamaan pantheon is associated with evil, darkness, and chaos. They are
believed to dwell in the underworld and are often seen as antagonists or rivals of the
other pantheons. These beings are often depicted as malevolent creatures that cause
harm and destruction.
Sitan/Sitang Kabilugan

- God of the underworld and the ruler of the spirits of the dead

Power: has power to judge the souls of the dead and to determine their fate in the
afterlife. He also has the power to cause harm and misfortune to the living, inflict illness
and death on his enemies.
Dwelling place: Underworld

The Four (4) Agents of Sitan

1. Manggagaway – first agent of Sitan the cause of diseases. can change herself
into a human form, appearing as a false healer.
2. Manisilat – The second agent of Sitan, destroy and break every happy and
united family
3. Mangkukulam – The only male agent of Sitan, could change his form to that of a
healer and then induce fire at his victim’s house.
4. Hukluban – The last agent of Sitan could change herself into any form she
desired.
Counterparts from Different Mythologies Around the World

Gods and Greek Roman Norse Japanese Chinese Hindu Filipin

Goddesses o
Supreme Zeus Jupiter Odin Amaterasu Jade Brahma Bathala
Emperor
Earth Gaea Gaia Jord Kuninotikitchi Tu Di Bhumi Bathala
/Onamuji Gong
Underworld Hades Pluto Hel Izanami YanLou Yama Sitan
Wang
Thunder Zeus Jupiter Thor Raijin Lei Gong Indra Bathala
War Ares Mars Tyr Hachiman Guan Yu Karttike Apolaak
ya i
Justice Themis Justitia
Forseti Bishamonten Shangti Yama Bathala
Vali
Beauty, Aphrod Venus Baldr Amaterasu Yang Sha Lakshmi Mayari
Light, Purity ite Freyja
Messenger Herme Mercury Hermo Inari Okami Taibai Vayu
God s d Jinxing
Moon God Tsukuyomi Chang’ e Chandr Mayari
a
Water Poseid Neptun Njord Suijin Gonggong Varuna Anitun
on e Tabu
Mercy and Asclepi Aescula Eir Kannon Guan Yin Tara Bathala
Healing us pius
Mischief Loki Sun Krishna
Wukong
Hunting and Artemi Diana Ull Hou Yi Ravanta Dumak
Skiing s ulem
Strength and Vidar Guan Yu Hanum Apolaki
Power an
Fertility Freyr Inari Okami Songzi Parvati Idianale
Niangniang
Eloquence Bragi