Comissão de Combustíveis Marítimos

Alternative fuels

René Sejer Laursen

Director Fuel and Technology
Sustainability Copenhagen

© 2021 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved

Maersk: Methanol Fueled Container Vessel • ABS is the selected class society
• First container ship fueled by carbon
neutral methanol and pilot fuel
• Pilot fuel is biodiesel
• Series of 8 vessels – 16,000 TEU
(and 2 feeders)
• LOA: 350 m, B: 53.5 m
• 20% improved energy efficiency per
transported container
• Dual-fuel engine setup that can operate
on methanol and conventional low-
sulfur fuel
• The first vessel is scheduled to be in
operation at the beginning of 2024

2 | New Marine Fuels

Maersk in introducing a new product - CO2 neutral transportation

3 | New Marine Fuels

Maersk - Supply of bio and e-methanol

Source: Press release - A.P. Moller - Maersk engages in strategic partnerships across the globe to scale green methanol production by
2025
4 | New Marine fuels
World’s First Ammonia/LNG Ready Design
• AVIN Suezmax Tanker
• The 3 x Suezmax vessels
to be built at New Times
Shipyard, comply with both
the ABS Ammonia Ready
Level 1 and the LNG
Ready Level 1
requirements

5 | Ammonia as a Marine Fuel, A Life-Cycle Analysis

European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) Consortium

• EMSA Consortium Studying Alternative Fuels and Technologies

- Biofuel, Ammonia, Hydrogen, Wind Assisted Propulsion, Air Lubrication + Extra (TBD)
- Availability, life-cycle emission characteristics and economic aspects
- Current regulatory framework, identify any gaps and include safety assessments for the
application of each fuel and power source to cargo as well as passenger vessels

6 | Ammonia as a Marine Fuel, A Life-Cycle Analysis

Mærsk McKinney Møller Center – Zero Carbon Shipping

• ABS is a founding partner

• Studies covering:
- SOFC study
- Retrofit studies on many fuel types:
• LNG
• Ammonia
• Methanol
• Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
• Wind-Assisted Propulsion
• Air Lubrication
- Ammonia bunkering https://zerocarbonshipping.com/#

7 | Ammonia as a Marine Fuel, A Life-Cycle Analysis

Overview of ABS Joint Development Projects
• Increased industry interest in Ammonia as
a fuel – major stakeholders are still
skeptical due to toxicity concerns
• LNG remains relevant – engine
technology is constantly evolving
(mitigation of methane slip)
• CO2 capture and Biofuels projects are
also on the rise

8 | Ammonia as a Marine Fuel, A Life-Cycle Analysis

Driver – GHG Emissions
Emissions Regulations • By 2030, reduce CO2 emissions per cargo transport
work by 40%, aiming for 70% in 2050 compared to 2008
International Maritime • By 2050, reduce total GHG emissions by at least 50%
Organization (IMO) compared to 2008

European Union

Banks and Charter

Parties

9 | Methanol as a Marine Fuel

 IMO GHG Reduction Strategy

• IMO initial GHG reduction strategy adopted 13 April 2018 by Resolution

MEPC.304(72) Suwatpo©123rf.co
m

• Candidate short terms measures 4.7.11, “… develop robust lifecycle

GHG/carbon intensity guidelines for all types of fuels, in order to prepare
for an implementation programme for effective uptake of alternative low-
carbon and zero carbon fuels …”
• Candidate short term measures 4.7.5, “… consider and analyse measures to
address emissions of methane …”

10 | Title of Presentation Goes Here

Challenges with Alternative Low Flashpoint Fuels
• Supply infrastructure • Fuel properties, i.e. flashpoint, toxicity, cryogenics,
• Lack of marine fuel quality standards and etc.
other regulations • Similar safety concepts to natural gas (i.e. double
barriers, ventilation, gas detection, hazardous
• Low experience level
areas, etc.) but no single safety framework, fuel
specific solutions, risk assessment
- LNG as fuel on
LNG carriers
- Methanol as fuel
on methanol
carriers
- Ethane as fuel on
ethane carriers
- LPG as fuel on
LPG carriers
- Ammonia as fuel
on ammonia
carriers

11 | Methanol as a Marine Fuel

 Assessment of Fuels based on GHG reduction
Potential WTW
Source: Dr. Elizabeth Lindstad, Chief Scienti
SINTEF Ocean AS, 2021

12 | Title of Presentation Goes Here

Mar-e-fuel Project
Location of Plant for Production on Renewable Energy

Requirement for the optimum location:

• High wind ressources
• High solar resources
• Access to a port
• Access to fresh water
• Access to large area of land

Minimize storage of Hydrogen

• Access to grid electricity

Otimal production requires Methanol ( catalysed synthesis )

stable condition
Methane ( catalysed synthesis )
Electrolysis H2
Hydrogen ( Liquid )
Renewable energy
Ammonia ( Harbor Bosch Process )
Water
Source: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/projects/electro-fuels-for-long-range-
maritime-transport
13 | Ammonia Fueling of Vessels – Safety Aspects
Result from MarE-Fuel study

• Production of biofuels and e-fuels was

simulated to estimate the fuel cost
• Observations :
- The cost of fossil fuel cannot be beaten
- CO2 tax of 200 (→350) EUR/tCO2eq is
needed to make renewable fuels
competitive
- Cost of e-fuel reduces when production is
increased
- Cost of biofuel increases when production is
increased
• Breakeven point between cost of MEOH-PS
vs. MEOH-ebio in 2050
• In 2050, the cost of MEOH - DAC is still
higher
• Ammonia seems to become cheapest in the
end
• The availability of Bio-C has a big impact on
prices

Fossil fuel cost

Source: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/projects/electro-fuels-for-long-range-
14 | Ammonia Fueling of Vessels – Safety Aspects maritime-transport
Mar-e-fuel Project – Overview of Assesed Fuels

Source: https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/projects/electro-fuels-for-long-range-
maritime-transport
15 | Ammonia Fueling of Vessels – Safety Aspects
MarE-fuel Study
15.000 TEU container ship: M/E 50.0 MW and A/G 13.7 MW

Tax 25 EUR/tCO2 Tax 300 EUR/tCO2

Blue curve is VLSFO -- price Feb 2022

Orange curve is VLSFO -- price at the end of 2019
16 | Ammonia Fueling of Vessels – Safety Aspects
Estimated Demands for Carbon Containing Fuels and Feedstocks at Max.
Electrification
Source: Professor Henrik Wenzel SDU
Demand 2050 (EJ/y)
Sector Alternatives to fossil fuels and feedstock Comments
Low High
Steel 5 20 Hydrogen, biomass/bio-coke, CCS, Focus on hydrogen in Germany. Hydrogen-based technology being developed by Thyssen-Krupp

Cement 0* 30 Waste (SRF), waste from landfill mining, CCS, bio- Can take dirty, waste-based fuels. Ålborg Portland mentions landfill mining as potential future option. Also
methane, wood chips focus on CCS. * = 0 presumes all on landfill mining or CCS. Concrete re-absorbs CO2 during its lifetime. Landfill
mining + CCS + enhanced re-absorption => cement/concrete can have a very large negative carbon footprint

Plastic + other 60 120 Mechanical & chemical recycling, electrification, According to LEGO, Dow and Shell work on electrification of crackers. Around 75 % of of processing energy for
chemicals bio-plastic, e-naphta plastic making judged to be electrifiable

Buildings 30 40 Bio-insulation e.g. PUR Main demand for biomass in buildings judge to be in floors, ceilings, kitchens, furniture. Growing population
More timber in construction and living standards judged to be main driver for increase

Industry 20 40 Electric boilers, bio-methane, e-methane Electric biolers possible in many cases, but not for high temperature and flame

Peak load heating 30 50 Electric boilers, heat pumps, CCS, bio-methane Peak load heating calls for low investment cost/MW => fuel based

Electricity balancing 10 20 Bio-methane, wood chips, CCS, ammonia, Electricity balancing calls for low investment cost/MW => bio-methane
hydrogen
Road transport 5 10 Bio-methane, biofuels, e-fuels, hydrogen
Jetfuel 15 20 Electrification, hydrogen, HVO type bio-fuel, HTL, Airbus claims focus on hydrogen. ATAG claims more than 50 % needs kerosens type. Due to slow fleet
pyrolysis/gasification, e-fuels transition => min 75 % needs keroseene type by 2050

Marine fuel 0* 20 Hydrogen, ammonia, bio-methanol, e-methanol, End fuel demand = 20 EJ/y by 2050 + conversion losses. * = 0 presumes all on non-carbon-based propulsion
bio-methane, e-methane, like electricity, hydrogen or ammonia

Food/feed/meat (45) (50) Animal feed from BMP from CO2, N2 + H2 Also a competitor for land/biomass. Demand not included in summation ‘Total’

Total 175 370 BAU scenario says total primary energy demand by 2050 = 900 EJ/y (WEC, 2013)
Availability = 150-200 EJ/y by 2050 – newest study from ETC says 40-60 EJ/y

Rough estimates, largely based on extrapolation of Danish system design studies on electrification possibilities applied to world scale
17 | Regional Committee Meeting 2022
LP Otto cycle engines
Considerations
− Narrow operating window necessary to avoid pre-ignition, knocking
limits and misfire
− Reduced compression ratio, MEP and thermal efficiency
− Gas quality limitations (Methane number)
− Low methane no. can reduce power.
− Methane slip increased
− A design with a high thermal efficiency gives challenges to the design of
piston ring
− CO emissions increases
− Formaldehydes emissions
− Concept is sometimes difficult to retrofit, derating of the engine is often
needed
− Load response
Benefits
− Lower CAPEX due to low gas supply pressure (<16 bar)
− LP BOG compressor is sufficient
− Pre-mixed combustion → Lower NOx and can meet tier III in gas mode

18 | LNG Fueled Vessels: Technical & Operational Overview: What is LNG?

WinGD X-DF LP-DF (Otto Cycle)

Otto cycle - Lean burn (pre-mixed)

combustion

Gas Admission
Valve • Rich AFR (more fuel) • Lean AFR (more air)
• Low methane number - Very low loads
• Tropical conditions - Heavy sea/transients

Knocking Stable Misfiring

Exhaust
Wastegate
© WinGD

© WinGD

19 | Introduction to LNG as Fuel – Dual Fuel Engines

Engine Technology - diesel cycle

Diesel cycle - High Pressure

Considerations Gas Injection

− 300 bar supply pressure is needed ( 2-stroke , 4-stroke higher pressures )

− Peoples perception
− Higher capex should be expected
− Tier III abatement system is needed during tier III operation

Benefits
− Same or better thermal efficiency than on diesel
− No gas quality limitations (Methane number)
− Methane slip minimized
− Formaldehydes emissions minimized
− Unchanged load response
− Stable combustion

© MAN ES

20 | Dual Fuel LNG-Diesel Vessels

 DF Diesel Combustion (2-Stroke)

Suwatpo©123rf.c
om Suwatpo©123rf.co
m

© MAN Energy Solutions

© MAN Energy Solutions

• Mk.2 ME-GI
• Pilot fuel reduced to 0.5-1.5% © MAN Energy Solutions

• Individual cylinder cut out

• Purging simplifications
21 | Introduction to LNG Fueled Ships – DF Engines - Confidential
ME-GI Gas Mode Features
• MAN ME-GI uses a pilot quantity of approximately 3% MCR fuel at all loads with
a minimum load on gas of approximately 10% Suwatpo©123rf.co

- Mk.2 1.5% > 0.5% pilot

m

• Fuel and gas quantities can be varied – Specified Dual Fuel Mode

© MAN Energy Solutions © MAN Energy Solutions

22 | Introduction to LNG as Fuel – Dual Fuel Engines

 Annex VI: Reg. 13 - Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Main routes to NOx Tier III
compliance:
• Diesel or HP DF engines,
equipped with SCR
(Selective Catalytic Reduction)
HP or LP
• Diesel or HP DF engines, © MAN Energy Solutions
© MAN Energy Solutions

equipped with EGR

(Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
• Gas only and LP DF
engines (Gas mode)
operating on Otto cycle
• Water in methanol or diesel,
ME-LGIM © WinGD

• 20-40% water in methanol © MAN Energy Solutions

• 100-170% water in diesel

23 | Introduction to LNG as Fuel – Dual Fuel Engines
 4 stroke Wartsila DF Engines
• Both combustion concepts offered
• Diesel process for GD engine
• Introduced 1994, non portfolio engine, 32 and 46 bore
• Target C1-C4 applications
Diesel process for GD (fuel oil pilot)
• Otto process for SG engine
• Pure gas engine for energy market, 31, 34 and 50 bore
• W34SG pure propane version available
• Otto process for DF engine
• LPG blending possible, 20, 31, 34, 46 and 50 bore size
Otto process for SG (spark ignition) & DF (fuel oil
• Typically 25% derate from Otto methane DF applications pilot ignition)

• Diesel process for new W32LG

• Developed for LPG, condensates, any mix HC
• Target C3-C20 applications
• Common rail fuel injection

24 | Introduction to LNG as Fuel – Dual Fuel Engines

© Courtesy of Wartsila
Diesel process for W32LG (fuel oil pilot)
Engine Technology – burning ammonia

Ammonia is resistant to autoignition, it requires an ignition source trough out the period where it burns
Performance, Pilot oil, NOx & N2O ?
Diesel cycle - High Pressure
Otto cycle - Low Pressure
Gas Injection
Gas Injection

© MAN ES

25 | Dual Fuel LNG-Diesel Vessels

MAN- ES Engine and Fuel Supply System
• Ammonia can be stored under the same
conditions as LPG (~17 bar)
• Corrosive nature requires avoiding certain
metals in the system
• Ammonia return from engine to be collected in
smaller separate tank
- Prevents contamination of main service tank with sealing
oil
- Further processing

• Emergency venting of ammonia

- Dilution of concentration to < 10 ppm
- Extension of vest mast to a safe height

• Ammonia catch system

- Prevent release of ammonia vapor

• Ammonia supply pressure 83 bar

Source: MAN

26 | Ammonia as Marine Fuel?

Electricity Production – Ammonia-Fueled Gensets
• Ammonia gensets technology is under development from 3 genset engine
makers
1. Wärtsilas 1. W20DF 2. W32 - first test on ammonia is completed - 2023 OC, 2026 DC.
2. HHI-EMD / Himsen H32 ++ - laboratory test completed, engine delivery 2024 DC.
3. MAN-ES / L32 - no test yet, engine delivery 2026 DC.
• Common for all 3 makers regarding their diesel cycles (DC) engines
- Exhaust gas emissions is expected to meet NOx Tier II without abatement system
- Tier III requires an SCR
- Primary focus is genset engines delivering 500 kW/cyl

• ABC engine has also plans for testing their engines on ammonia.

27 | Ammonia as a Marine Fuel, A Life-Cycle Analysis

 MFV – Master Fuel Valve
DBB – Double Block and Bleed

Methanol Fuel Supply to Consumers FVT – Fuel Valve Train

LFFS – Low-flashpoint Fuel Supply System

• Similar to typical fuel oil systems • Redundancy of fuel supply

• Automatic MFV, typically with DBB - Prevent unacceptable loss of power
function in FVT, located outside - 7 knots or half design speed
machinery space - DF engines meet this criteria

• Double barriers in engine room

© MAN Energy Solutions

28 | Alternative Marine Fuels

Retrofit of WinG&D engines

29 | Title of Presentation Goes Here

Boiler: Alfa Laval - Example with LNG
Methanol available and ammonia is under development

Purpose of the boiler:

• To handle tank pressure control – steam dumped.

• Tank pressure control with steam demand
• Free flow tank pressure control – steam dumped
• Consumption of gas during gassing up and gas freeing.

Source: Alfa laval

30 | LNG Fueled Vessels: Technical & Operational Overview: What is LNG?

Thank You
www.eagle.org

© 2022 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved