Mathematics in Modern World

Module 1 Nature of Mathematics

Recognizing patterns feels natural like our brain is hardwired to recognize them Awareness of
these patterns allowed human to survive. This chapter will help look for patterns and
regularities in the world.

Patterns and Numbers in Nature and world

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs which are commonly observed in
natural objects such as six-fold symmetry of snowflakes, hexagonal structure and formation of
honeycombs, tiger’s stripes and hyena’s spots. Humans are hard wired to recognize patterns
and by studying them we discovered the underlying mathematical principles behind nature’s
designs.

Exponential Growth Model

- Population growth and bacterial decay can be modeled by the exponential growth or
decay formula A=Pert

Sequence

- A sequence is an ordered list of numbers called terms that may have repeated values. The
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule. Applying the rule to the previous
terms of the sequence generates the different terms of the sequence.

Fibonacci Sequence

- This sequence is formed by adding the preceding two numbers, starting with 0 and 1.
The most aesthetically pleasing proportion the Golden ratio is approximated by the ratios
of the Fibonacci numbers

Arithmetic Sequence

- An ordered set of numbers that have a common difference between each term
An = A1 + (n-1) d

Geometric Sequence

- An ordered set of numbers that progresses by multiplying or dividing each term by a

common ratio An = A1 r n-1

Module 2 Mathematics in Our World

Mathematics for Organization

A lot of events happening around us needed mathematical tools to help us in make sound
analysis and better decisions. Stores can boost their sales by making necessary adjustments by
gathering data on shopping habits of prospective customers. In the field of social media,
analysts can crunch all online postings using software to gauge sentiments from netizens
regarding issues or personalities. More so, endangered animal population can be conserved by
plotting migration routes.

Mathematics for Prediction

To make predictions mathematical models can generate analysis and interpretation using
existing data. Experts can calculate the chance of an event occurring by applying the concept
of probability. A good example is weather forecast. Meteorologists make forecast which aids
us in the preparation of our daily activities.

Mathematics for Control

Natural objects and phenomenon behave by the underlying mathematical structure.

Interactions and relationships of nature can be best described by mathematical equations.
Through technological advancement humans were able to expand their horizons and be able
to prove certain phenomena. Mathematics as a tool, man is able to exert control of himself
and the effects of nature. Examples are climate change and global warming.

Mathematics is indispensable.

Mathematics played a major role in the underpinnings of our world. Different fields of
endeavor need mathematics Logical reasoning and critical thinking skills are required in any
endeavor. In understanding the natural world and making educated decisions mathematics is a
useful tool.

Statistics

- Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data.

Probability

- Probability defines the likelihood of occurrence of an event. There are many real-life
situations in which we may have to predict the outcome of an event.

Module 3 Mathematical Language and Symbols

Universal Statement

- A universal statement is a statement that is true if, and only if, it is true for every
predicate variable within a given domain.

Conditional Statement

- A conditional statement is a part of mathematical reasoning which is a critical skill that

enables students to analyze a given hypothesis without any reference to a particular
context or meaning.

Universal Conditional Statement.

- It refers to a statement that is both universal and conditional which contains some
variation of the words “for all” and conditional statements contain versions of the words
“if-then”.

Universal Existential Statement.

- It refers to a statement that is universal because its initial part says that a certain property
is true for all objects of a given sort, and it is existential because its second part assets the
presence of something.

Existential Universal Statement.

- It refers to a statement such that first part assures that a certain object exists and is
universal since its second part says that the question fulfills a specific property for
everything of a specific kind

The Language of Sets

Set- Roster Notation. also an element of B then A is called

subset of B, written A ⊆ B,
- It refers to denoting a set by enumerating
all of its elements between braces. Ordered Pair.

Set-Builder Notation. - It refers to given elements a and b, the

symbol (a,b) denotes the ordered pair
- It refers to a set S and P(x) be a property consisting of a and b noting that a is the
that elements of S may or may not first element of the pair b is the second
satisfy. We may define a new set to be element .Any two ordered pairs (a,b) and
the set of all elements x in S such that (c,d) are said to be equal if and only if,
P(x) is true. The set is denoted as a=c and b=d.
follows: { x ∈ S|P(x)}
Cartesian Product.
Subset.
- It refers to given sets A and B denoted by
- It refers to any two sets denoted by A A x B read as “A cross B” where the set
and B such that every element of A is of ordered pairs (a,b) where a is in A and
b is in B.

Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy

• Understand the problem

• Devise a plan

• Carry out the plan

• Review the solution

1. Understand the problem. To be able to solve a problem, understanding what the

problem asks for is very important.
2. Devise a plan Successful problems solvers uses a variety of techniques when they
attempt to solve a problem. The following techniques are most useful:

Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy Techniques

• Guess and check.

• Solve a similar but simpler problem.

• Make an organized list.

• Make a table and look for a pattern.

• Work backwards.

• Draw a diagram.

3. Carry out the plan Once a plan has been devised it must be carried out.
4. Review the solution. It is very important that once an answer was arrived it must be
verified with regard to the given problem. Solutions must ensure that answers are
consistent.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• A data set refers to a collection of numbers or values that relate to a particular

subject.

• Data Management refers to an administrative process by which the required

data is acquired, validated, stored, protected, and processed, and by which its

accessibility, reliability, and timeliness is ensured to satisfy the needs of the data

users. In this module, data sets and how to use the operations of mean, median,

and mode to manipulate the data is the one to be discussed.

• Mean, It refers to the sum of the numbers divided by n.

• Median.It refers to the middle number if n is odd for a ranked order list of

numbers or the mean of the two middle numbers, if n is even

• Mode. It refers to the number that occurs most frequently in a list of numbers.

WEIGHTED MEAN

• The formula for the weighted mean of the n numbers x1,x2,x3,…, xn is

Where ∑ (x ∙w) is the sum of the products formed by multiplying each number by its assigned
weight, and ∑w is the sum of all the weights.

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

• Range. It refers to the difference between the greatest data value and the least data value in a
given set of data values.

Standard Deviation and Variance

If x1,x2,x3,…, xn is a population of n numbers with mean μ, then the standard deviation of

the population is and the variance is

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST

Simple Interest • interest computed on the basis of a 365-

day year
• It is an interest computed based on the
original principal during the whole life of
investment.

Maturity value (F)

Approximate time
•The total amount the borrower would
need to repay a loan • calculated assuming that each month of
the year has 30 days
Ordinary interest
Exact time
•interest computed on the basis of a 360-
day year •as the name suggests it refers to the exact
number of days as found in the calendar
Exact interest
Compound Interest
•It is an interest computed based on the •defined as the principal P which is
original principal and the accumulated invested at a given time t at a given
past interest. interest rate r which will amount to F
when F is due
Preset Value

SIMPLE ANNUITY

Annuity

• It is a sequence of equal payments made at equal periods. Payments may be done annually,
semi-annually, etc. Some good examples are monthly payments of rent, weekly wages and
annual premiums on life insurance policy

Annuities are classified according to:

1. Annuity certain- it is one which payment begin and end at fixed times.

2. Contingent annuity-it is one whose payment depend on an event that cannot be foretold
accurately

Kinds of annuity certain:

1. Ordinary annuity-payment is done at the end of the term

2. Annuity due-payment is done at the beginning of the term

3. Deferred annuity-payment is not given in the beginning or end of a period but in some
later period.

BONDS AND BOND VALIDATION

Bond

• it is an interest bearing contract which obligates the borrower to make payments of interest
and principal on specific dates to the holder of the bond. This is usually issued by a
government or a company for large loans by individuals, companies or other investors

Borrowed principal(H)-refers to the face value or par value of the bond.

• Nominal rate (r)- bond rate or coupon rate

• Periodic payment (K)- represents the interest earned date or coupon date also referred to as
coupon annuity payments

• Final redemption value(V)-amount where the borrower is obliged to pay before the bond is
surrendered to the borrower
Bond Validation

• The process of determining the current value of a bond. It includes the computation of the
present value of the bond’s future interest payments and the value of the bond on the maturity
date.

Bond valuation by General Formula

A bondholder can freely sell a bond before its maturity date.

Yield or investment rate (i) –specified rate

Price (P)-the amount on which a purchaser is willing to pay for a bond on any coupon date