4 apr 2023

Chapter 5a
• Soils permeable, why?

• Exist interconnected voids: water can flow

• How water flow?

Bernoulli’s Equation

Eqn. 5.1
• elevation head, Z (or hz), = vertical distance of a
given point above or below a datum plane.

• The pressure head (u/γw) OR (hp)=water pressure, u,

at that point divided by the unit weight of water, γw.
• If water flow thro’ porous soil, velocity
head can be neglected (seepage velocity
is small), maka…

Eqn. 5.2
• Figure 7.1 shows the relationship among pressure, elevation, and
total heads for the flow of water through soil.
• Open standpipes = piezometers
• water levels in the piezometer tubes =piezometric levels
• pressure head =vertical height of water in the piezometer
• loss of head between two points, A and B, can be given by
 Eqn. 5.3

Eqn. 5.4

i = hydraulic gradient
L=distance between points A and B
When hydraulic gradient is increased gradually:
Zone I: Laminar flow zone
Zone II: Transition zone
Zone III : Turbelent zone
When hydraulic gradient is decreased:
In most soils, the flow of water through the void
spaces can be considered laminar;

Eqn. 5.5

In fractured rock, stones, gravels, and very coarse

sands, turbulent flow conditions may
exist, and Eq. (5.5) may not be valid.
 Darcy’s Law

the discharge velocity of water through

saturated soils:
discharge velocity= the quantity of water flowing in unit time

Hahahahaha…
Eq 5.5: v=flow of water
Eq 5.6: v=discharge velocity
Eqn. 5.6 ???

k hydraulic conductivity /coefficient of permeability

• Sebenarnya, the actual velocity of water / seepage
velocity through the void spaces is greater than v.
• soil length=L,
• gross cross-sectional area=A.
• If the quantity of water flowing through the soil in unit time =
q, then
Eqn. 5.7
vs = seepage velocity
Av =area of void in the cross section
discussions
discussions
To be continued