UNIT-I 8. What are the types of pollution?

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY RESOURCES ? Air pollution,

? Water pollution. u
1. Define environmental science

Environmental science is the study of the

? Soil pollution, /

environment, its biotic and abiotic components and their ? Marine pollution.

interrelationship. ? Noise pollution,

2. Define overgrazing ? Thermal pollution
Overgrazing is a process of eating away the forest
9.Define pollutants
vegetation without giving it a chance to regenerate.
The source which creates pollution is called
3. Mention important component of environment?
pollutants.

Three important component of environment 10.What are the types of pollutants?

1. Abiotic or non living components ? Biodegradable pollutants.

2. Biotic or components ? Bio non degradable pollutants.
3. Energy components 11 What are functions of atmosphere?
4. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable energy
? It maintains the heat balance on the earth bv
resources?
absorbing the IR radiations.
Renewable energv resources are natural resources which
? The gaseous constituents play an important
can be generated continuously and are inexhaustible.
role in sustaining life on earth.
Examples: Solar energy, wind energy.

Non renewable energv resources are natural resources 12What is lithosphere?

which cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted. The soil and rock components of the earth are called

They cannot be used again. lithosphere.

Examples: Coal, Petroleum.

13. What are the functions of lithosphere?
5. What is hydrological cycle?
? It is a home for human beings and wildlife.
The process of evaporation, condensation and
? It is a storehouse of minerals and organic
transpiration is called hvdrological cycle.
matters.

6. Define pollution 14. What is hydrosphere?

Unwanted change in the physical, chemical or biological
The aqueous envelope of the earth is
characteristic ofmav component of the environment is
called hydrosphere.
called pollution.

7. Explain their Environmental pollution?

15What are the functions of hydrosphere?

Unwanted change in the physical, chemical or biological ? It is used for drinking purpose and also

characteristic ofmav component of the environment supports the aquatic life.

which can cause harmful effects on our life is called ? It is also used for irrigation, power
environmental pollution. production, industries and transport.
16.What is biosphere?

The biological environment where the living

organisms live anal Unteract' ''witfi physical

environment (Soil, water and air) is called

biosphere.

17.What are the functions of foipsphere?^ ^-c

r^ {^ / /
Plants through photosynthesis ^roduce oxygen
in the atmosphere. l^mi^^M^ 'mhale^b^^en uufing

respiration and give out carbon dioxide, which is

again utilized by plants during photosynthesis.

V' ^O i Rr
1. Discuss briefly the ill effect and preventive 2. Forest resources
measure of deforestation. > Forest is one of the most important renewable natural
resources on this earth.
Deforestation means removal of forest due to natural or man-
> About one-third of the world land surface is covered
made activities.
with forest
Causes
Types of Forest .
? Fuel requirements
? Developmental projects - Bigdam, hydro electric, Road. i. Evergreen forest, ii.Deciduous forest, Coniferous forest
? Mining operations - Mica, Coal. i) Evergreen forest
? Raw material for industries - Furniture, Plywood.
• Evergreen forest is generally found hi the equatorial
? Shifting cultivation - loss of plants and animal species
regions.
? Forest fires - due to human interruption & increase hi
• Here, temperature and rainfall is very high.
temperature
Example: silent valley in kerala. Trees: teak, rosewood.
Effect (or) Consequences of deforestation

> Global warming - cutting & burning of forest trees • ii) Deciduous forest
•S Tropical deciduous forest-found in tropical
increase CO2 level.
> Soil erosion - trees to reduce the wind velocity & soil monsoon.
V Temperature deciduous forest-heavy snow fall
erosion
the trees shed theft leaves just before the whiter
> Loss of genetic diversity.
> Loss of biodiversity. season.

> Flood and landslides.

Hi) Coniferousforest
The needle type leaves preserve the moisture.
> Droughts & reduced rainfall
> Loss of food grams - as a result of soil erosion, the 3. Uses (or) benefit s of forest?
countries lose the food grains. Commercial uses
> Unemployment problems - the people living around
Name of the products uses
forest area lose theft livelihood

Forest supply wood Used as fuel

Prevention (Or) Forest Management
Forest supply industries Raw material as paper
^ Afforestation - planting new trees.
board, timber etc
V Avoid cutting trees
V Avoid mining in the forest area.
Forest products Products like gums, resins
^ Forest fire should be prevented.
V Use of wood for fuel should be discouraged.
Many plants Medicine and drugs
^ Over grazing by cattle must be controlled.
V Education and awareness programmes must be Forest produces animal products Gives honey, ivory etc.
conducted.
V Strict implementation of law of forest conservation

act. Ecological uses:

Case Study 1. Production of oxygen -during photosynthesis trees produce

Deforestation in the Himalaya region
Deforestation hi the Himalaya region, involves clearing
of natural forest and plantation of monoculture like
eucalyptus.
oxygen which is essential for life on earth
2. Reducing global warming - the greenhouses gas CO2 is
absorbed by the trees.
3. Soil conservation - roots of trees bind the soil tightly and

Nutrient in the soil is poor, therefore soil losing theft fertility. prevent soil erosion.

4. Regualtion of hydrological cycle - to proper regulates the

Disappearing Tea garden in Chhota Nagpur
hydrological process like evaporation, condensation,
Following the destruction of forest rain fall declined in chhota transpiration.
Nagpur to such an extent that tea-garden also disappeared for
5. Pollution moderators- it absorbs many toxic gases and
the region. noises and help in preventing aft and noise pollution

NO:3
 Over exploitation of forest
Removal of trees from the forest to meet the people demand
like food, shelter, wood, fuel and medicine with growing
civilization are called over exploitation of forest.
Causes
•Increasing agricultural production
•Increasing industrial activities.
•Increase in demand of wood resources
Effect (or) Consequences of over exploitation
^ Heavy environment damage
^ Loss of countless plant species and animal
VSoil erosion & Climate change
^Loss of Rainfall & Migration of the farmer
4. Food resources
Plants and animals are the main sources of human food.
Types of Food
1.Crop land - 76% Ex: rice, wheat, sugarcane.
2.Rangeland - 17% Ex: meat, milk, fruits.
3.Ocean - 7% Ex: fish, crab, prawn.
World Food Problems
•Population explosion & Urbanization
•Soil erosion & Water logging
•Conversion of farmland into resident land
•Failure of rain & Water scarcity
•Loss of soil fertility & Inadequate food products
•Increased price of food product
•Lack of suitable agriculture land
Impact of world food
1. Poverty, 2. Death
3. Malnutrition, 4.Hungry
5. Deficiency diseases
Remedy
•Control of population explosion
•Preventing urbanization & Preventing of deforestation
•Increasing the area of agriculture land
•Control use of fertilizer and pesticides
•Waste land reclamation
•Green revolution - improving agriculture
•Blue revolution - improving fish product
•White revolution - improving milk, egg product
5. Write short notes on the problems of using
fertilizers and pesticides on modern agriculture.
Agriculture
Agriculture is an art, science and industry of
managing the growth of plants and animals for human use.
\
Types of agriculture
1.Traditional agriculture 2. Modern agriculture
Modern agriculture
High tech equipment and lots of energy subsides in the
form of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water.
Problems in Modern agriculture
1. Fertilizer, 2. Pesticide, 3.Salinity, 4.Water logging
1. Problems in using fertilizer
a)Micro nutrient imbalance
^ Most of the fertilizers used in modern agriculture
contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which
are macronutrients.
S When excess of fertilizers are used in the field it
causes micronutrient imbalance.
b)Blue baby syndrome (Nitrate pollution)
When the nitrogenous fertilizers are applied in the fields,
they leach deep into the soil and contaminate the ground
water. The nitrate concentration exceeds 25 mg / lit, they
cause serious health problem called Blue baby syndrome.
c)Eutrophicaiton
Over nourishment of lakes due to agriculture field what
out which am high N and P fertilizers will leads to algal
blooming, i.e., dead organic matters increases due to
decomposition and results in oxygen demand.
2.Problems in Using Pesticides
?First generation pesticides: Sulphur, arsenic, lead or
mercury are used to kill the pests.
?Second generation pesticides: DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl
trichloromethane) is used to kill the pests.
?Death of non target organisms: Many insecticides not
only kill the target species, but also kill the several non
target species, which are useful to us.
?Producing new pests: pesticides produce resistant pests.
They become immune to modem pesticides. Hence, they are
called super pests.
?Bio- magnification: Many of the pesticides are non -
biodegradable and keep on concentrating in the food chain.
This process is called bio- magnification.
No:
Desired Qualities of an Ideal Pesticide /^^ ^ utilization of water

>It must kill only the target species. ' Increases in population and industrial growth have

'; increased demand 4 of water resources.

>It must be a biodegradable.
>It should not produce new pests.' ;^ Causes

>It should not produce any toxic pesticide vapor. c * • ^- Increasing population

•S Utilization of water for domestic purposes.

Water logging
^ Utilization of water irrigation & industries
Water logging is the land where water stand for most of
Effect of utilization of water
the year.
Decrease of ground water - Due to increased usage
Salinity of ground water, the ground water level decreases.
Accumulation of salts on the soil is called salinity.
"•r
Lowering of water table — Water is sucked out from
well by powerful suction pumps. Excessive withdrawn
Water resources
of water lowers the water table.
•Water is an important component of all the living
beings. Ground subsidence -The sinking in of surface land is
called subsidence. Subsidence results in damage of
•Nearly 80% of earth surface is covered with water.
building.
Hydrological cycle
Earthquake and landslides - Water level to decrease
It involves three steps, in which cause earthquake, landslides.
1.Evaporation, 2.Condensation, 3.Transpiration
Polluted water - Water table goes down, deep bore
Evaporation wells withdraw water containing fluorides and arsenic.
Heat energy from the sun constantly causes
Conflict over water • ^- ^
evaporation from all the water surfaces. 5^
??? Conflict is the fight (or) dispute in getting water
Condensation
between states (or) countries.
^ Rainfall occurs due to the condensation of water
?There are two types of conflicts over water
from a gaseous state in the atmosphere and falls on
?They are national conflicts and international
earth.
conflicts.
•S Once water condenses, it is pulled into the ground
National conflicts
by gravity.
>Mullaiperiar dam conflict between tamilnadu and
Transpiration kerala.

>The water absorb through their roots is lost of the ^Cauveri river water conflict between tamilnadu and
Karnataka
atmosphere ffftm the leaves.
>Krishna river water conflict between Karnataka and
>This process is known as transpiration. Andhra.

International conflicts
Types of water
•Indus River between India and Pakistan.
1.Ground water
•Colorado River between USA and Mexico.
2.Under ground water

: 5*
 Dams benefits and problems ^ ?It rotates the blades continuously and electricity

produced.
Dams are built across the river in order to store water
for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation and food ?It produced 100KW electricity.
control.^

Befits of dams

?to control flood and store water.

*l* Dams are used mainly for drinking and agricultural

purpose.

?Dams are built for generation electricity.

*l* Used for recreation proposes. • Large numbers of wind mills are called wind
farms.
^Navigation and fishery can be developed in the dam
area. Condition:

?Prevent drought V Minimum speed required for working is 15Km/Hr

Advantages. *
Problem of constructing dams
^ It is very cheap & It is renewable.
Upstream problems.
•S It does not give pollution. . . \

•S Displacement of tribal people Case study

•S Loss of non-forest land India generating 1200MW electricity using the wind

•S Loss of forests, flora and fauna energy. Largest wind farm situated near kanyakumari in

tamilnadu. It produces 380MW electricity. .

^ Landslips, sedimentation and siltation occur.

Downstream problems,
2).Solar energy ,

?Water logging and salinity due to over irrigation.

Solar energy is converts directly into electrical
?Salt water intrusion at river mouth energy.

Principle:
10 ^<
?Due to structural defects the dam may collapse

suddenly and destroy many living organisms. It based on the photovoltaic effect.

Construction:
4. Energy resources
>• It consists of p-tvpe semiconductor and n-type
l).Wind energy semiconductor
>Moving air is called as wind.
> The two layer are closed contact each other.
>The energy obtained from the wind is called
wind energy.

Methods Zent

Will mill

? The blades are connected to a generator through

Working:
a shaft.
? The solar rays fall on the p-type semiconductor.

Pax>e Mo ! to
u
^ ? The electrons from valence band to conduction

band and cross the p-n junction. '•.; ., \J•

i
??? The p and n-type layers are connected to wire and

^ '. t I \^ \- 'I
the current is generated. i)
/., i ) \ ^
b). Ocean thermal energy
Uses:
The difference in temperature of water is called
•Lighting purposes.
•Calculators^ watches, run water pump, street light
\ f opean the^mal enery- ^^ | )^4 0 j
j 't
and radio. j j V' l ' f •^

ca j ^ ii^ vj
difference between surface
Condition: temperature diff
•Space craft and satellites.
^~ v ^ A
-water and deeper water (20C)
b). Solar battery
e). Geothermal energy...
•S Large number of solar cells is connected in series to 1• -o -^i ^M t-

form a solar battery. A 1 \' ^"\ ^ ~'~ 1The heat energy stored within the earth is called

•S It produces more electricity geothermal energy.

•S Used in water pump, street light. comes out

X c). Solar water heater G ) 1 ^
as natural hot springs called natural geysers., v
i • . - •- jj\i
•An insulated box inside of which is painted with
Artificial geysers - the hot underground water is also
black paint and provided with a glass lid.
s .••• -" s 1" 1 " drilled out through holes or well is called artificial
•Inside the box it has black painted copper coil
geysers.
which heats the cold water.,. | |\ ^
4).
•Finally the hot water storage into a storage tank.
Biomass is the organic matter, produced by plants or
Advantages
animals, used as sources of energy.
>Pollution free & Lifetime is long.
>Maintenance cost is low. ,. t. . * - h
\ {4 '\ Q C\ A). Biogas ^ ^ '\ 2M

> It used in remote and isolated areas i

Biogas is obtained by the anaerobic fermentation of
> It need not be recharged.; !•!v
-x A •^
j \-^.^ ^) ^' \ animal dung or plant wastes in the presence of water.

3). OCEAN ENERGY b>* Biofuels< \

\ \
The energy is derived from the ocean is known as ocean Biofuels are the fuels, obtained by the fermentation

of biomass.
energy. ,
^ A). Tidal energy ) ^\ '"Ja1^M J Examples: Ethanol, methanol.

High Tide V>J"J J

c). Hydrogen Fuel
The sea water enters into the reservoir and rotates the
Hydrogen can be produced by the dissociation or
turbine, which produces electricity.
electrolysis of water. It possesses high calorific value.
Low tide
The sea level is low, water from reservoir enter into the

sea rotate the turbine produce electricity.

feflg.No: 7
J
" Non-Renewable Energy Resources Nuclear fusion

Lighter nucleuses are combined to form heavier nucleus

l.Coal
and produced large amount of heat energy .
Coal is a solid fuel formed in several stages as buried in

land that lived 300- 400 million year ago.

. Write short notes on environmental segments
Various stages of coal
Environment includes everything around us.
Wood _^ Peat —-^ Lignite — Bituminous coaK
Segments: the environment consists of four segments.
Anthracite
Atmosphere .
Disadvantages Of Using Coal
*t* It is the blanket of gases surrounding the earth.
^ When coal is burnt it produces CO2 causes global
??? The atmosphere forms a protective shell over the
warming. ,
I earth.'.
It produces toxic gases during burning.
Function
2. Petroleum (Or) Crude oil
•' It maintains the heat balance on the earth by
petroleum was formed by-the' decomposition of dead
absorbing the IR radiation.
animals and plants under high temperature and pressure. •O2 -respiration, •*. '

Fractional distillation
•N2-nutrient for plant growth
Hydrocarbons are separated by ffactioning the crude
Hydrosphere ^\ f
oil..s . • : . •S It is composed various water bodies on the earth.

3. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) ^ It includes the oceans, Lakes Rivers.

*l* The petroleum gas, converted into liquid under- Function

high pressure is LPG. ^ It is used of drinking purpose and aquatic life.

^ It is used for irrigationTower production, industries.
? But during bottling some mercaptans is added, to

detect leakage of LPG from the cylinder Lithosphere

? It consists of upper mantle and the crust.

4. Natural Gas !
??? It contains various types of soils and rocks on earth.
•S Mixture of 50-90% methane and small amount of
Function
other hydrocarbons.
•^ It is a home for human beings and wild livers.
^ calorific value ranges from 12,000 - 14,000
•S It is a store house of minerals and organic matters.
Dry gas
Biosphere. '- !
It contains lower hydrocarbons like methane and
The interaction of living organism with the
ethane is called dry gas.
environment through atmosphere, hydrosphere and
Wet gas
It contains higher hydrocarbons like methane propane, lithosphere is known as biosphere.f

Function; ^ ^ ,
butane is called wet gas. •. •'f

5. Nuclear Energy S Plants though photosynthesis produce O2 in the atm.

Nuclear Fission •S Animal inhale O2 during respiration and give out

Heavier nucleuses are split into lighter nucleus, on CO2, which is utilized by plants during

bombardment by fast moving neutrons, and produced photosynthesis.

large amount of heat energy.